umfanekiso - roboconstructor.ru
Umzekeliso owaziwayo uthi, xa umama oselula owayefunqule umntwana ezifubeni waza wabuza ukuba ufanele aqalise ukukhulisa inzala yakhe eneminyaka emingaphi, ixhego laphendula ngelithi lalisele limkile ixesha ngeminyaka njengoko umntwana wayesele. . Imeko yokukhetha ubizo lwexesha elizayo iyafana. Kunzima ukufuna ulwazi malunga notyekelo kunye nezinto anomdla kuzo kumntwana, kodwa sele kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo zonke iintlobo zobungcali ziqala, kwaye ngeli xesha kuya kuba kuhle ukwazi ukuba loluphi ulwalathiso lokuhambisa umntwana okhulileyo. Kodwa inye into esele siyayazi ngokuqinisekileyo kukuba kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, ukusuka kwi-30 ukuya kwi-80% yobuchwephesha iya kuba ngokuzenzekelayo.
I-Robotics, i-cybernetics, kunye nokuqonda i-algorithms yisethi yezakhono apho, kunokwenzeka ukuba, umntu akayi kujongana namathemba anjalo angacacanga. Ewe, kunokwenzeka ukuba, ngokuhambelana nokutshintshwa kwabasebenzi kunye neerobhothi, ingcamango yengeniso esisiseko engenamiqathango iya kuphuhliswa, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba ufuna ikamva elinjalo kumntwana wakho.
Ngoku kukho iindlela ezininzi zokubonisa ngokukhawuleza abaphulaphuli abancinci nabanomdla iziseko zeprogram kunye neerobhothi. Zonke azibizi, kulula kakhulu ukuzifunda, kwaye kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa zibonelela ngokuqondwa kweziseko ze-algorithms kunye neengqikelelo zezixhobo ze-cybernetic. Kodwa kumagumbi okufundela kulula ukudibana nezinto ezingeloncedo zala maqonga - ukuxhathisa ukunxitywa okulinganiselweyo (kwaye masijongane nayo, "ukuxhathisa idiot" nayo) yeebhodi zezonka, ujongano lwesoftware olungenabuhlobo kakhulu kubantwana abaneminyaka eyi-11-12, kunye nomncinci omncinci. "umdlalo" into.
Oyena mvelisi udumileyo weeseti zemfundo, i-LEGO Education, ebesilwa nazo zonke ezi ntsilelo iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini. Ewe, sithetha ngeqonga leMINDSTORMS Education EV3. Ukususela kwi-Mindstorms RCX eveliswe kwi-90s yokuqala ukuya kwi-MINDSTORMS Education EV3 complex complex, umgaqo wokwakhiwa kweqonga uhlala ufana. Isekelwe "kwisitena esikrelekrele", i-microcomputer enesikrini kunye ne-I / O izibuko apho zonke ezinye izinto zixhunyiwe. Njengakuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yerobhothi, izixhobo ze-peripheral zahlulwe zibe zinzwa kunye neempembelelo. Ukusebenzisa i-sensors, i-robot ibona ihlabathi elijikelezileyo, kwaye ngenxa yeempembelelo, isabela kuyo ngokuhambelana neprogram ecwangcisiweyo. Amacandelo eqonga axhunyiwe kunye kunye neentambo ezilula ngaphandle kwe-solder, kwaye izakhiwo zomatshini zikhawulelwe kuphela ngamandla eenxalenye zeplastiki kunye nokucinga kwabaqulunqi.
Siye saqwalasela amathuba ezisombululo ezinjalo ngokubanzi, kodwa ngoku sifuna ukuhlala ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi kwi-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3.
EV3
I-LEGO MINDSTORMS Imfundo ye-EV3 yenziwe ukuba ihambelane neendawo ze-Lego Technic. Oku kuthetha ukuba iqonga linokusetyenziselwa ukwenza iintlobo ezininzi kunye noyilo olumangalisayo, ukusuka "kwiimoto" ezilula kunye "nezandla zerobhothi" ukuya kubathuthi abantsonkothileyo okanye "izixazululi zeRubik's cube." Ngokucacileyo nayiphi na isethi yeLego Technic ingasetyenziswa njengomthombo wamacandelo eeprojekthi, kwaye akuyi kubakho ngxaki ekubuyiseleni iindawo ezonakeleyo ezisecaleni. Ewe, abakhangeli njengobugwenxa njengesixhobo sokwakha i-aluminium endala yeSoviet, kodwa ekusebenzeni bajika babe namandla ngakumbi kuneemveliso zetsimbi. Ubuncinci kwingqokelela yam, eyaqala ngo-1993, akukho nenye indawo eyaphukileyo esele ifunyenwe.
