Ngokulindela i-PS5 kunye neProjekthi ye-Scarlett, eya kuxhasa ukulandelwa kwe-ray, ndaqala ukucinga ngokukhanyisa kwimidlalo. Ndifumene izinto apho umbhali echaza ukuba yintoni ukukhanya, ukuba kuchaphazela njani ukuyila, ukutshintsha umdlalo, i-aesthetics kunye namava. Yonke imizekelo kunye nescreenshots. Ngexesha lomdlalo awuboni kwangoko oku.
Intshayelelo
Ukukhanyisa akukhona nje ukuba umdlali akwazi ukubona indawo (nangona oko kubaluleke kakhulu). Ukukhanya kuchaphazela iimvakalelo. Ubuninzi beendlela zokukhanyisa kwithiyetha, ifilimu kunye nezakhiwo zisetyenziselwa ukunyusa imvakalelo. Kutheni le nto abayili bemidlalo bengayiboleki le migaqo? Unxibelelwano phakathi komfanekiso kunye nempendulo yeemvakalelo ibonelela ngesinye isixhobo esinamandla esikuncedayo ukuba usebenze ngomlinganiswa, ibali, isandi, ubuxhakaxhaka bomdlalo, njalo njalo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukusebenzisana kokukhanya kunye nomphezulu kukuvumela ukuba uphembelele ukukhanya, umbala, ukuchasana, izithunzi kunye nezinye iziphumo. Konke oku kukhokelela kwisiseko apho wonke umyili kufuneka aphumelele.
Injongo yesi sixhobo kukuqinisekisa ukuba uyilo lokukhanyisa luchaphazela njani umdlalo we-aesthetics kunye namava omsebenzisi. Makhe sijonge uhlobo lokukhanya kunye nendlela olusetyenziswa ngayo kwezinye iindawo zobugcisa ukuhlalutya indima yalo kwimidlalo yevidiyo.
"I-Swan Lake", uAlexander Ekman
Mna - Ubume bokukhanya
βIsithuba, ukukhanya nocwangco. Ezi zizinto abantu abazidingayo njengoko befuna iqhekeza lesonka okanye indawo yokulala,β uLe Corbusier.
Izikhokelo zokukhanya kwendalo kwaye zihamba nathi ukusuka kumzuzu wokuzalwa. Kuyimfuneko, kuseka isingqisho sethu sendalo. Ukukhanya kulawula iinkqubo zomzimba wethu kwaye kuchaphazela iwotshi yebhayoloji. Masiqonde ukuba yeyiphi i-flux ekhanyayo, ukukhanya okukhanyayo, umbala kunye neendawo ekugxilwe kuzo. Kwaye ke siya kuqonda ukuba yintoni ukukhanya kunye nendlela eziphatha ngayo.
1 - Oko libonwa liliso lomntu
Ukukhanya yinxalenye ye-electromagnetic spectrum ebonwa liso. Kulo mmandla, ubude bamaza buvela kwi-380 ukuya kwi-780 nm. Emini sibona imibala isebenzisa iicones, kodwa ebusuku iliso lisebenzisa iintonga kwaye sibona kuphela izithunzi ezingwevu.
Iimpawu ezisisiseko zokukhanya okubonakalayo zikhokelo, ukuqina, ukuphindaphinda kunye ne-polarization. Isantya saso kwivacuum yi-300 m/s, kwaye esi sesinye sezona ziseko zomzimba zisisiseko.
I-spectrum ye-electromagnetic ebonakalayo
I-2 - Isalathiso sokusasaza
Akukho mcimbi kwi-vacuum, kwaye ukukhanya kuhamba ngokuthe ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, iziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo xa idibana namanzi, umoya kunye nezinye izinto. Ekudibaneni nento, inxalenye yokukhanya iyafunxwa kwaye iguqulelwe kumandla obushushu. Xa ungqubana nezinto ezibonakalayo, ezinye zokukhanya ziyafunxwa, kodwa ezinye ziyadlula. Izinto ezigudileyo, njengesipili, zibonisa ukukhanya. Ukuba umphezulu wento awulingani, ukukhanya kuyasasazwa.
Umkhombandlela wokusasazwa kokukhanya
3 - Iimpawu ezisisiseko
Ukuhamba kokukhanya. Ubungakanani bokukhanya okukhutshwa ngumthombo wokukhanya.
Iyunithi yokulinganisa: lm (lumen).
Amandla okukhanya. Isixa sokukhanya esidluliselwe kwicala elithile.
Iyunithi yokulinganisa: cd (candela).
Ukukhanyisa. Ubungakanani bokukhanya okuwela kumphezulu.
Ukukhanya = ukukhanya okukhanyayo (lm) / indawo (m2).
Iyunithi yokulinganisa: lx (lux).
