Iikhompyuter ze-quantum kunye ne-quantum computing - entsha , eyongezwe kwindawo yethu yolwazi kunye , kunye namanye amagama akumgangatho ophezulu. Kwangaxeshanye, andizange ndikwazi ukufumana izinto kwi-Intanethi eza kudibanisa iphazili entloko yam ebizwa "zisebenza njani iikhompyuter zequantum". Ewe, mininzi imisebenzi egqwesileyo, kuquka nekaHabr (bona. ), izimvo apho, njengoko kuqhelekile, zifundisa ngakumbi kwaye ziluncedo, kodwa umfanekiso entlokweni yam, njengoko besithi, awuzange wongeze.
Kwaye kutsha nje oogxa bam beza kum babuza, “Ngaba uyayiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo ikhompyuter yequantum? Ungasixelela?” Kwaye ke ndaqonda ukuba ayindim ndedwa onengxaki yokuhlanganisa umfanekiso ohambelanayo entlokweni yam.
Ngenxa yoko, kwenziwa umzamo wokuqokelela ulwazi malunga neekhompyuter ze-quantum kwisekethe yengqiqo ehambelanayo apho. inqanaba elisisiseko, ngaphandle kokuntywiliselwa nzulu kwimathematika kunye nesakhiwo sehlabathi le-quantum, kwacaciswa ukuba yiyiphi ikhompyuter ye-quantum, yeyiphi imigaqo esebenza kuyo, kwaye zeziphi iingxaki izazinzulu ezijongene nazo xa zidala kwaye zisebenza.
Uluhlu lomxholo
Ukuzihlangula
Umbhali akayiyo ingcali kwi-computing ye-quantum, kwaye Abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo kwinqaku ngabantu abafanayo be-IT, kungekhona iingcali ze-quantum, abafuna ukudibanisa umfanekiso ezintloko zabo obizwa ngokuba "Zisebenza njani iikhompyuter zequantum." Ngenxa yoku, iikhonsepthi ezininzi kwinqaku zenziwe lula ngabom ukuqonda ngcono itekhnoloji ye-quantum kwinqanaba "elisisiseko", kodwa ngaphandle .
Inqaku kwezinye iindawo lisebenzisa imathiriyeli evela kweminye imithombo, . Apho kunokwenzeka, unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo kunye nezalathisi kumbhalo wokuqala, itheyibhile okanye umfanekiso ufakwa. Ukuba ndilibale into (okanye umntu) kwenye indawo, bhala kwaye ndiya kuyilungisa.
Intshayelelo
Kwesi sahluko, siza kujonga ngokufutshane ukuba laqala njani ixesha le-quantum, yintoni isizathu esikhuthazayo sombono wekhompyuter ye-quantum, ngubani (aphi amazwe kunye neenkampani) njengangoku ngabadlali abahamba phambili kule ntsimi, kwaye bathethe ngokufutshane. malunga nemikhombandlela ephambili yophuhliso lwe-quantum computing.
Kwenzeka njani konke
Isiqalo sexesha le-quantum libhekwa njenge-1900, xa uM. Planck eqala ukubeka phambili. ukuba amandla akhutshwa kwaye afunxwe ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa kwi-quanta eyahlukileyo (iinxalenye). Lo mbono wathatyathwa waza waphuhliswa ngoosonzululwazi abaninzi ababalaseleyo ngelo xesha-i-Bohr, i-Einstein, i-Heisenberg, i-Schrödinger, eyathi ekugqibeleni yakhokelela ekudalweni nasekuphuhlisweni kwenzululwazi efana neyokuqala. . Zininzi izinto ezilungileyo kwi-Intanethi malunga nokwenziwa kwefiziksi ye-quantum njengesayensi; kweli nqaku asizukuhlala kule nto ngokweenkcukacha, kodwa bekuyimfuneko ukubonisa umhla esangena ngawo kwixesha elitsha le-quantum.
Ifiziksi yeQuantum izise izinto ezininzi kunye nobuchwepheshe kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, ngaphandle kwayo ngoku kunzima ukucinga ngehlabathi elisingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-laser, ngoku isetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo, ukusuka kwizixhobo zendlu (amanqanaba e-laser, njl.) ukuya kwiinkqubo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu (i-laser zokulungiswa kombono, molo. ). Kuya kuba sengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba kungekudala umntu uza kuza nombono wokuba kutheni ungasebenzisi iinkqubo ze-quantum kwikhompyuter. Kwaye ke ngo-1980 kwenzeka.
I-Wikipedia ibonisa ukuba umbono wokuqala we-quantum computing wachazwa ngo-1980 ngusosayensi wethu uYuri Manin. Kodwa ngokwenene baqalisa ukuthetha ngayo kuphela ngowe-1981, xa uR. Feynman owaziwayo , kuphawulwe ukuba akunakwenzeka ukulinganisa ukuvela kwenkqubo ye-quantum kwikhompyutheni yeklasi ngendlela efanelekileyo. Wacebisa imodeli yokuqala , eya kukwazi ukwenza imodeli enjalo.
Kukho i , Apho kuqwalaselwa ngakumbi ngokwemfundo kunye neenkcukacha, kodwa siza kudlula ngokufutshane:
Amanqaku abalulekileyo kwimbali yokudala iikhompyuter zequantum:
- [1994]. P. Shore. Iyilwe ngu
- [1998]. Yenziwe
- [2001]. I-IBM yazisa ukwenziwa ukwandisa inani le-15
- [2007-2016]. idala kwaye iphuhlise ikhompyuter kunye ne-128-2000 qubits
- [2012]. Yenziwa kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia
- [2016]. Uphando kwikhompyuter ye-9-qubit
- [2017]. (iiathom ezintathu)
- [2019]. . Ikhompyuter ye-20-qubit efini
- [2019]. . 53 qubit computer. ?
Njengoko ubona, iminyaka eyi-17 idlulile (ukusuka kwi-1981 ukuya kwi-1998) ukusuka kumzuzu wengcamango ukuya ekuphunyezweni kwayo kokuqala kwikhompyutheni ene-2 qubits, kunye ne-21 iminyaka (ukusuka kwi-1998 ukuya kwi-2019) kwada kwada kwanda inani le-qubits ukuya kwi-53. Kwathatha iminyaka eyi-11 (ukususela ku-2001 ukuya ku-2012) ukuphucula isiphumo se-algorithm kaShor (siza kuyijonga ngakumbi kamva kancinane) ukusuka kwinani le-15 ukuya kuma-21. Kwakhona, kwiminyaka emithathu eyadlulayo kuphela safika kwinqanaba ukuphumeza oko uFeynman athetha ngako, kwaye ufunde ukwenza umzekelo wezona nkqubo zilula zomzimba.
Uphuhliso lwe-quantum computing lucotha. Izazinzulu kunye neenjineli zijongene nemisebenzi enzima kakhulu, amazwe e-quantum ahlala ixesha elifutshane kwaye abuthathaka, kwaye ukuze agcinwe ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba enze izibalo, kufuneka bakhe i-sarcophagi yezigidi zezigidi zeedola, apho ubushushu bugcinwa khona. Ngaphezulu nje kuka-zero, kwaye ezikhuselwe kakhulu kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle. Okulandelayo siza kuthetha ngale misebenzi kunye neengxaki ngokubanzi.
Abadlali abaKhokelayo
Izilayidi zeli candelo zithathwe kwinqaku , kumphandi Alexey Fedorov. Makhe ndikunike ucaphulo oluthe ngqo:
Onke amazwe aphumeleleyo ngokwethekhinoloji ngoku aphuhlisa ubugcisa bequantum. Isixa esikhulu semali sityalwa kolu phando, kwaye iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokuxhasa ubuchwephesha be-quantum ziyenziwa.
Ayingomazwe kuphela, kodwa neenkampani zabucala zithatha inxaxheba kumdyarho we-quantum. Lilonke, i-Google, i-IBM, i-Intel kunye ne-Microsoft kutshanje batyala imali malunga ne-0,5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ekuphuhliseni iikhomputha ze-quantum kwaye zenze iilebhu ezinkulu kunye namaziko ophando.
Maninzi amanqaku ngoHabré nakwi-Intanethi, umzekelo, , и , apho imeko yangoku yemicimbi kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe be-quantum kumazwe ahlukeneyo ihlolwe ngokubanzi. Eyona nto iphambili kuthi ngoku kukuba onke amazwe aphambili aphuhliswe ngokwetekhnoloji kunye nabadlali batyala imali eninzi kuphando kweli cala, elinika ithemba lendlela yokuphuma kwingxaki yangoku yetekhnoloji.