I-MINDSTORMS Education EV3 Basic Educational Seti iza namaqhekeza angama-541 eLego Technic. Inokuthengwa njengomthombo okhethekileyo iseti (okanye i-9648 endala, eveliswe i-NXT), okanye nje uhlobo olukhulu lomakhi (2800 iinxalenye) okanye (malunga neengxenye ze-4000), kwaye, emva kokudlala ngokwaneleyo kunye nemodeli ephambili, yisebenzise "njengezitena" kwiimvavanyo ze-cybernetic. Ngokubhekiselele kwisiqwenga esinye, iLego iphambili kakhulu kwezinye iiseti apha - kuphela ii-ruble ezingama-3-5 kwisiqwenga ngasinye.
Ewe, ukuba umntu uneqoqo elidala elibandakanya amashumi amawaka eenxalenye, ngoko awuyi kuba nexhala malunga nezibonelelo konke konke.
Umfanekiso weskrini ovela kwinkonzo yeBrickset (isiseko sedatha esisebenzisanayo sabanini beekhithi zokwakha zeLego ekuvumela ukuba uqokelele amanani ahlukeneyo) ngumbhali
Nangona kunjalo, oku kusebenza kuphela kwizinto "ezingenasiphelo" ezinjengeemitha, amavili okanye izikhonkwane zokudibanisa. Ii-Sensors kunye ne-effectors, ngokuqinisekileyo, zibiza kakhulu, kodwa kukho ngaphezu kokwaneleyo kuzo kwikhithi esisiseko. Izaqhwithi zengqondo EV3 iza iphelele ngeenjini ezintathu (ezimbini ezinkulu kwaye zinamandla ngakumbi kunye ne-servo enye edibeneyo), iperi yezivamvo zokuchukumisa (uhlobo lwamaqhosha "ahlakaniphile"), i-ultrasonic, i-gyroscopic kunye ne-color sensors (inokusebenza nakwimowudi yokukhanya okukhanyayo) . Ngaphezu koko, ukuhambelana neenzwa ezivela kwisizukulwana sangaphambili se-Lego Education robots, i-Mindstorms NXT, igcinwa (oku kubandakanya, umzekelo, inzwa yezinga lesandi).
Kodwa makhe sibuyele "kwisitena esihlakaniphile", intliziyo yenkqubo. Ngokwenene le "yezitena" ezinobunzima kunye ne-voluminous, ene-178x128 monochrome LCD screen (ayisiyiyo kuphela imenyu eboniswa kuyo, kodwa nazo zonke iintlobo zemifanekiso yesiko ngexesha lokusebenza) kunye nombala wokukhanya oguqukayo. Ukusebenzisa iingcingo ezinomdibaniso oqhelekileyo we-RJ-12, i-sensor kunye ne-effectors zixhunyiwe kuyo (ukuya kwizixhobo ezine zohlobo ngalunye), kukho i-slot ye-microSDHC kunye ne-USB port.
Le yokugqibela ingasetyenziselwa zombini ukukhuphela iinkqubo ngokwazo kunye nokuhlaziya i-firmware. Nangona kunjalo, i-microcontroller ayinqatshelwe i-interfaces engenazintambo ukuba ifunwa, unokukhuphela iinkqubo nge-Wi-Fi (idinga imodyuli yangaphandle) okanye iBluetooth (eyakhelwe ngaphakathi). Kwakhona, ukuba sihlanganisa irobhothi elawulwa kude, sinokuyiqhuba βsisebenzisa unxibelelwano olungenazingcingo olusuka kwi-smartphone okanye kwithebhulethi.