Ukuqaqamba. Olu lolona phawu lusisiseko lokukhanya olubonwa liliso lomntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthathela ingqalelo ukukhanya komthombo wokukhanya, kwelinye, umphezulu, oko kuthetha ukuba kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiqondo lokubonisa (umbala kunye nomphezulu).
Iyunithi yomlinganiselo: cd/m2.
4 - Ubushushu bombala
Ubushushu bombala bulinganiswa kwi-Kelvin kwaye imele umbala womthombo othile wokukhanya. Ingcali yefiziksi yaseBritani uWilliam Kelvin wafudumeza iqhekeza lamalahle. Yaba bomvu-shushu, imenyezela ngemibala eyahlukeneyo ehambelana namaqondo obushushu awahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni ilahle lalikhanya libomvu mnyama, kodwa lakuba shushu umbala watshintsha waba tyheli. Kubushushu obuphezulu, ukukhanya okukhutshiweyo kuye kwaba luhlaza-mhlophe.
Ukukhanya kwendalo, iiyure ezingama-24, uSimon Lakey
II - Ubuchwephesha boYilo lokukhanyisa
Kweli candelo, siza kujonga ukuba zeziphi iipateni zokukhanyisa ezinokusetyenziswa ukuphembelela ukuchazwa komxholo/okubonwayo. Ukwenza oku, siya kuchonga ukufana kunye nokungafani kweendlela zokukhanyisa ezisetyenziswa ngabaculi kunye nabaqulunqi bokukhanyisa.
I-1 - Chiaroscuro kunye ne-tenebrism
I-Chiaroscuro yenye yeengcamango zethiyori yobugcisa ebhekiselele ekusasazweni kokukhanyisa. Isetyenziselwa ukubonisa utshintsho lwethoni ukuhambisa ivolyum kunye nomoya. IGeorges de La Tour idume ngemisebenzi yakhe kunye ne-chiaroscuro yasebusuku kunye nemiboniso ekhanyiswa lidangatye lekhandlela. Akukho namnye kumagcisa akhe angaphambili owenze olo tshintsho ngobuchule kangaka. Ukukhanya kunye nesithunzi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi wakhe kwaye ziyinxalenye yokwakheka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kwaye zihlala zihlukile. Ukufunda imizobo ye-de La Tour kunceda ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kokukhanya kunye neempawu zayo.
UGeorges de La Tour "Uzohlwaya uMary Magdalene", ngo-1638-1643.
a - Umahluko ophezulu
Kulo mzobo, ubuso obunombala okhanyayo kunye neengubo zigqamile ngokuchasene nemvelaphi emnyama. Ndiyabulela ukuchasana okuphezulu kwamathoni, ingqalelo yombukeli igxininise kule nxalenye yomfanekiso. Enyanisweni bekungayi kubakho umahluko onjalo. Umgama phakathi kobuso kunye nekhandlela mkhulu kunokuba phakathi kwekhandlela kunye nezandla. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa nobuso, sibona ukuba ithoni kunye nokuchasana kwezandla kuthulisiwe. IGeorges de La Tour isebenzisa iiyantlukwano ezahlukeneyo ukutsala umdla wombukeli.
b - Icontour kunye nesingqi sokukhanya
Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu kwiitoni, iicontours zibonakala kwezinye iindawo ezisecaleni komzobo. Nakwiindawo ezimnyama zomzobo, umzobi wayethanda ukusebenzisa amathoni ahlukeneyo ukugxininisa imida yesifundo. Ukukhanya akugxininisi kwindawo enye, i-slide phantsi: ukusuka ebusweni ukuya ezinyaweni.
c - Umthombo wokukhanya
Kuninzi lwemisebenzi kaGeorges de La Tour, usebenzisa amakhandlela okanye izibane njengomthombo wokukhanya. Umfanekiso ubonisa ikhandlela elivuthayo, kodwa sele sisazi ukuba i-chiaroscuro apha ayixhomekeke kuyo. UGeorges de La Tour wabeka ubuso kwimvelaphi emnyama kwaye wabeka ikhandlela ukudala utshintsho olubukhali phakathi kwamathoni. Kumahluko aphezulu, iithowuni ezikhanyayo zidibene kunye neethoni ezimnyama ukuze kuphunyezwe isiphumo esisiso.
d - Chiaroscuro njengokwakheka kweemilo zejometri
Ukuba senza lula ukukhanya kunye nesithunzi kulo msebenzi, sibona iimilo zejometri ezisisiseko. Ubunye bamathoni akhanyayo kunye amnyama enza ukubunjwa okulula. Ngokungathanga ngqo idala ingqiqo yendawo apho indawo yezinto kunye namanani ibonisa umphambili kunye nemvelaphi, ukudala uxinzelelo kunye namandla.