Imikhombandlela yophuhliso
Okwangoku (ndingaphazama, ndilungise) iinzame eziphambili (kunye neziphumo ezingaphezulu okanye ezingaphantsi) zabo bonke abadlali abakhokelayo zigxile kwiindawo ezimbini:
- Iikhompyuter ezikhethekileyo zequantum, ezijolise ekusombululeni ingxaki eyodwa ethile, umzekelo, ingxaki yokuphucula. Umzekelo wemveliso yi-D-Wave quantum computers.
- Iikhompyuter zequantum jikelele - ezikwaziyo ukuphumeza i-arbitrary quantum algorithms (Shor, Grover, njl.). Ukuphunyezwa kwe-IBM, Google.
Ezinye iiVectors zophuhliso esizifumana kwiquantum physics, ezinje:
- njengesiseko sokuba
- nokunye okuninzi
Ewe kunjalo, ikwakuluhlu lwemimandla yophando, kodwa okwangoku kubonakala kungekho ziphumo zibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukongeza unokufunda , google "", Umzekelo, , и .
Iziseko. Izinto ze-quantum kunye neenkqubo ze-quantum
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuyiqonda kweli candelo kukuba
Ikhompyuter yequantum (ngokungafaniyo nesiqhelo) isebenzisa njengabathwali bolwazi izinto zequantum, kwaye ukwenza izibalo, izinto ze-quantum kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe kuyo inkqubo yequantum.
Yintoni into ye-quantum?
Into yeQuantum -into ye-microworld (ihlabathi le-quantum) ebonisa iipropati ze-quantum:
- Inesimo esichaziweyo esinamanqanaba amabini omda
- Ikwindawo ephezulu yemo yayo kude kube ngumzuzu womlinganiselo
- Ibhijela ngokwayo nezinye izinto ukwenza iinkqubo zequantum
- Iyanelisa ithiyori yokungabikho kwe-cloning (imeko yento ayinakukhutshelwa)
Makhe sijonge ipropati nganye ngokubanzi:
Inelizwe elichaziweyo elinamanqanaba amabini omda (imeko yokuphela)
Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenyani yingqekembe. Inombuso "wecala", othatha amanqanaba amabini emida - "iintloko" kunye "nemisila".
Ikwindawo ephezulu yemo yayo kude kube ngumzuzu womlinganiselo
Baphosa ingqekembe, ibhabha kwaye iyajikeleza. Ngelixa lijikelezayo, akunakwenzeka ukuthetha ukuba yeyiphi inqanaba lomda indawo yayo "yecala" ikhona. Kodwa kamsinya nje ukuba siyibethe phantsi kwaye sijonge isiphumo, indawo ephezulu yamazwe iwa ngokukhawuleza ibe yenye yemida emibini - "iintloko" kunye "nemisila". Ukuqhwaba ingqekembe kwimeko yethu ngumlinganiselo.
Ibhijela ngokwayo nezinye izinto ukwenza iinkqubo zequantum
Kunzima ngengqekembe, kodwa makhe sizame. Khawufane ucinge ukuba siphose iingqekembe ezintathu ukuze zijikelezise zincamathelane, oku kukujula ngeenkozo. Ngomzuzu ngamnye wexesha, akukhona nje kuphela ukuba ngalinye likwisikhundla esiphezulu samazwe, kodwa la mazwe anefuthe elinye kwelinye (iingqekembe ziyangqubana).
Iyanelisa ithiyori yokungabikho kwe-cloning (imeko yento ayinakukhutshelwa)
Ngelixa iingqekembe zibhabha kwaye zijikeleza, akukho ndlela sinokwenza ngayo ikopi yemeko ejikelezayo yayo nayiphi na imali, eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo. Inkqubo ihlala ngaphakathi kwayo kwaye inomona kakhulu wokukhulula naluphi na ulwazi kwihlabathi langaphandle.
Amanye amagama ambalwa malunga nengcamango ngokwayo "izikhundla eziphezulu", phantse kuwo onke amanqaku aphezulu achazwe njenge "Ikuwo onke amazwe ngaxeshanye", nto leyo, eneneni, iyinyani, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha iyabhidisa ngokungeyomfuneko. I-superposition of states inokuthi icingelwe njengenyaniso yokuba ngexesha ngalinye into ye-quantum Kukho izinto ezinokwenzeka zokuhla kwinqanaba ngalinye lomda walo, kwaye xa sishwankathela ezi nokwenzeka zilingana ngokwendalo no-1. Kamva, xa siqwalasela i-qubit, siya kuhlala kule nto ngokubanzi.
Ngeengqekembe, oku kunokubonwa - kuxhomekeke kwisantya sokuqala, i-angle yokuphosa, imeko yendawo apho ingqekembe ibhabha khona, ngexesha ngalinye ithuba lokufumana "iintloko" okanye "imisila" yahlukile. Kwaye, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, imeko yengqekembe ephaphazelayo enjalo inokucingelwa “njengekuyo yonke imida yayo ngaxeshanye, kodwa inamathuba ahlukeneyo okuphunyezwa kwayo.”
Nayiphi na into apho ezi propati zingentla zidibene kwaye sinokuyila kunye nokulawula zingasetyenziswa njengomphathi wolwazi kwikhompyutheni ye-quantum.
Kancinci siza kuthetha malunga nemeko yangoku yemicimbi kunye nokuphunyezwa ngokomzimba kwe-qubits njengezinto ze-quantum, kunye neziphi izazinzulu ezisebenzisayo ngoku kule ndawo.
Ke ipropathi yesithathu ichaza ukuba izinto ze-quantum zinokubanjwa ukwenza iinkqubo ze-quantum. Yintoni inkqubo ye-quantum?
Inkqubo yequantum - inkqubo yezinto ezixananazileyo zequantum ezineempawu ezilandelayo:
- Inkqubo ye-quantum ikwi-superposition yazo zonke iimeko ezinokubakho zezinto equlethwe kuzo
- Akunakwenzeka ukwazi imeko yenkqubo kude kube ngumzuzu wokulinganisa
- Ngomzuzu wokulinganisa, inkqubo isebenzisa enye yeenguqu ezinokwenzeka zemida yayo yomda
(kwaye, ejonge phambili kancinci)
I-Corollary yeenkqubo ze-quantum:
- Inkqubo ye-quantum inesimo esinikiweyo senkqubo kwigalelo, indawo ephezulu ngaphakathi, indawo ephezulu kwimveliso.
- Kwisiphumo senkqubo emva komlinganiselo sinokuphunyezwa okunokwenzeka kwelinye lamazwe anokwenzeka okugqibela enkqubo (kunye neempazamo ezinokwenzeka)
- Nayiphi na inkqubo ye-quantum ine-architecture yetshimini (igalelo -> imveliso. Akukho luphu, awukwazi ukubona imeko yenkqubo embindini wenkqubo.)
Ukuthelekiswa kwekhompyuter ye-quantum kunye nesiqhelo
Ngoku makhe sithelekise ikhompyuter eqhelekileyo kunye neyomthamo.
| computer rhoqo | Ikhompyuter yequantum | |
|
Ingqiqo
|
0 / 1 | `a|0> + b|1>, a^2+b^2=1` |
|
IPhysics
|
Semiconductor transistor | Into yeQuantum |
|
Umthwali wolwazi
|
Amanqanaba ombane | I-polarization, i-spin, ... |
|
UkuSebenza
|
HAYI, KUNYE, OKANYE, XOR phezu kwamasuntswana | Iivalvu: CNOT, Hadamard,... |
|
Ubudlelwane
|
Itshiphu yeSemiconductor | Ukubhideka omnye komnye |
|
Algorithms
|
Umgangatho (bona iWhip) | Ezizodwa (Elunxwemeni, eGrover) |
|
Umgaqo
|
Idijithali, i-deterministic | Analog, probabilistic |
Inqanaba lokuqiqa
Kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo le nto incinci. Yazi kakuhle kuthi ngapha nangapha Isuntswana lesigqibo. Ingathatha amaxabiso nokuba ngu-0 okanye u-1. Ihlangabezana ngokugqibeleleyo nendima iyunithi enengqondo kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo, kodwa ayifanelanga ngokupheleleyo ukuchaza urhulumente into yequantum, njengoko sele sitshilo, endle ibekwe kuyoiindawo eziphezulu zemida yabo.
Yile nto beze nayo . Kwimida yayo ithi iqonda amazwe afana no-0 kunye no-1 , yaye kwindawo ephezulu imela Ukusasazwa okunokwenzeka ngaphezulu kwemida yayo |0> и |1>:
a|0> + b|1>, такое, что a^2+b^2=1u-a kunye no-b bamele , kwaye izikwere zeemodyuli zazo zezona zinto zinokwenzeka zokufumana kanye amaxabiso anjalo emida yomda. |0> и |1>, ukuba uwisa iqubit ngomlinganiselo ngoku.