Ngaphakathi "kwezitena ezihlakaniphile" zihlala iprosesa ye-ARM ye-300 MHz, i-16 megabytes yememori esisigxina (kwaye yiloo nto ikhadi liluncedo) kunye ne-64 megabytes ye-RAM. Nokuba la manani asenokubonakala ethozamile kangakanani na, kukho amandla angaphezu kwaneleyo okuphumeza nezona algorithms zibanzi onokuthi, okanye nangakumbi ngumntwana kwinkqubo yokufunda, unokubhala. Kwaye ukuba uyayithelekisa kunye neprosesa ye-48 MHz yesizukulwana sangaphambili i-NXT, esandula ukuguqula iminyaka elishumi, inkqubela phambili ibonakala. Nangona kunjalo, akunakutshiwo ukuba i-NXT iyacotha nakuphi na okubonakalayo kwinkqubo yokusombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo.
Ngaphezu koko, izibuko lesine leenjini liye lavela, lona ngokwalo lukwandiswa okubalulekileyo kokusebenza okuthethelela ukuphuculwa.
I-port ye-USB ngoku ixhasa imo yokusingatha, oku kukuvumela ukuba ungagcini nje ukudibanisa i-adapter ye-Wi-Fi, kodwa kunye nokudibanisa iibhloko ezininzi ze-EV3 kwi-robot enye eyinkimbinkimbi. Enyanisweni, inqanaba lemisebenzi liba ngokupheleleyo "kungekhona umntwana".
Ekugqibeleni, i-MINDSTORMS Education EV3 ngoku inenkxaso yebhetri. Endaweni yeebhetri ezintandathu ze-AA, ungafaka ibhetri ye-lithium-ion ebandakanyiweyo iiyure ezimbini ezinesiqingatha ze-ampere. Ewe, akukho mntu unqanda ukusetyenziswa kweebhetri ze-AA ze-eneloop, kodwa imfuneko yokuyisusa ukuze itshajiswe yenza ukusetyenziswa okungaphantsi kwe-avareji. Kwaye ixabiso leekhithi ze-eneloop ezinetshaja linokuthelekiseka nebhetri enegama.
Owu ewe, kukho isithethi esikhulu, esingxolayo esingakwaziyo ukukhalisa ii-retro tunes ukusuka kwi-8-bit era, kodwa sikwadlale izandi ezimyoli.
Ngoku makhe sijonge iimpembelelo ukusuka kwiseti esisiseko. Ezimbini kuzo ziinjini ezinamandla ezifanayo nezo sele zisetyenziswa kwi-NXT, izixhobo ezi-oblong eziphuhlisa i-torque enzulu ngenxa yegiya yokunciphisa yangaphakathi.
Kwimeko apho i-motor ivaliwe, i-clutch yomatshini inikezelwa, eqala ukutyibilika ukuba ukukhuhlana kukhulu kunoko kubaliweyo, ngoko kunzima kakhulu ukutshisa i-motor.
Kukho i-sensor ye-angle yokujikeleza kunye nesisombululo se-degree enye (i-motor ixelela umlawuli ukuba yeyiphi i-angle i-axis yayo ngoku ijikeleziweyo) kunye nokukwazi ukulungelelanisa ngokuchanekileyo ukujikeleza kwazo zonke iinjini ezixhunyiwe.
Okwesithathu, okubizwa ngokuba yi-M-servo drive (injini ephakathi) ivelisa i-torque ephindwe kathathu, kodwa isantya sayo sokujikeleza siphantse siphindwe kabini.
Ngokuphathelele abenzi boluvo, akunyanzelekanga ukuba uzibekele umda kwezo zibonelelwa yi-LEGO Education (nangona ziphezu kophahla kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi yezemfundo), inani leenkampani zomntu wesithathu zivelisa izivamvo ezihambelanayo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ezingaqhelekanga. Ikhowudi yomthombo weFirmware kunye neenkcukacha zehardware ngokupheleleyo .
Software
Sithethe kakhulu malunga nehardware, kodwa enyanisweni, ayisiyiyo kuphela into emisela ukusebenza kweeklasi zerobhothi. Kubukho besoftware enomdla ngokwenene kumaqonga amaninzi (iMac, iPC, izixhobo eziphathwayo) kunye yenza i-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 ibe liqonga elikhethwayo lokufunda, ngakumbi phakathi kwezikolo zaseprayimari nezasesekondari, kubantwana abaneminyaka elishumi.