I-2 - IiNdlela eziSiseko zokuKhanya kweCinematic
2.1 - Ukukhanyisa kumanqaku amathathu
Enye yeendlela ezidumileyo kunye neziyimpumelelo zokukhanyisa nayiphi na into kukukhanya kwamanqaku amathathu, i-classic ye-Hollywood scheme. Ubuchwephesha bukuvumela ukuba ugqithise umthamo wento.
Isibane esingundoqo (Isibane esingundoqo, oko kukuthi, owona mthombo wokukhanya)
Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kokona kukhanya kunamandla kwindawo nganye. Inokuvela naphi na, umthombo wayo unokuba kwicala okanye emva kwesifundo (uJeremy Byrne "UkuKhanya kweDijithali kunye nokuBonelwa").
Gcwalisa izibane (oko kukuthi, ukukhanya ukulawula umahluko)
Njengoko igama libonisa, isetyenziselwa "ukugcwalisa" kunye nokususa iindawo ezimnyama ezenziwe ngokukhanya okubalulekileyo. Isibane sokuzalisa sibonakala sincinci kwaye sibekwe kwi-angle kumthombo oyintloko wokukhanya.
Isibane esingasemva (Ukukhanya ngasemva, oko kukuthi, umahluli ongasemva)
Isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa umthamo wesiganeko. Yahlula umxholo kwimvelaphi. Njengokugcwalisa ukukhanya, ukukhanya okungasemva kuncinci kwaye kugubungela indawo enkulu yesihloko.
2.2 - Ezantsi
Ngenxa yokuhamba kweLanga, siqhele ukubona abantu bekhanyiswa nakweyiphi na i-angle, kodwa hayi ukusuka ngaphantsi. Le ndlela ibonakala ingaqhelekanga kakhulu.
UFrankenstein, uJames Whale, ngo-1931
2.3 - Ngasemva
Into ibekwe phakathi komthombo wokukhanya kunye nombukeli. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukukhanya okujikeleze loo nto, kwaye ezinye iindawo zayo zihlala emthunzini.
"ET the Extra-Terrestrial", uSteven Spielberg, ngo-1982
2.4 - Icala
Olu hlobo lokukhanyisa lusetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa indawo ukusuka kwicala. Yenza umahluko ocacileyo otyhila ukuthungwa kwaye iqaqambise iikhonto zesifundo. Le ndlela isondele kubuchule be-chiaroscuro.
UBlade Runner, uRidley Scott, ngo-1982
2.5 - Ukukhanya okusebenzayo
Oku kukukhanya kwangempela kwindawo, oko kukuthi, izibane, amakhandlela, isikrini seTV kunye nabanye. Oku kukhanya kongeziweyo kungasetyenziselwa ukunyusa ubukhulu bokukhanya.
"Barry Lyndon", uStanley Kubrick, ngo-1975
2.6 - Ukukhanya okubonakalisiweyo
Ukukhanya okuvela kumthombo onamandla kusasazwa sisibonakalisi okanye umgangatho othile, njengodonga okanye isilingi. Ngale ndlela, ukukhanya kugubungela indawo enkulu kwaye isasazwe ngokulinganayo.
I-Dark Knight iphakama, uChristopher Nolan, ngo-2012
2.7 - Ukukhanya okuqinileyo kunye nokuthambileyo
Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kokukhanya okunzima kunye nokuthambileyo kubukhulu bomthombo wokukhanya ngokumalunga nesifundo. ILanga ngowona mthombo mkhulu wokukhanya kwiSolar System. Nangona kunjalo, i-90 yezigidi zeekhilomitha ukusuka kuthi, oko kuthetha ukuba ngumthombo omncinci wokukhanya. Idala izithunzi ezinzima kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukukhanya okunzima. Ukuba amafu avela, isibhakabhaka siphela siba ngumthombo omkhulu wokukhanya kwaye izithunzi kunzima ukuzibona. Oku kuthetha ukuba kuvela ukukhanya okuthambileyo.
Imizekelo ye-3D ene-LEGO, JoΓ£o Prada, 2017
2.8 - Iqhosha eliphezulu neliphantsi
Izibane eziphakamileyo eziphezulu zisetyenziselwa ukudala imiboniso eqaqambileyo kakhulu. Ihlala isondele ekuvezweni ngokugqithisileyo. Yonke imithombo yokukhanya iphantse yalingana ngamandla.
Ngokungafaniyo nezibane eziphakamileyo eziphezulu, ngesitshixo esisezantsi indawo imnyama kakhulu kwaye kunokubakho umthombo wokukhanya onamandla kuwo. Indima ephambili inikwe izithunzi, kungekhona ukukhanya, ukuhambisa imvakalelo yokungaqiniseki okanye idrama.
"THX 1138", uGeorge Lucas, ngo-1971
2.9 - UkuKhanya okukhuthazwayo
Oku kukhanyisa kuxelisa ukukhanya kwendalo - ilanga, ukukhanya kwenyanga, izibane zesitrato, njalo njalo. Isetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukukhanya okusebenzayo. Ubuchule obukhethekileyo bunceda ukwenza ukukhanya okukhuthazwayo kwendalo, umzekelo, izihlungi (gobos) ukudala umphumo weefestile ezivaliweyo.