Umaleko womzimba
Kwinqanaba lophuhliso lobuchwepheshe lwangoku, ukuphunyezwa komzimba kancinci kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo semiconductor transistor, ngenxa ye-quantum, njengoko sele sitshilo, nayiphi na into ye-quantum. Kwicandelo elilandelayo siza kuthetha malunga nento esetyenziswayo ngoku njengemithombo yeendaba ye-qubits.
Ukugcina okuphakathi
Kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo le umbane - amanqanaba ombane, ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwangoku, njl., kwi-quantum - efanayo imeko ye-quantum object (isalathiso se-polarization, i-spin, njl.), enokuthi ibe kwindawo ephezulu.
UkuSebenza
Ukuphumeza iisekethe ezinengqondo kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo, sisebenzisa eyaziwayo , ngenxa yokusebenza kwi-qubits kwakuyimfuneko ukuza nenkqubo ehluke ngokupheleleyo yokusebenza, ebizwa . Amasango anokuba yi-qubit enye okanye kabini-qubit, kuxhomekeke ekubeni zingaphi iiqubhithi eziguqulwayo.
Imizekelo yamasango equantum:
Kukho ingcamango iseti yevalvu jikelele, ezaneleyo ukwenza nayiphi na isibalo se-quantum. Ngokomzekelo, isethi yendalo yonke iquka isango le-Hadamard, isango lokutshintshwa kwesigaba, isango le-CNOT, kunye nesango π⁄8. Ngoncedo lwabo, unokwenza nayiphi na isibalo se-quantum kwisethi engavumelekanga ye-qubits.
Kweli nqaku asizukuhlala ngokweenkcukacha kwinkqubo yamasango e-quantum; unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nabo kunye nokusebenza okunengqiqo kwi-qubits, umzekelo, . Into ephambili ekufuneka uyikhumbule:
- Ukusebenza kwizinto ze-quantum kufuna ukudalwa kwabaqhubi abatsha abanengqiqo (amasango e-quantum)
- Amasango e-Quantum afika kwiintlobo ze-qubit enye kunye ne-double-qubit.
- Kukho iiseti zendalo yonke zamasango ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukwenza nayiphi na i-quantum computation
Ubudlelwane
I-transistor enye ayinamsebenzi ngokupheleleyo kuthi; ukuze senze izibalo kufuneka sidibanise ii-transistors ezininzi komnye nomnye, oko kukuthi, ukudala i-semiconductor chip kwizigidi zee-transistors apho kwakhiwe khona iisekethe ezinengqiqo, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, fumana iprosesa yangoku kwimo yayo yakudala.
I-qubit enye nayo ayinamsebenzi kwaphela kuthi (kakuhle, ukuba kuphela ngokwemigaqo yemfundo),
ukwenza izibalo sifuna inkqubo ye-qubits (izinto ze-quantum)
leyo, njengoko besesitshilo, idalwe ngokufaka i-qubits omnye komnye ukuze utshintsho kwiimeko zabo zenzeke ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo.
Algorithms
Ii-algorithms eziqhelekileyo eziqokelelwe uluntu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku azifanelekanga ngokupheleleyo ukuphunyezwa kwikhompyuter ye-quantum. Ewe, ngokubanzi akukho mfuneko. Iikhompyuter ze-Quantum ezisekwe kwingqiqo yesango phezu kwee-qubits zifuna ukudalwa kwee-algorithms ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, i-algorithms ye-quantum. Kwii-algorithms ze-quantum ezaziwa kakhulu, ezintathu zinokuhlukaniswa:
- (Factorization)
- (ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza kwisiseko sedatha esingacwangciswanga)
- (impendulo kumbuzo, umsebenzi ongatshintshiyo okanye olungelelanisiweyo)
Umgaqo
Kwaye umahluko obaluleke kakhulu ngumgaqo wokusebenza. Kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo oku idijithali, umgaqo-siseko ongqongqo, ngokusekelwe kwinto yokuba ukuba sibeka enye imeko yokuqala yenkqubo kwaye siphumelele kwi-algorithm enikeziweyo, ngoko umphumo wezibalo uya kufana, kungakhathaliseki ukuba siqhuba kangaphi lo zibalo. Ngokwenyani, le ndlela yokuziphatha yile nto siyilindeleyo kwikhompyuter.
Ikhompyuter yeQuantum iyasebenza i-analogu, umgaqo onokwenzeka. Isiphumo se-algorithm enikiweyo kwimeko yokuqala enikiweyo isampuli ukusuka kunikezelo lokwenzeka ukuphunyezwa kokugqibela kwe-algorithm kunye neempazamo ezinokwenzeka.
Ubume obunokwenzeka becomputing ye-quantum kungenxa yeyona nto inokwenzeka kakhulu yehlabathi lomyinge. “UThixo akadlali idayisi nendalo iphela.”, uthe u-Einstein omdala, kodwa zonke iimvavanyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (kwi-paradigm yesayensi yangoku) iqinisekisa ngokuchaseneyo.
Ukuphunyezwa kwezinto eziphathekayo
Njengoko sele sitshilo, i-qubit inokumelwa yinto ye-quantum, oko kukuthi, into ebonakalayo eyenza iimpawu ze-quantum ezichazwe ngasentla. Oko kukuthi, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, nayiphi na into ebonakalayo apho kukho amazwe amabini kwaye la mazwe mabini akwimo ephezulu angasetyenziselwa ukwakha ikhompyuter yequantum.
"Ukuba sinokubeka i-athomu kumanqanaba amabini ahlukeneyo kwaye silawule, ngoko unayo i-qubit. Ukuba sinokwenza oku nge-ion, yi-qubit. Kuyafana nangangoku. Ukuba siyayiqhuba ngaxeshanye nangexesha elinye, une-qubit.”
kukho к , apho iindidi zangoku zokuphunyezwa komzimba we-qubit ziqwalaselwa ngokubanzi, siya kudwelisa ngokulula ezona ziyaziwa kakhulu neziqhelekileyo:
- kunye nezinye iingcamango ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga (i-anions, njl.)
Kuzo zonke ezi ntlobo, eyona iphuhliswe kakhulu yindlela yokuqala yokufumana i-qubits, esekelwe kuyo . , , kunye nabanye abadlali abahamba phambili bayisebenzisela ukwakha iinkqubo zabo.
Ewe, funda ngakumbi kunokwenzeka qubits ukusuka .
Iziseko. Isebenza njani ikhompyuter yequantum
Izixhobo zeli candelo (umsebenzi kunye nemifanekiso) zithathwe kwinqaku .
Ke, khawucinge ukuba sinomsebenzi olandelayo:
Kukho iqela labantu abathathu: (A)ndrey, (B)olodya kunye no (C)erezha. Kukho iiteksi ezimbini (0 kunye nesi-1).
Kwaziwa kwakhona ukuba:
- (A)ndrey, (B)olodya ngabahlobo
- (A)ndrey, (C)erezha ziintshaba
- (B) olodya kunye no (C) erezha ziintshaba
Umsebenzi: Beka abantu ezitaxini ukuze UMax(abahlobo) и Min(iintshaba)
Amanqaku: L = (inani labahlobo) - (inani leentshaba) kukhetho ngalunye lokuhlala
KUBALULEKILEYO: Ukucinga ukuba akukho zixhobo zokujonga umhlaba, akukho sisombululo sisiso. Kule meko, ingxaki ingasonjululwa kuphela ngokukhangela ngokupheleleyo iinketho.
Isisombululo kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo
Indlela yokusombulula le ngxaki kwikhompyutheni yesiqhelo (ephezulu) (okanye iqoqo) - kucacile ukuba kufuneka ujikeleze kuzo zonke iinketho ezinokwenzeka. Ukuba sinenkqubo yeeprosesa ezininzi, ngoko ke sinokungqamanisa ubalo lwezisombululo kuzo zonke iiprosesa ezininzi kwaye emva koko siqokelele iziphumo.
Sineendlela zokulala ezi-2 ezinokubakho (iteksi 0 kunye neteksi 1) kunye nabantu aba-3. Indawo yesisombululo 2 ^ 3 = 8. Ungade uhambe ngeendlela ezisi-8 usebenzisa isixhobo sokubala, akuyongxaki oku. Ngoku masenze nzima ingxaki - sinabantu abangama-20 kunye neebhasi ezimbini, indawo yesisombululo 2^20 = 1. Akukho nto inzima. Masinyuse inani labantu ngama-2.5 amaxesha - sithathe abantu abangama-50 kunye noololiwe ababini, indawo yesisombululo ngoku 2^50 = 1.12 x 10^15. Ikhompyuter eqhelekileyo (ephezulu) sele iqala ukuba neengxaki ezinzulu. Masinyuse inani labantu ngo-2 amaxesha, abantu abayi-100 baya kusinika kakade 1.2x10^30 iinketho ezinokwenzeka.