Qhuba, uNicolas Winding Refn, ngo-2011
2.10 - Ukukhanya kwangaphandle
Oku kunokuba kukukhanya kwelanga, ukukhanya kwenyanga, okanye izibane zesitrato ezibonakala kwindawo.
βIzinto ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu. Isizini 3", Duffer Brothers, 2019
III - Unikezelo olusisiseko
Abaqulunqi bezinga baqonda ukubaluleka kokukhanyisa kwaye basebenzise ukufezekisa umbono othile wendawo. Ukukhanyisa inqanaba kunye nokufezekisa iinjongo zabo ezibonakalayo ezinqwenelekayo, kufuneka bachonge imithombo yokukhanya engatshintshiyo, ii-engile zabo zokusabalalisa, kunye nemibala. Babeka umoya othile kunye nesishwankathelo esiyimfuneko. Kodwa yonke into ayilula kakhulu, kuba ukukhanya kuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zobuchwepheshe - umzekelo, kumandla okuqhuba. Ngoko ke, kukho iindidi ezimbini zokukhanyisa: ukukhanya okubalwe kwangaphambili kunye nokunikezelwa kwexesha langempela.
I-1 - Ukukhanyisa kwangaphambili
Abaqulunqi basebenzisa ukukhanya okumileyo ukuchaza iimpawu zokukhanyisa zomthombo ngamnye-kuquka indawo yayo, i-engile kunye nombala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuphumeza ukukhanya kwehlabathi ngexesha langempela akunakwenzeka ngenxa yemicimbi yokusebenza.
Ukhanyiso lwehlabathi jikelele olunikezelwe kwangaphambili lunokusetyenziswa kwiinjini ezininzi, kubandakanya i-Unreal Injini kunye noManyano. Injini "ibhaka" ukukhanya okunjalo kwi-texture ekhethekileyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi "lightmap" (imephu yokukhanya). Ezi mephu zokukhanya zigcinwa kunye nezinye iifayile zemephu, kwaye injini ifikelela kuzo xa inikezela indawo.
Umboniso ofanayo: ngaphandle kokukhanya (ekhohlo), kunye nokukhanya okuthe ngqo kuphela (phakathi), kunye nokukhanya okungathanga ngqo kwehlabathi (ekunene). Umsebenzi wobugcisa ovela kuManyano Funda
Ukongeza kwiimephu zokukhanya, kukho iimephu zethunzi, ezithi, ngokufanelekileyo, zisetyenziselwa ukudala izithunzi. Okokuqala, yonke into inikezelwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo umthombo wokukhanya - yenza isithunzi esibonisa ubunzulu be-pixel bendawo. Imaphu yobunzulu bepixel enesiphumo ibizwa ngokuba yimephu yesithunzi. Iqulethe ulwazi malunga nomgama phakathi komthombo wokukhanya kunye nezinto ezikufutshane kwipixel nganye. Unikezelo luyenziwa, apho ipixel nganye kumphezulu ijongwa ngokuchasene nemephu yesithunzi. Ukuba umgama phakathi kwepikseli kunye nomthombo wokukhanya mkhulu kunalowo urekhodiweyo kwimephu yesithunzi, ke ipixel isesithunzini.
I-algorithm yokufaka iimephu zesithunzi. Umzobo ovela kwi-OpenGl-tutorial
2 - Unikezelo lwexesha lokwenyani
Enye yeemodeli zokukhanyisa zakudala zexesha langempela ibizwa ngokuba yimodeli yeLambert (emva kwesazi sezibalo saseSwitzerland uJohann Heinrich Lambert). Xa unikezela ngexesha lokwenyani, i-GPU ihlala ithumela izinto enye ngexesha. Le ndlela isebenzisa umboniso wento (indawo yayo, i-engile yokujikeleza, kunye nesikali) ukumisela ukuba yeyiphi imiphezulu ekufuneka izotywe.
Kwimeko yokukhanya kweLambert, ukukhanya kuvela kwindawo nganye kumphezulu macala onke. Oku akuthatheli ngqalelo ezinye izinto ezifihlakeleyo, umzekelo, ukubonakaliswa (inqaku nguChandler Prall). Ukwenza indawo ibonakale iyinyani, iziphumo ezongezelelweyo zisetyenziselwa imodeli yeLambert - i-glare, umzekelo.
I-Lambert shading usebenzisa i-sphere njengomzekelo. Umzobo ovela kwizinto zikaPeter Dyachikhin
Uninzi lweenjini zanamhlanje (Ubumbano, i-Unreal Engine, iFrostbite kunye nezinye) zisebenzisa unikezelo olusekelwe ngokwasemzimbeni (Pysically Based Rendering, PBR) kunye ne-shading (inqaku likaLukas Orsvarn). I-PBR shading ibonelela ngeendlela ezicacileyo neziluncedo kunye neeparamitha zokuchaza umphezulu. Kwi-Unreal Engine, imathiriyeli ye-PBR ineeparamitha zilandelayo:
- Umbala wesiseko - Eyona ndlela yokuthungwa komphezulu.
- Uburhabaxa - indlela ongalingani ngayo umphezulu.
- I-Metallic-Ingaba umphezulu wesinyithi.
- I-specular (i-specularity) - ubuninzi be-glare phezu komhlaba.
Ngaphandle kwe-PBR (ekhohlo), i-PBR (ekunene). Imizobo evela kwi-studio ye-Meta 3D
Nangona kunjalo, kukho enye indlela yokunikezela: ukulandelwa kweray. Le teknoloji ayizange iqwalaselwe ngaphambili ngenxa yemicimbi yokusebenza kunye nokwenza ngcono. Yayisetyenziswa kuphela kwishishini lefilimu nakumabonwakude. Kodwa ukukhutshwa kwamakhadi evidiyo esizukulwana esitsha kwenza ukuba kube lula ukusebenzisa le ndlela kwimidlalo yevidiyo okokuqala.
I-ray tracing yitekhnoloji yonikezelo eyenza iziphumo zokukhanya ezinokwenyani. Iphindaphinda imigaqo yokusasazwa kokukhanya kwindawo eyiyo. Imitha ekhutshwa ngumthombo wokukhanya iziphatha ngendlela efanayo neefotoni. Zibonakaliswa ukusuka kwindawo kuyo nayiphi na indlela. Ngelo xesha, xa kukhanya okanye imitha ethe ngqo ingena kwikhamera, idlulisela ulwazi olubonakalayo malunga nomphezulu apho babonakaliswe khona (umzekelo, baxela umbala wayo). Iiprojekthi ezininzi ezivela kwi-E3 2019 ziya kuxhasa le teknoloji.
I-3 - Iintlobo zemithombo yokukhanya
3.1 - Indawo yokukhanya
Ikhupha ukukhanya macala onke, njengebhalbhu eqhelekileyo kubomi bokwenyani.
Uxwebhu lweNjini engeyonyani
3.2 - Ukukhanya kwendawo
Ikhupha ukukhanya ukusuka kwindawo enye, kunye nokukhanya okusasazeka njengekhoni. Umzekelo wobomi bokwenyani: isibane.
Uxwebhu lweNjini engeyonyani
3.3 - Umthombo wokukhanya onendawo (Ukukhanya kwendawo)
Ikhupha imitha yokukhanya ngokuthe ngqo kulwandlalo oluthile (njengoxande okanye isangqa). Ukukhanya okunjalo kubeka uxinzelelo oluninzi kwiprosesa, kuba ikhompyutha ibala onke amanqaku akhupha ukukhanya.
Uxwebhu loManyano
3.4 - Umthombo wokukhanya othe ngqo
Ilinganisa iLanga okanye omnye umthombo wokukhanya okude. Yonke imitha ihamba kwicala elinye kwaye inokuthathwa njengokufana.
Uxwebhu loManyano
3.5 - Ukukhanya okuphumayo
Umthombo wokukhanya okhutshwayo okanye izinto ezikhutshwayo (IiMathiriyeli eziKhuphukayo kwi-UE4) ngokulula nangempumelelo udala inkohliso yokuba imathiriyeli ikhupha ukukhanya. Kukho isiphumo esiluzizi sokukhanya - siyabonakala ukuba ujonga into eqaqambileyo kakhulu.
Uxwebhu lweNjini engeyonyani
3.6 - Ukukhanya kwe-Ambient
Umboniso ovela kwiDoom 3 ukhanyiswa zizibane ezindongeni, injini idala izithunzi. Ukuba ubuso busemthunzini, bupeyinta mnyama. Kubomi bokwenene, amasuntswana okukhanya (iifotoni) angabonakaliswa ukusuka kwindawo. Kwiinkqubo zonikezelo ezihambele phambili ngakumbi, ukukhanya kubhakwa kwimizobo okanye kubalwe ngexesha langempela (ukukhanya kwehlabathi). Iinjini zomdlalo ezindala - ezifana ne-ID ye-ID yesi-3 (iDoom) - zichithe izixhobo ezininzi ukubala ukukhanya okungathanga ngqo. Ukucombulula ingxaki yokungabikho kokukhanya okungathanga ngqo, ukukhanya okusasazekayo kwasetyenziswa. Kwaye yonke imiphezulu yayikhanyiswe kancinci.