Yiyo loo nto, lo msebenzi awukwazi ukubalwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Ukuqhagamshela i-supercomputer
Eyona khompyutha inamandla ngoku yinombolo 1 ye oko , imveliso 122 . Makhe sicinge ukuba sifuna imisebenzi eyi-100 ukubala ukhetho olunye, emva koko ukusombulula ingxaki yabantu abayi-100 esiya kuyidinga:
(1.2 x 10^30 100) / 122×10^15 / (606024365) = 3 x 10^37 iminyaka.
Njengoko sibona njengoko ubungakanani bedatha yokuqala bukhula, indawo yesisombululo ikhula ngokomthetho wamandla, kwimeko eqhelekileyo, kwii-bits ze-N sine-2 ^N iinketho zesisombululo esinokwenzeka, apho kwi-N encinci (100) isinika indawo engabalwanga (kwizinga le-teknoloji yangoku) isisombululo.
Ngaba kukho ezinye iindlela? Njengoko unokucinga, ewe, kukho.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba singene kwindlela kwaye kutheni iikhompyuter ze-quantum zinokucombulula ngempumelelo iingxaki ezinjengezi, makhe sithathe umzuzwana siphinde sijonge ukuba ziyintoni na. Unikezelo olunokwenzeka. Ungakhathazeki, eli linqaku lokuphonononga, akuyi kubakho imathematika enzima apha, siya kuyenza ngomzekelo weklasi kunye nesikhwama kunye neebhola.
I-combinator nje encinci, ithiyori enokwenzeka kunye nomfuniselo ongaqhelekanga
Masithathe ibag siyifake kuyo I-1000 emhlophe kunye ne-1000 yeebhola ezimnyama. Siza kuqhuba umfuniselo - sikhuphe ibhola, sibhale phantsi umbala, sibuyisele ibhola engxoweni kwaye sixube iibhola engxoweni.
Uvavanyo lwenziwa amaxesha angama-10, ukhuphe iibhola ezimnyama ezili-10. Ingayiyo? Kulungile. Ngaba le sampuli isinika naluphi na uluvo olufanelekileyo lokusasazwa kokwenyani engxoweni? Ngokucacileyo akunjalo. Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe - kulungile, pphinda ulinge izihlandlo ezisisigidi kwaye ubale ukuphindaphindwa kweebhola ezimnyama namhlophe. Sifumana, umzekelo 49.95% abamnyama kunye nama-50.05% abamhlophe. Kule meko, ulwakhiwo lolwabiwo apho senza isampuli (ukukhupha ibhola enye) sele icacile okanye icacile.
Into ephambili kukuqonda oko umfuniselo ngokwawo unendalo enokwenzeka, ngesampulu enye (ibhola) asiyi kukwazi ulwakhiwo lokwenyani losasazo, kufuneka siphinde umfuniselo amaxesha amaninzi kunye neziphumo zomndilili.
Masiyongeze kwibhegi yethu I-10 ebomvu kunye ne-10 yeebhola eziluhlaza (iimpazamo). Masiphinde umfuniselo amaxesha ali-10. INwakhupha ezi-5 ezibomvu nezi-5 eziluhlaza. Ingayiyo? Ewe. Singathetha into malunga nokuhanjiswa kwenyani - Hayi. Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe - kakuhle, uyaqonda.
Ukufumana ukuqonda kwesakhiwo sokusasazwa okunokwenzeka, kuyimfuneko ukuphinda isampula yeziphumo zomntu ngamnye ukusuka kolu lwabiwo kunye nomlinganiselo weziphumo.
Ukudibanisa ithiyori kunye nokuziqhelanisa
Ngoku endaweni yeebhola ezimnyama nezimhlophe, masithathe iibhola zebhiliyoni sizifake engxoweni Iibhola eziyi-1000 ezinenombolo yesi-2, i-1000 enenombolo yesi-7 kunye neebhola ezili-10 ezinamanye amanani.. Makhe sibe nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womlingi oqeqeshelwe ezona zenzo zilula (akhuphe ibhola, abhale inani, abuyisele ibhola engxoweni, axube iibhola engxoweni) kwaye ukwenza oku kwi-microseconds ezili-150. Ewe, umfuni onjalo ngesantya (hayi intengiso yeziyobisi !!!). Emva koko kwimizuzwana eyi-150 uya kukwazi ukwenza uvavanyo lwethu izihlandlo ezisisigidi esi-1 kwaye usibonelele ngeziphumo eziqhelekileyo.
Bahlala phantsi umhloli, bamnika ibhegi, bajika, balinda imizuzwana eyi-150 kwaye bafumana:
inani 2 - 49.5%, inani 7 - 49.5%, amanani aseleyo ewonke - 1%.
Ewe oko kulungile, ibhegi yethu yikhompyuter ye-quantum ene-algorithm esombulula ingxaki yethu, kwaye iibhola zizisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Ekubeni kukho izisombululo ezibini ezichanekileyo, ngoko ikhompyuter ye-quantum iya kusinika naziphi na kwezi zisombululo ezinokubakho ngokulinganayo, kunye ne-0.5% (10/2000) iimpazamo, esiza kuthetha ngayo kamva.
Ukufumana isiphumo sekhompyuter ye-quantum, kufuneka usebenzise i-algorithm ye-quantum amaxesha amaninzi kwiseti yedatha efanayo kunye nesiphumo esiphakathi.
Ubungakanani bekhompyuter ye-quantum
Ngoku khawufane ucinge ukuba umsebenzi obandakanya abantu abayi-100 (indawo yesisombululo 2^100 sikhumbula oku), kukho nezigqibo ezibini ezichanekileyo. Emva koko, ukuba sithatha i-100 qubits kwaye sibhala i-algorithm ebala umsebenzi wethu wenjongo (L, jonga ngasentla) phezu kwezi qubits, ngoko siya kufumana isikhwama apho kuya kubakho iibhola ze-1000 kunye nenani lempendulo yokuqala echanekileyo, i-1000 kunye inani lempendulo yesibini echanekileyo kunye neebhola ezili-10 namanye amanani. Kwaye kwimizuzwana eyi-150 efanayo umfuni wethu uya kusinika uqikelelo lokusasazwa kweempendulo ezichanekileyo..
Ixesha lokwenziwa kwe-algorithm ye-quantum (kunye neengcinga ezithile) inokuqwalaselwa rhoqo i-O (1) ngokubhekiselele kumlinganiselo wendawo yesisombululo (2 ^ N).
Kwaye oku kuyipropathi kanye yekhompyuter ye-quantum - ixesha lokuqhubeka ngokunxulumene nokwanda komthetho wamandla ukuntsokotha kwendawo yesisombululo ngundoqo.
I-Qubit kunye nehlabathi elihambelanayo
Kwenzeka njani oku? Yintoni evumela ikhompyuter yequantum ukuba yenze izibalo ngokukhawuleza? Konke malunga nobume be-quantum ye-qubit.
Jonga, sithe iqubit ifana nento yequantum iqonda enye yeemeko zayo ezimbini xa ijongwa, kodwa “kwindalo yasendle” ingaphakathi iindawo eziphezulu zamazwe, oko kukuthi, ikuyo yomibini imimandla yayo yomda ngaxeshanye (ngokunokwenzeka okuthile).
Thatha (A)ndreya kwaye ucinge ngemeko yayo (kwesiphi isithuthi - 0 okanye 1) njenge-qubit. Emva koko sinayo (kwindawo ye-quantum) imihlaba emibini ehambelanayo, kwenye (A) uhlala kwiteksi 0, kwelinye ilizwe - kwiteksi 1. Kwiiteksi ezimbini ngexesha elinye, kodwa ngamathuba athile okufumana kuyo nganye kuzo ngexesha loqwalaselo.
Thatha (B) abaselula kwaye masicinge ngemeko yayo njenge-qubit. Amanye amazwe amabini ahambelanayo avela. Kodwa okwangoku ezi zibini zehlabathi (A) и (AT) musani ukusebenzisana kwaphela. Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ukuyila ezinxulumene inkqubo? Injalo loo nto, sifuna ezi qubits bopha (confuse). Siyayithatha siyibhideke (A) kunye (B) - sifumana inkqubo ye-quantum yee-qubits ezimbini (A, B), ukuqonda ngaphakathi ngokwayo ezine ixhomekeke komnye imihlaba ehambelanayo. Yongeza (S) ergey kwaye sifumana inkqubo yee-qubits ezintathu (ABC), ukuphumeza ezisibhozo ixhomekeke komnye imihlaba ehambelanayo.
Ingundoqo ye-computing ye-quantum (ukuphunyezwa kwekhonkco lamasango e-quantum phezu kwenkqubo yee-qubits ezidibeneyo) yinyaniso yokuba ukubala kwenzeka kuwo onke amazwe ahambelanayo ngexesha elinye.