Injini yeDoom 3 (injini ye-IdTech 4)
3.7 - Ukukhanya kwehlabathi
Ukukhanya kwehlabathi kumzamo wokubala ukubonakaliswa kokukhanya ukusuka kwenye into ukuya kwenye. Le nkqubo ilayisha iprosesa ngaphezulu kokukhanya okujikeleze.
Uxwebhu lweNjini engeyonyani
IV - Uyilo lokukhanyisa kwiMidlalo yeVidiyo
Ukubunjwa okubonakalayo (indawo yokukhanya, ii-engile, imibala, intsimi yokujonga, intshukumo) inempembelelo enkulu kwindlela abasebenzisi ababona ngayo indawo yomdlalo.
Umyili u-Will Wright uthethe kwi-GDC malunga nomsebenzi wokubunjwa okubonakalayo kwindawo yokudlala. Ngokukodwa, iqondisa ingqalelo yomdlali kwizinto ezibalulekileyo - oku kwenzeka ngokulungelelanisa ukuhluthwa, ukukhanya kunye nombala wezinto kwinqanaba.
Konke oku kuchaphazela umdlalo womdlalo.
Umoya ofanelekileyo ubandakanya umdlali ngokweemvakalelo. Abaqulunqi kufuneka banakekele oku ngokudala ukuqhubeka okubonakalayo.
UMaggie Safe El-Nasr uqhube iimvavanyo ezininzi- wamema abasebenzisi abangaqhelananga nabadubuli beFPS ukuba badlale i-Unreal Tournament. Ngenxa yoyilo olulambathayo lokukhanya, abadlali baqaphele iintshaba emva kwexesha kwaye bafa ngokukhawuleza. Siye sakhathazeka kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi siwushiye umdlalo.
Ukukhanya kudala iziphumo, kodwa kunokusetyenziswa ngokwahlukileyo kwimidlalo yevidiyo kunakwithiyetha, ifilimu, kunye nolwakhiwo. Ukususela kumbono woyilo, kukho iindidi ezisixhenxe ezichaza iipateni zokukhanyisa. Kwaye apha asimele silibale malunga neemvakalelo.
Izinto zokuyila kwinqanaba lobugcisa, uJeremy Price
1 - Isikhokelo
4 ihanjwe
Kwizinto ezili-100 zonke uMyili kufuneka azi malunga nabantu, uSusan Weinschenk uphonononga ukubaluleka kombono ophakathi kunye nombono.
Ekubeni umbono ophakathi yinto yokuqala esiyibonayo, kufuneka ibandakanye izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka umdlali azibone njengoko zijoliswe ngumyili. Umbono weperipheral unika umxholo kwaye womeleza umbono ophakathi.
Imidlalo engabhalwanga ngumzekelo omhle wale - ukukhanya kungena kwindawo ephakathi yokujonga kwaye kukhokela umdlali. Kodwa ukuba izinto ezikumbono weperipheral zingqubana nombono osembindini, unxibelelwano phakathi komyili nomdlali luyawohloka.
De kube kuDawn
Isebenzisa ukukhanya ukukhokela umdlali. Umalathisi woyilo weStudio uWill Byles uthe: βOwona mceli mngeni mkhulu kuthi yayikukudala umoya woloyiko ngaphandle kokwenza yonke into ibe mnyama. Ngelishwa, xa umfanekiso usiba mnyama kakhulu, i-injini yomdlalo izama ukuyenza iqaqambe, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Kuye kwafuneka siyile iindlela ezintsha zokuhlangabezana nale ngxaki.β
Njengoko unokubona kulo mzekeliso ungezantsi, ukukhanya okufudumeleyo kugqame kwimvelaphi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kutsala umdla womdlali.
I-2 - Ukukhanyisa / Ukuqulunqa
Ububi babahlali 2 Khuphela
Ukukhanya kwi-RE2 Remake kunokutshintsha isakhelo. Njengoko uhamba kwiipaseji ezimnyama zeSikhululo samaPolisa eSixeko saseRaccoon, owona mthombo wokukhanya sisibane somdlali. Olu hlobo lokukhanyisa ngumkhandi onamandla. Umbono otshintshileyo utsala iliso lomdlali kwindawo ekhanyisiweyo kwaye unqumle yonke enye into ngenxa yokungafani okunamandla.
Imiphefumlo Emnyama I
Ingcwaba leZigebenga yenye yeendawo ezimnyama kakhulu kumdlalo ezinamawa amaninzi ayingozi. Inokugqithiswa ukuba ujonge amatye akhanyayo kwaye uhambe ngononophelo ukuze ungawi. Kufuneka ulumkele namehlo amhlophe aqaqambileyo, kuba olu lutshaba.
I-radius yokukhanya evela kumdlali iyancipha kakhulu, ukubonakala ebumnyameni kulinganiselwe. Ngokubamba isibane kwisandla sasekhohlo, umdlali wandisa ukukhanya kunye nentsimi yakhe yombono. Ngelo xesha, isibane sinciphisa kakhulu umonakalo owenziweyo, kwaye kufuneka ukhethe: ukubonakala okanye ukukhuselwa.
3 - Ukubalisa
Ixhoba
Ekubeni isikhululo apho isenzo senzeke khona kwi-orbit, umdlalo unomjikelezo wokukhanya okhethekileyo. Imisela indlela yokukhanya kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ichaphazela kakhulu umdlalo wokudlala. Lo mdlalo wenza kube nzima ukufumana izinto kunye neendawo kunesiqhelo. Kumacandelo akude, umdlali unokusombulula iingxaki ngokujonga kwi-engile enye ukusuka ngaphakathi kwisikhululo nakwenye i-engile evela ngaphandle.
UkuHlanganiswa koMntu
Kwi-Alien, ukukhanya kusetyenziselwa ukukhokela umdlali kunye nokudala imvakalelo yokwesaba. Umsebenzisi uhlala exinezelekile - kwindawo ethile ebumnyameni kukho i-xenomorph efihliweyo.
4 - Camouflage
Iseli yeSplinter: Uluhlu olumnyama
Ukukhanya okukuyo akusikhokeli kuphela umsebenzisi, kodwa kukwasetyenziswa njengomatshini womdlalo.
Kwiindawo ezininzi, abadlali basebenzisa izithunzi ukuze bahlale kwindlela ekhuselekileyo kwaye baphephe iintshaba. Kwi-Splinter Cell, indima "yemitha yokubonakala" idlalwa ngokukhanya kwisixhobo somlingiswa - umdlali ofihliweyo ngakumbi, ukukhanya kukhanya ngakumbi.
Uphawu lweNinja
KwiMarko yeNinja, ukukhanya kunye nobumnyama zichasana ngokupheleleyo. Umyili ophambili womdlalo uNels Andersen uthe: βIndlela umlinganiswa akhangeleka ngayo ibonisa ukuba uyabonakala okanye awubonakali. Ukuba ufihliwe, unxibe ezimnyama, kuphela iinkcukacha ezithile zigxininiswe ebomvu, ekukhanyeni - unemibala epheleleyo "(inqaku elithi Mark of the Ninja's staalth design rules).
I-5 - Ukulwa / ukukhusela
UAlan Wake
Isibane sika-Alan Wake sisixhobo. Ngaphandle kwayo, akunakwenzeka ukuphelisa iintshaba. Kufuneka ukhanyise ukukhanya kubo kwaye uyibambe ixesha elithile - ngale ndlela basengozini kwaye banokubulawa. Xa ukukhanya kubetha utshaba, i-halo ibonakala, emva koko iyancipha kwaye into iqala ukukhanya. Kweli nqanaba umdlali unokudubula utshaba.
Unokusebenzisa iiflares kunye ne-stun grenade ukuphelisa iintshaba.
KwiPali Tale: Ubumsulwa
Kwiprojekthi evela kwi-Asobo Studio ungasebenzisa iimpuku ngokuchasene nabantu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uthe waphula isibane sotshaba, ngoko nangoko uya kuphoswa ebumnyameni, nto leyo engayibambi intaphane yeempuku.
6 - Isilumkiso/Ingxelo
Deus Ex: Uluntu lwahlula
Kwi-Deus Ex, iikhamera zokhuseleko zijonga okwenzekayo kwindawo yazo yokujonga, ethintelwa yicone yokukhanya. Ukukhanya kuluhlaza xa bengathathi hlangothi. Yakuba ifumene utshaba, ikhamera itshintsha ukukhanya kube tyheli, ibhip kwaye ilandelele ekujoliswe kuyo nokuba yimizuzwana embalwa okanye de utshaba luphume kwindawo yalo yokujonga. Emva kwemizuzwana embalwa, ukukhanya kubomvu kwaye ikhamera ivakalisa i-alamu. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusebenzisana nomdlali kufezekiswa ngoncedo lokukhanya.
Knight owaziwayo
Iqela leCherry's Metroidvania litshintsha ukukhanya rhoqo kunezaziso zomdlali.
Ngokomzekelo, rhoqo xa uthatha umonakalo, umfanekiso unqanda umzuzwana, kwaye umphumo weglasi ephukileyo ubonakala ecaleni kweqhawe. Ukukhanya okuqhelekileyo kuyancipha, kodwa imithombo yokukhanya esondeleyo kwiqhawe (izibane kunye nezibane zomlilo) azicimi. Oku kunceda ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kunye namandla esithombo ngasinye esifunyenweyo.
I-7 - Ukwahlula
Assassin's Creed Odyssey
Umjikelo wemini nobusuku usembindini weOdyssey. Ebusuku, kukho iipatroli ezimbalwa kwaye umdlali kunokwenzeka ukuba angabonwa.