Kwaye akukhathaliseki nokuba zingaphi na kuzo, 2^3 okanye 2^100, I-algorithm ye-quantum iya kwenziwa ngexesha elilinganiselweyo kuwo onke amazwe ahambelanayo kwaye iya kusinika umphumo, oyisampuli ukusuka ekuhanjisweni okunokwenzeka kweempendulo ze-algorithm.
Ukuqonda ngcono, umntu unokucinga ukuba ikhomputha ye-quantum kwinqanaba le-quantum liqhuba i-2 ^ N iinkqubo zesisombululo esifanayo, ngamnye wabo usebenza kwinketho enye enokwenzeka, emva koko uqokelela iziphumo zomsebenzi - kwaye isinika impendulo ngokohlobo lwesimo sesisombululo (ukusasazwa okunokwenzeka kweempendulo), apho senza isampula enye ngexesha ngalinye (kuvavanyo ngalunye).
Khumbula ixesha elifunwa ngumvavanyi wethu (150µs) ukwenza uvavanyo, oku kuya kuba luncedo kuthi ngakumbi, xa sithetha ngeengxaki eziphambili zeekhompyuter ze-quantum kunye nexesha lokunganyaniseki.
Quantum algorithms
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, i-algorithms eqhelekileyo esekelwe kwi-binary logic ayisebenzi kwikhompyuter ye-quantum usebenzisa i-quantum logic (amasango e-quantum). Kuye, bekuyimfuneko ukuza nezintsha ezisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amandla akhoyo kwindalo yobungakanani bekhompyuter.
Ii-algorithms ezaziwa kakhulu namhlanje zezi:
Ngokungafaniyo neklasikhi, iikhompyuter ze-quantum azikho jikelele.
Kuphela inani elincinci le-algorithms ye-quantum efunyenweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Спасибо kwikhonkco ukuya , indawo apho, ngokutsho kombhali (), abameli ababalaseleyo behlabathi le-quantum-algorithmic baqokelelwe kwaye baqhubeka beqokelela.
Kweli nqaku asiyi kuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha ii-algorithms ze-quantum; kukho izinto ezininzi ezigqwesileyo kwi-Intanethi kulo naliphi na inqanaba lobunzima, kodwa kusafuneka sihambe ngokufutshane kwezona zintathu zidumileyo.
I-algorithm kaShor.
Eyona algorithm idumileyo ye-quantum yi (yaqalwa ngo-1994 yingcali yezibalo yaseNgesi ), ejolise ekusombululeni ingxaki yokubala amanani kwizinto eziphambili (ingxaki ye-factorization, i-discrete logarithm).
Yile algorithm ekhankanywe njengomzekelo xa bebhala ukuba iinkqubo zakho zebhanki kunye neephasiwedi ziza kutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuqwalasela ukuba ubude bezitshixo ezisetyenzisiweyo namhlanje akukho ngaphantsi kwee-bits ze-2048, ixesha le-cap alikafiki.
Namhlanje ngaphezu kokuthozama. Iziphumo ezigqwesileyo zeFactorization ngeShor's Algorithm - Amanani и , engaphantsi kakhulu kwe-2048 bits. Kwiziphumo eziseleyo kwitheyibhile, eyahlukileyo izibalo, kodwa nesona siphumo esihle ngokwale algorithm (291311) sikude kakhulu kwisicelo sokwenyani.
Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-algorithm kaShor, umzekelo,. Malunga nokuphunyezwa okubonakalayo - .
Enye ye ukuntsonkotha kunye namandla afunekayo ukulinganisa inani le-2048-bit yikhompyuter . Silala ngoxolo.
I-algorithm yeGrover
- ukusombulula ingxaki yobalo, oko kukuthi, ukufumana isisombululo kwinxaki F(X) = 1, apho uF ukusuka n ezahlukeneyo. Yacetywa yingcali yezibalo yaseMelika в .
I-algorithm yeGrover ingasetyenziselwa ukufumana и inombolo series. Ukongeza, ingasetyenziselwa ukusombulula iingxaki ngophendlo olupheleleyo phakathi kwezisombululo ezininzi ezinokubakho. Oku kunokubandakanya iinzuzo zesantya esibalulekileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-algorithms yakudala, nangona ngaphandle kokubonelela "" nje.
Unokufunda ngakumbiokanye . Okungakumbi Kukho inkcazo efanelekileyo ye-algorithm usebenzisa umzekelo weebhokisi kunye nebhola, kodwa, ngelishwa, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphaya kokulawula nabani na, le ndawo ayivuli kum eRashiya. Ukuba unayo ivaliwe, ke nantsi isishwankathelo esifutshane:
I-algorithm yeGrover. Khawufane ucinge ukuba uneengceba ezi-N zeebhokisi ezivaliweyo ezinamanani. Zonke azinanto ngaphandle kwenye, equlathe ibhola. Umsebenzi wakho: fumana inani lebhokisi apho ibhola ikhona (eli nani elingaziwayo lidla ngokuchazwa ngunobumba u-w).
Indlela yokusombulula le ngxaki? Eyona ndlela yobudenge kukutshintshana ngokuvula iibhokisi, kwaye kungekudala uza kuhlangana nebhokisi enebhola. Ngokomyinge, zingaphi iibhokisi ezifuna ukutshekishwa phambi kokuba kufunyenwe ibhokisi enebhola? Ngokomyinge, kufuneka uvule malunga nesiqingatha seebhokisi ze-N/2. Into ephambili apha kukuba ukuba sinyusa inani leebhokisi ngamaxesha angama-100, ngoko ke umyinge weebhokisi ezifuna ukuvulwa ngaphambi kokuba ibhokisi enebhola ifunyenwe nayo iya kwanda ngamaxesha angama-100.
Ngoku makhe senze enye ingcaciso. Masingazivuli iibhokisi ngokwethu ngezandla kwaye sijonge ubukho bebhola kwindawo nganye, kodwa kukho umlamli othile, masimbize ngokuba nguOracle. Sithi kwiOracle, “ibhokisi yetshekhi inombolo 732,” kwaye iOracle ijonga ngokunyanisekileyo ize iphendule, “akukho bhola kwibhokisi engunombolo 732.” Ngoku, endaweni yokuthetha ukuba zingaphi iibhokisi ekufuneka sizivule ngokwe-avareji, sithi "kangaphi kumndilili kufuneka siye kwi-Oracle ukuze sifumane inani lebhokisi enebhola"
Kuyavela ukuba ukuba siguqulela le ngxaki ngeebhokisi, ibhola kunye ne-Oracle ngolwimi lwe-quantum, sifumana umphumo ophawulekayo: ukufumana inombolo yebhokisi enebhola phakathi kweebhokisi ze-N, kufuneka siphazamise i-Oracle kuphela nge-SQRT. (N) amaxesha!
Oko kukuthi, ubunzima bomsebenzi wokukhangela usebenzisa i-algorithm yeGrover iyancitshiswa yi-square root of times.
Deutsch-Jozi algorithm
Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiDeutsch-Jozsa algorithm) - [quantum algorithm](%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC), предложенный и в , kwaye waba ngomnye wemizekelo yokuqala ye-algorithms eyilelwe ukuphunyezwa . _
Ingxaki yeDeutsch-Jozsi kukugqiba ukuba ingaba umsebenzi weenguqu ezininzi zokubini F(x1, x2, ... xn) ayitshintshi (ithatha nokuba ixabiso 0 okanye 1 kuyo nayiphi na iimpikiswano) okanye ibhalansi (ngesiqingatha sedomeyini ithatha ixabiso 0, kwesinye isiqingatha 1). Kule meko, ithathwa njengento eyaziwa ngokuba yi-priori ukuba umsebenzi unokuba yinto eqhubekayo okanye elinganayo.
Unokufunda kwakhona . Ingcaciso elula:
I-algorithm yeDeutsch (Deutsch-Jozsi) isekwe kumandla akhohlakeleyo, kodwa ivumela ukuba yenziwe ngokukhawuleza kunesiqhelo. Khawucinge ukuba kukho ingqekembe etafileni kwaye kufuneka ufumanise ukuba ayiyomgunyathi okanye hayi. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka ujonge ingqekembe kabini kwaye unqume: "iintloko" kunye "nomsila" ziyinyani, "iintloko" ezimbini, ezimbini "imisila" ziyinkohliso. Ke, ukuba usebenzisa i-Deutsch quantum algorithm, ke oku kuzimisela kunokwenziwa ngokujonga nje okukodwa-umlinganiselo.
Iingxaki zeekhompyuter zequantum
Xa kuyilwa kunye nokusebenza iikhompyuter ze-quantum, izazinzulu kunye neenjineli zijongene nenani elikhulu leengxaki, eziye zasonjululwa ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuphumelela. Ngoku ka () olu luhlu lulandelayo lweengxaki lunokuchongwa:
- Uvakalelo lokusingqongileyo kunye nonxibelelwano nokusingqongileyo
- Ukuqokelelwa kweempazamo ngexesha lokubala
- Ubunzima ngokuqalisa kokuqala kwee-qubit states
- Ubunzima ekudaleni iinkqubo ezininzi ze-qubit
Ndincoma kakhulu ukufunda inqaku "”, ngakumbi izimvo kuyo.