Ixesha lemini lingatshintshwa nangaliphi na ixesha - oku kubonelelwa kumdlalo. Ebusuku, iintshaba ziba buthathaka, yaye uninzi lwazo luya kulala. Kuba lula ukuphepha nokuhlasela abachasi.
Ukutshintsha kwemini nobusuku apha yinkqubo ekhethekileyo, kwaye imithetho yomdlalo itshintsha kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lemini.
Sukulamba
I-simulator yokusinda Musa ukulamba ayibagcini abantu abatsha ebusuku - apha ukuhamba ebumnyameni kuyabulala. Emva kwemizuzwana emihlanu, umdlali uyahlaselwa kwaye enze umonakalo. Umthombo wokukhanya uyimfuneko ukuze uphile.
Amahlokondiba alala ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba kuhlwe aze avuke ngokuphuma kwelanga. Ezinye izidalwa ezilele emini zinokuvuka. Izityalo azikhuli. Inyama ayomi. Umjikelo wemini nobusuku useka inkqubo, ukwahlula imithetho yomdlalo ibe ngamacandelo amabini.
V - Isiphelo
Uninzi lweendlela zokukhanyisa esizibona kubugcisa obuhle, ifilim, kunye nolwakhiwo zisetyenziswa kuphuhliso lomdlalo ukuxhasa ubuhle bendawo ebonakalayo kunye nokuphucula amava omdlali. Nangona kunjalo, imidlalo yahluke kakhulu kwi-cinema okanye kwithiyetha - indawo ehlala kuyo inamandla kwaye ayiqikeleleki. Ukongeza kukukhanya okuzinzileyo, imithombo yokukhanya eguqukayo isetyenziswa. Bongeza ukusebenzisana kunye neemvakalelo ezifanelekileyo.
Ukukhanya kuluhlu olupheleleyo lwezixhobo. Inika amagcisa kunye nabaqulunqi amathuba aneleyo okubandakanya ngakumbi umdlali.
Uphuhliso lobuchwephesha lukwachaphazele oku. Ngoku ii-injini zomdlalo zinesetingi zokukhanyisa ngakumbi- ngoku ayisosikhanyiso seendawo kuphela, kodwa nefuthe kuyilo lomdlalo.
Izalathiso
- Seif El-Nasr, M., Miron, K. kunye noZupko, J. (2005). UkuKhanya okuBukrelekrele kuMava aNgcono eGaming. Iinkqubo zeComputer-Human Interaction 2005, ePortland, eOregon.
- U-Seif El-Nasr, M. (2005). UkuKhanya okukrelekrele kweeNdawo zoMdlalo. Ijenali yoPhuhliso lweMidlalo, 1(2),
- Birn, J. (Ed.) (2000). UkuKhanya kweDijithali & Ukunikezelwa. Abakhweli abatsha, Indianapolis.
- Calahan, S. (1996). Ukubalisa amabali ngokukhanyisa: imbono yemizobo yekhompyuter. Amanqaku eSiggraph.
- U-Seif El-Nasr, M. kunye noRao, C. (2004). Ukwalathisa ngokuBonakalayo Ingqwalasela yoMsebenzisi kwi-Interactive 3D Environments. Iseshini yePosta yeSiggraph.
- Reid, F. (1992). INcwadana yokuKhanya kweQonga. A&C Black, London.
- Reid, F. (1995). Ukukhanyisa iqonga. IFocal Press, eBoston.
- UPetr Dyachikhin (2017), iTekhnoloji yomdlalo wevidiyo yanamhlanje: Iindlela kunye noTshintsho, ithisisi yeBachelor, iYunivesithi yaseSavonia yesayensi esetyenzisiweyo.
- Iziko lokufunda le-Adorama (2018), ubuChwephesha bokuKhanya beCinematography, ukusuka (https://www.adorama.com/alc/basic-cinematography-lighting-techniques)
- U-Seif El-Nasr, M., Niendenthal, S. Knez, I., Almeida, P. kunye noZupko, J. (2007), ukuKhanya okuDynamic kwi-Tension kwiMidlalo, ijenali yamazwe ngamazwe yophando lomdlalo wekhompyutha
- Yakup Mohd Rafee, Ph.D. (2015), Ukuphonononga umzobo weGeorges de la Tour osekwe kwiChiaroscuro kunye nethiyori yetenebrism, iYunivesithi yaseMalaysia Sarawak
- USophie-Louise Millington (2016), UkuKhanya koMdlalo: Ngaba ukuKhanya kuchaphazela ukusebenzisana koMdlali kunye neemvakalelo kwindawo?, IYunivesithi yaseDerby
- UProf. UStephen A. Nelson (2014), iiPropati zoKhanya kunye noVavanyo lweZinto ze-Isotropic, iYunivesithi yaseTulane
- ILayisensi ye-Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (2019), i-Dark Mod, isuka (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Mod)
umthombo: www.habr.com