Masilungelelanise zonke iingxaki eziphambili zibe ngamaqela amathathu amakhulu kwaye sijonge ngakumbi kuzo zonke:
Ukunganyaniseki
.
Imeko yeQuantum into ebuthathaka kakhuluI-qubits kwimeko ebambekayo azinzanga kakhulu, nayiphi na impembelelo yangaphandle inoku (kwaye yenza) ukutshabalalisa olu xhulumaniso. Utshintsho kwiqondo lobushushu ngeyona nxalenye incinci yesidanga, uxinzelelo, ifoton engacwangciswanga ibhabha kufutshane-konke oku kuphazamisa inkqubo yethu.
Ukucombulula le ngxaki, i-sarcophagi yobushushu obuphantsi bakhiwe, apho iqondo lokushisa (-273.14 degrees Celsius) lingaphezulu kancinane kwi-zero epheleleyo, kunye nokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu kwegumbi langaphakathi kunye neprosesa kuzo zonke (ezinokwenzeka) iimpembelelo zendalo yangaphandle.
Ubomi obuphezulu benkqubo ye-quantum yee-qubits ezininzi ezidibeneyo, apho igcina iimpawu zayo ze-quantum kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukubala, ibizwa ngokuba lixesha lokubambisana.
Okwangoku, ixesha lokunganyaniseki kwiisombululo ezingcono kakhulu ze-quantum kumyalelo we amashumi kunye namakhulu ama-microseconds.
Kukho okumangalisayo apho unokukhangela khona yazo zonke iinkqubo ezenziweyo ze-quantum. Eli nqaku libandakanya abaqhubekekisi abaphezulu ababini kuphela njengemizekelo - ukusuka kwi-IBM kwaye ukusuka . Njengoko sinokubona, ixesha lokunganyaniseki (T2) alidluli i-200 μs.
Khange ndifumane datha echanekileyo kwiSycamore, kodwa uninzi amanani amabini anikiwe - 1 million izibalo kwi 200 imizuzwana, kwenye indawo - kuba Imizuzwana ye-130 ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kweempawu zokulawula, njl.. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, oku kusinika ixesha lokunganyaniseki limalunga ne-150 μs. Khumbula wethu umfunisi ngebhegi? Ewe, nanku ke.
| Igama leKhompyutha | N Qubits | UMax ubhanqiwe | T2 (µs) |
| IBM Q System enye | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
Ukunganyaniseki kusisongela ngantoni?
Ingxaki engundoqo kukuba emva kwe-150 μs, inkqubo yethu yekhompuyutha ye-N ephothiweyo qubits iyakuqala ukukhupha ingxolo emhlophe enokwenzeka endaweni yokusasazwa okunokwenzeka kwezisombululo ezichanekileyo.
Oko kukuthi, sifuna:
- Qalisa inkqubo ye-qubit
- Yenza ubalo (ityathanga lemisebenzi yesango)
- Funda isiphumo
Kwaye wenze konke oku nge-150 microseconds. Andizange ndibe nexesha - umphumo wajika waba yithanga.
Kodwa akuphelelanga apho...
I mpazamo
Njengoko besesitshilo, iinkqubo ze-quantum kunye ne-quantum computing zinokwenzeka ngokwendalo, asinakuqiniseka nge-100% ngayo nantoni na, kodwa kuphela ngamathuba athile. Le meko yenziwa mandundu ngakumbi sisibakala sokuba i-quantum computing inempazamo. Iindidi eziphambili zeempazamo kwi-quantum computing zezi:
- Iimpazamo ze-Decoherence zibangelwa ubunzima benkqubo kunye nokusebenzisana nendalo yangaphandle
- Iimpazamo zokubala zesango (ngenxa yobume bobungakanani bokubala)
- Iimpazamo ekufundeni imo yokugqibela (isiphumo)
Iimpazamo ezinxulumene nokunganyaniseki, vuka ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba sibambe ii-qubits zethu kwaye siqalise ukwenza izibalo. Okukhona sibhijela ii-qubits, kokukhona intsonkothe ngakumbi inkqubo, kwaye kulula ukuyitshabalalisa. I-sarcophagi yobushushu obuphantsi, amagumbi akhuselweyo, zonke ezi maqhinga zobuchwepheshe zijolise ngokuchanekileyo ekunciphiseni inani leempazamo kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokunganyaniseki.
Iimpazamo zokubala zesango - nawuphi na umsebenzi (isango) kwi-qubits, ngokunokwenzeka, ukuphelisa ngempazamo, kunye nokuphumeza i-algorithm esiyidingayo ukwenza amakhulu amasango, ngoko khawucinge into esiyifumanayo ekupheleni kokuphunyezwa kwe-algorithm yethu. Impendulo yakudala kumbuzo ithi "Yintoni enokwenzeka yokudibana nedayinaso kwi-elevator?" - 50x50, mhlawumbi uya kudibana okanye hayi.
Ingxaki yenziwa mandundu ngakumbi kukuba iindlela zolungiso lweempazamo eziqhelekileyo (ukuphindwaphindwa kwezibalo kunye ne-avareji) azisebenzi kwihlabathi lomyinge ngenxa yethiyori yokungafanekiyo. Kuba kwi-quantum computing kwafuneka ukuba kuyilwe . Xa sithetha nje, sithatha ii-N eziqhelekileyo kwaye senze i-1 yazo iqubit esengqiqweni ngesantya esisezantsi semposiso.
Kodwa nantsi enye ingxaki ivela - inani lilonke leequbhithi. Jonga, masithi sineprosesa ene-100 qubits, apho i-80 qubits isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwempazamo, emva koko sishiye i-20 kuphela ukubala.
Iimpazamo ekufundeni isiphumo sokugqibela - njengoko sikhumbula, umphumo wokubala kwe-quantum unikezelwa kuthi kwifom Ukuhanjiswa okunokwenzeka kweempendulo. Kodwa ukufunda imeko yokugqibela nako kungasilela ngempazamo.
Kwangokunjalo Kukho iitheyibhile ezithelekisekayo zeprosesa ngokwamanqanaba empazamo. Ukuthelekisa, makhe sithathe iiprosesa ezifanayo njengakumzekelo wangaphambili - IBM и :
| ikhompyutha | 1-Qubit Gate Ukunyaniseka | 2-Qubit Gate Ukunyaniseka | Readout Fidelity |
| IBM Q System enye | 99.96% | 98.31% | - |
| Google Sycamore | 99.84% | 99.38% | 96.2% |
kuyinto ngumlinganiselo wokufana kweemeko ezimbini ze-quantum. Ubungakanani bempazamo bunokuchazwa ngokurhabaxa njengo-1-Fidelity. Njengoko sinokubona, iimpazamo kumasango e-2-qubit kunye neempazamo zokufunda zingowona mqobo wokwenza i-algorithms enzima kunye nexesha elide kwiikhompyuter ezikhoyo.
Unokufunda kwakhona iminyaka ukusuka ukusombulula ingxaki yokulungiswa kwempazamo.
Uyilo lweprosesa
Kwithiyori siyakha kwaye sisebenze iisekethe ezininzi zeequbits ezibambeneyo, enyanisweni yonke into intsonkothe ngakumbi. Zonke iitshiphusi zequantum ezikhoyo (iiprosesa) zakhiwe ngendlela yokuba zibonelele ngokungenazintlungu ukubanjiswa kwequbit enye kuphela nabamelwane bayo, apho akukho ngaphezu kwesithandathu.
Ukuba sifuna ukubambisa iqubit yoku-1, yithi, nge-12, kuya kufuneka yakha ikhonkco lemisebenzi eyongezelelweyo ye-quantum, zibandakanya ii-qubits ezongezelelweyo, njl., okwandisa inqanaba lemposiso lilonke. Ewe, kwaye ungalibali malunga ixesha lokuhambelana, mhlawumbi ngexesha ugqiba ukudibanisa i-qubits kwisekethe oyifunayo, ixesha liya kuphela kwaye isiphaluka sonke siya kujika sibe ijenereyitha yengxolo entle emhlophe.
Kananjalo ungakulibali oko Uyilo lwazo zonke iiprosesa ze-quantum zahlukile, kunye neprogram ebhaliweyo kwi-emulator kwimodi "yokuxhamla konke" kuya kufuneka "ihlaziywe" kwi-architecture ye-chip ethile. Kukho ngokulinganayo ukwenza lo msebenzi.
Uqhagamshelo oluphezulu kunye nenani eliphezulu leequbhithi kwiitshiphusi eziphezulu ezifanayo:
| Igama leKhompyutha | N Qubits | UMax ubhanqiwe | T2 (µs) |
| IBM Q System enye | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
Kwaye, ngokuthelekisa, itheyibhile enedatha evela kwisizukulwana sangaphambili sabaqhubekekisi. Thelekisa inani le-qubits, ixesha lokunganyaniseki kunye nezinga lempazamo kunye nento esinayo ngoku kunye nesizukulwana esitsha. Sekunjalo, inkqubela iyacotha, kodwa iyahamba.
Ngoko:
- Okwangoku akukho zakhiwo ziqhagamshelwe ngokupheleleyo ezine> 6 qubits
- Ukurhwebesha i-qubit 0 s kwiprosesa yokwenyani, umzekelo, i-qubit 15 inokufuna imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo eliqela.
- Imisebenzi eyongezelelekileyo -> iimpazamo ezininzi -> impembelelo enamandla yokunganyaniseki
Iziphumo
I-Decoherence yibhedi ye-Procrustean ye-computing ye-quantum yanamhlanje. Kufuneka sidibanise yonke into kwii-150 μs:
- Ukuqaliswa kwemeko yokuqala ye-qubits
- Ukubala ingxaki usebenzisa amasango equantum
- Lungisa iimpazamo ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezinentsingiselo
- Funda isiphumo
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iziphumo ziyadanisa, nangona kunjalo ibango lokufezekisa i-0.5s yexesha lokugcinwa kokuhambelana kwikhompyuter ye-quantum esekelwe :
Silinganisa ixesha lokuhambelana kwe-qubit ngaphezu kwe-0.5 s, kwaye kunye nokukhusela magnetic silindele ukuba oku kuphuculwe kube kude kune-1000 s.
Unokufunda malunga nobu buchwepheshe okanye umzekelo .
Le meko inzima ngakumbi kukuba xa kusenziwa izibalo ezintsonkothileyo kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa iisekethe zokulungisa iimpazamo ze-quantum, nazo ezitya zombini ixesha kunye neequbits ezikhoyo.
Kwaye ekugqibeleni, i-architectures yanamhlanje ayikuvumeli ukuphumeza izikimu ze-entanglement ezingcono kune-1 kwi-4 okanye i-1 kwi-6 ngexabiso elincinci.
Iindlela zokusombulula iingxaki
Ukusombulula ezi ngxaki zingentla, ezi ndlela zilandelayo kunye neendlela zisetyenziswa ngoku:
- Ukusebenzisa ii-cryochambers ezinobushushu obuphantsi (10 mK (-273,14°C))
- Ukusebenzisa iiyunithi zeprosesa ezikhuselwe kakhulu kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle
- Ukusebenzisa iiNkqubo zokuLungisa impazamo ye-Quantum
- Ukusebenzisa izilungisi xa kusenziwa iisekethe zeprosesa ethile
Uphando lukwaqhutywa ngenjongo yokwandisa ixesha lokunganyaniseki, ukukhangela okutsha (kunye nokuphucula okwaziwayo) ukuphunyezwa kwezinto eziphathekayo zezinto ze-quantum, ukulungiswa kweesekethe zokulungisa, njl., njl. Kukho inkqubela phambili (jonga ngasentla kwiimpawu zangaphambili kunye ne-top-top yanamhlanje chips), kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iyacotha, kakhulu, icotha kakhulu.
D-Wave
D-Wave 2000Q 2000-qubit computer. Umthombo:
Phakathi kwesibhengezo sikaGoogle sokufezekisa ukongama kwe-quantum usebenzisa iprosesa ye-53-qubit, и ukusuka kwinkampani i-D-Wave, apho inani le-qubits likwiwaka lamawaka, lididekile. Ewe, eneneni, ukuba i-53 qubits ikwazile ukufezekisa ukongama kwe-quantum, ngoko yintoni ikhompyuter ene-2048 qubits ekwaziyo ukuyenza? Kodwa ayizizo zonke izinto ezintle ...
Ngokufutshane (ithathwe kwi-wiki):
Iikhomputha sebenzela umgaqo (), inokusombulula i-subclass encinci yeengxaki zokuphucula, kwaye ayifanelekanga ukuphumeza i-algorithms ye-quantum yendabuko kunye namasango e-quantum.
Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe unokufunda, umzekelo, , (ngokucokisekileyo, ayinakuvula ukusuka eRashiya), okanye в ukusuka kwakhe . Ngendlela, ndincoma kakhulu ukufunda iblogi yakhe ngokubanzi, kukho izinto ezininzi ezilungileyo apho
Ngokubanzi, ukususela ekuqaleni kwezibhengezo, uluntu lwezenzululwazi lwalunemibuzo malunga neekhompyutheni ze-D-Wave. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2014, i-IBM yabuza ukuba i-D-Wave Kwafikelela kwinqanaba lokuba ngo-2015, uGoogle, kunye neNASA, bathenga enye yale khompyutha ye-quantum kwaye emva kophando. , ukuba ewe, ikhompyutha isebenza kwaye ibala ingxaki ngokukhawuleza kunesiqhelo. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nengxelo kaGoogle kwaye, umzekelo, .
Into ephambili kukuba iikhomputha ze-D-Wave, kunye namakhulu kunye namawaka ee-qubits, azikwazi ukusetyenziselwa ukubala nokuqhuba i-algorithms ye-quantum. Awukwazi ukuqhuba i-algorithm ye-Shor kubo, umzekelo. Ekuphela kwento abanokuyenza kukusebenzisa iindlela ezithile zesixa ukusombulula ingxaki ethile. Sinokuqwalasela ukuba i-D-Wave yi-quantum ASIC yomsebenzi othile.
Kancinci malunga nokulinganisa ikhompyuter ye-quantum
I-Quantum computing inokulinganiswa kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo. Kanjalo, :
- Ubume be-qubit bunokuba inombolo enzima, ehlala ukusuka kwi-2x32 ukuya kwi-2x64 bits (8-16 bytes) ngokuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo lweprosesa.
- Ubume be-N qubits edibeneyo inokubonakaliswa njenge-2 ^ N amanani anzima, okt. 2^(3+N) ye-32-bit ye-architecture kunye ne-2^(4+N) ye-64-bit.
- Umsebenzi womyinge kwii-N qubits unokumelwa yi-2^N x 2^N matrix
Emva koko:
- Ukugcina iimeko ezilinganisiweyo zeequbhithi ezili-10, i-8 KB iyafuneka
- Ukugcina imimandla ye-20 qubits udinga i-8 MB
- Ukugcina i-states ye-30 qubits, i-8 GB iyadingeka
- IiTerabytes ezi-40 ziyafuneka ukugcina imimandla yeequbhithi ezingama-8
- Ukugcina i-states ye-50 qubits, i-8 Petabytes iyadingeka, njl.
Ukuthelekisa, () ithwala kuphela i-2.8 Petabytes yememori.
- I-49 qubit inikezelwe kunyaka ophelileyo kwi-supercomputer enkulu yaseTshayina ()
Umda wokulinganisa ikhompyutha ye-quantum kwiinkqubo ze-classical inqunywe ngumlinganiselo we-RAM efunekayo ukugcina imeko ye-qubits.
Ndikwacebisa ukufunda . Ukusuka apho:
Ngokusebenza - kukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kwesekethe ye-49-qubit ebandakanya "imijikelo" engama-39 (imigangatho ezimeleyo yamasango) 2^ 63 ukuphindaphinda okuntsokothileyo - iiPflops ezi-4 ze-supercomputer iiyure ezi-4
Ukulinganisa i-50+ qubit quantum ikhompyutha kwiinkqubo zeklasikhi kuthathwa njengento engenakwenzeka ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto uGoogle esebenzise iprosesa ye-53-qubit kuvavanyo lwayo lobunganga be-quantum.
Ubungangamsha bekhompyuter yeQuantum.
I-Wikipedia isinika le nkcazo ilandelayo yokuphakama kwe-quantum computing:
Ubungangamsha be-Quantum - ukukwazi izixhobo zokusombulula iingxaki ezingenakusombululwa ziikhompyuter zamandulo.
Enyanisweni, ukufezekisa ubukhulu be-quantum kuthetha ukuba, ngokomzekelo, i-factorization yamanani amakhulu usebenzisa i-algorithm ye-Shor ingasombululwa ngexesha elaneleyo, okanye ii-molecule zekhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi ziyakwazi ukulinganiswa kwinqanaba le-quantum, njalo njalo. Oko kukuthi, ixesha elitsha lifikile.
Kodwa kukho ikroba elithile kumagama enkcazo, “ezo iikhompyutha zeklasiki ezingakwaziyo ukuzisombulula" Ngapha koko, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba udala ikhompyuter ye-quantum ye-50+ qubits kwaye uqhube isekethe ye-quantum kuyo, ke, njengoko sixoxile ngasentla, umphumo wale sekethi awunakulinganiswa kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo. Yiyo i ikhomputha yeklasiki ayiyi kukwazi ukuphinda iphinde isiphumo sesekethe enjalo.
Nokuba isiphumo esinjalo senza ukongama kwe-quantum yokwenyani okanye hayi ngumbuzo wentanda-bulumko. Kodwa qonda into eyenziwe nguGoogle kunye nokuba isekwe phi kuyimfuneko.
INkcazo ye-Quantum ye-Quantum kaGoogle
Sycamore 54-qubit iprosesa
Ke, ngo-Okthobha ka-2019, abaphuhlisi bakaGoogle bapapashe inqaku kupapasho lwezenzululwazi lweNdalo “" Ababhali babhengeze ukufezekiswa kokuphakama kwe-quantum okokuqala kwimbali usebenzisa iprosesa ye-Sycamore ye-54-qubit.
Amanqaku e-Sycamore kwi-intanethi ahlala ebhekisa kwiprosesa ye-54-qubit okanye iprosesa ye-53-qubit. Inyaniso kukuba ngokutsho , iprosesa ngokomzimba iqukethe 54 qubits, kodwa enye yazo ayisebenzi kwaye ikhutshiwe ngaphandle kwenkonzo. Ke, eneneni sineprosesa ye-53-qubit.
Kwiwebhu kanye apho imathiriyeli kwesi sihloko, iqondo apho yahluka ukusuka до .
Iqela le-IBM le-quantum computing kamva lathi . Inkampani ithi ikhomputha eqhelekileyo iya kuhlangabezana nalo msebenzi kwimeko embi kakhulu kwiintsuku ze-2,5, kwaye impendulo eya kuba yisiphumo iya kuba ichanekile ngakumbi kunekhomputha ye-quantum. Esi sigqibo senziwe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lwethiyori yeendlela ezininzi zokuphucula.
Kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, kweyakhe Andikwazanga ukuyihoya le ngxelo. Yakhe kunye nawo onke amakhonkco kunye njengesiqhelo, bafanele ukuchitha ixesha lakho kuyo. Kwi hub le FAQ, kwaye uqiniseke ukuba ufunda amagqabantshintshi, kukho amakhonkco kumaxwebhu okuqala athe avuzwa kwi-Intanethi phambi kokuba kubhengezwe ngokusemthethweni.
Wenza ntoni uGoogle? Ukuze ufumane ingcaciso eneenkcukacha, funda uAaronson, kodwa ngokufutshane apha:
Ndiyakwazi, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukukuxelela, kodwa ndiziva ndisisidenge. Ukubala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umvavanyi uvelisa i-random quantum circuit C (oko kukuthi, ukulandelelana okungahleliwe kwe-1-qubit kunye ne-2-qubit yamasango phakathi kwabamelwane abasondeleyo, ngobunzulu, umzekelo, i-20, esebenza kwinethiwekhi ye-2D ye-n = 50-60 qubits). Umfunisi emva koko athumele uC kwikhompyuter yomyinge, ayicele ukuba ifake uC kwisimo sokuqala sika-0, ilinganise isiphumo kwi- {0,1} isiseko, thumela umva ulandelelwano lwe-n-bit olujongiweyo (umtya), kwaye phinda izihlandlo ezininzi. amawaka okanye izigidi zamaxesha. Ekugqibeleni, esebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe lwe-C, umvavanyi wenza uvavanyo lwamanani ukuze abone ukuba umphumo uhambelana nesiphumo esilindelekileyo kwikhompyutheni ye-quantum.
Ngokufutshane kakhulu:
- Isekethe engahleliwe yobude be-20 ye-53 qubits yenziwe ngokusebenzisa amasango
- Isekethe iqala ngemeko yokuqala [0…0] yokuphunyezwa
- Imveliso yesekethe yintambo encinci engakhethiyo (isampulu)
- Unikezelo lwesiphumo alukhethi (uphazamiseko)
- Ukuhanjiswa kweesampuli ezifunyenweyo kuthelekiswa nelindelekileyo
- Uqukumbela iQuantum Supremacy
Oko kukuthi, i-Google iphumeze ingxaki yokwenziwa kwiprosesa ye-53-qubit, kwaye isekela ibango layo lokuphumeza ukuphakama kwe-quantum kwinto yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuxelisa iprosesa enjalo kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Ukuqonda - Eli candelo aliyinciphisi impumelelo kaGoogle, iinjineli zinkulu ngokwenene, kwaye umbuzo wokuba oku kunokuqwalaselwa ukongama kwe-quantum yokwenyani okanye akunjalo, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ifilosofi ngakumbi kunobunjineli. Kodwa kufuneka siqonde ukuba ukuzuza ukongama okulolo hlobo, asikaqhubeli phambili nenyathelo elinye ukuya ekukwazini ukuqhuba i-algorithm ye-Shor ngamanani angama-2048.
Isishwankathelo
Iikhompyuter ze-quantum kunye ne-quantum computing yindawo ethembisayo kakhulu, incinci kakhulu kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku incinci indawo esebenzayo kwishishini letekhnoloji yolwazi.
Ukuphuhliswa kwe-quantum computing kuya (ngolunye usuku) kusivumela ukuba sisombulule iingxaki:
- Ukwenza imodeli yeenkqubo zomzimba ezinzima kwinqanaba le-quantum
- Ayinakusonjululwa kwikhompyuter eqhelekileyo ngenxa yobunzima bokubala
Ezona ngxaki ziphambili ekudaleni nasekusebenziseni iikhompyuter zequantum:
- Ukunganyaniseki
- Iimpazamo (ukunganyaniseki kunye nesango)
- Uyilo lweprosesa (iqhagamshelwe ngokupheleleyo kwiisekethe zequbit)
Imeko yangoku:
- Enyanisweni - ekuqaleni .
- AKUKAKHO uxhaphazo lokweNENE kwezorhwebo okwangoku (kwaye akucaci ukuba kuya kubakho nini)
Yintoni enokunceda:
- Olunye uhlobo lokufumanisa ngokomzimba olunciphisa iindleko ze-wiring kunye neeprosesa zokusebenza
- Ukufumanisa into eya kwandisa ixesha lokunganyaniseki ngomyalelo wobukhulu kunye / okanye ukunciphisa iimpazamo
Ngokombono wam (uluvo lwam uqobo), Kwi-paradigm yenzululwazi yangoku yolwazi, asiyi kufumana impumelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-quantum., apha sifuna impumelelo esemgangathweni kwindawo ethile yesayensi esisiseko okanye esetyenziswayo, eya kunika amandla kwiimbono ezintsha kunye neendlela.
Okwangoku, sifumana amava kwiprogram ye-quantum, ukuqokelela kunye nokudala i-algorithms ye-quantum, iingcamango zokuvavanya, njl., njl. Silindele impumelelo.
isiphelo
Kweli nqaku, siye sahamba ngeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni i-quantum computing kunye ne-quantum computers, sihlolisise umgaqo wokusebenza kwazo, sahlola iingxaki eziphambili ezijongene neenjineli ekuphuhliseni nasekusebenzeni kweeprosesa ze-quantum, kwaye sijonge ukuba yeyiphi i-multi-qubit. Iikhompyuter ze-D zinjalo. I-Wave kunye nesibhengezo samva nje sikaGoogle sokufezekisa ukongama kwe-quantum.
Ekhohlo emva kwemiboniso yimibuzo yeprogram ye-quantum computers (iilwimi, iindlela, iindlela, njl.) kunye nemibuzo ehambelana nokuphunyezwa okuthe ngqo ngokomzimba kweeprosesa, indlela i-qubits elawulwa ngayo, idibaniswe, ifundwe, njl. Mhlawumbi oku kuya kuba ngumxholo wenqaku okanye amanqaku alandelayo.
Ndiyabulela ingqalelo yakho, ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku liya kuba luncedo kumntu.
(UKUSUKA)
Imibulelo
kuvavanyo kunye namagqabantshintshi kwisicatshulwa somthombo, kunye nakwinqaku
ngezimvo ezityebileyo zolwazi kwi , yaye kungekuphela nje kuye, nto leyo eye yandinceda ubukhulu becala ukuba ndifumane le puzzle.
Kubo bonke ababhali bamanqaku kunye noshicilelo oluthe lwasetyenziswa izinto zabo ekubhaleni eli nqaku.
Uluhlu lwemithombo
AmaNqaku eMicimbi yaNgoku avela [kwiZiko leeNkonzo zeSizwe]
Amanqaku avela kuHabr (ngokulandelelana okungahleliwe)
Amanqaku angalungiswanga (kodwa akukho ngaphantsi anika umdla) kwi-Intanethi
Iikhosi kunye neentetho
umthombo: www.habr.com