App wamkelekile screen kwi iPad
Ukubonwa kwe-algorithms kwisoftware ye-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 ikwinqanaba eliphezulu nje - ngemizuzu nje embalwa kwanele ukukwazi kakuhle ezona ntlobo ziphambili zokusebenzisana kweebhloko ezinengqondo (iimeko zotshintsho, loop, njl. njl.) ubunzima beenkqubo. Ewe kunjalo, kukho iiprojekthi zemfundo esele zenziwe kwiimodeli ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeerobhothi, kwaye ukuba uyanqwenela, ungafumana amawaka eenkqubo ezinomdla kwiindawo ezikwi-Intanethi.
Umzekelo wenkqubo kwisicelo se-iPad
Abasebenzisi abaphambili banokufaka iLabVIEW okanye iRobotC - "ingqondo" ye-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 ihambelana ngokupheleleyo nezi phakheji. Ngelishwa, ayizukwenzeka ukuthumela ngaphandle iiprojekthi ezindala ze-NXT ngaphandle koguqulelo olongezelelweyo.
Ngokwembono yemfundo, inomdla kakhulu . Ikuvumela ukuba ugcine iincwadana ze-elektroniki zabafundi, ngenxa yokuba utitshala unokuvavanya impumelelo yomfundi othile kwinguqulelo yakhe yesicelo kunye nokubeka iliso kwinkqubela yakhe. Ngaphezu koko, awukwazi ukusebenzisa kuphela izinto zemfundo ezikhoyo kwibhodi yesofthiwe (eninzi yazo), kodwa uzenzele ngokwakho usebenzisa umhleli womxholo owakhelwe ngaphakathi.
Iividiyo zokufundisa zoMhleli woMxholo we-EV3
Uguqulelo lwedesktop lukwanalo lwazi loshicilelo oluluncedo olukwaziyo ukucwangcisa iindawo zegrafu ngokuxhomekeke kumaxabiso emigubasi. Oko kukuthi, ngoku utitshala unokubonisa ngokulula ukusebenza kwetekhnoloji yanamhlanje ngaphakathi kwekhaya elihlakaniphile, umzekelo.
I-microcomputer ye-EV3 iya kuqokelela idatha kwi-sensors ngexesha langempela kwaye, kuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi yeqondo lokushisa, iqalise enye okanye enye inkqubo yemodeli. Xa iqondo lokushisa liphezulu, i-fan ivula, kwaye xa iqondo lokushisa liphantsi, i-heater ivula. Kwaye abafundi baya kukwazi ukurekhoda nokuhlalutya idatha, bagqibezele imodeli.
UkuLonwa kwedatha
Ukuvuleka kwe-firmware "yezitena ezihlakaniphile" sele iyidlalile indima yayo: kukho iindlela ezizezinye ezixhasa ezona lwimi zidumileyo zeprogram (ezininzi zazo). Ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-EV3 "kunokuncanyathiselwa" kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi yezemfundo ehambelana neprogram, kuba izinto ezimbalwa zikholisa njengethuba lokubona umsebenzi we-algorithms "kwi-hardware."
Abaninzi balindele ukuba isikhubekiso kweli bali sinokuba lixabiso. Enyanisweni, kwiSiseko seSiseko kuya kufuneka uhlawule i-ruble ye-29, kunye nenye i-900 yokubiza. Nangona kunjalo, le mali ibandakanya iinxalenye kunye ne-electronics yomsebenzi okhululekile wabafundi ababini, kunye ne-software esisiseko epheleleyo kunye nezifundo ezingama-2 esele zenziwe (okusukela ngoJanuwari 500 ikhululekile ngokupheleleyo kubantu kunye nemibutho). Ngokuqinisekileyo, izixhobo ezongezelelweyo kunye neekiti zemishini zinokunyusa iindleko, kodwa ngaphakathi kwesizathu. Ke ikhithi yabafundi abasi-48, kubandakanya isiseko kunye neeseti zemithombo ye-LME EV2016, iitshaja, isoftware kunye , iya kuxabisa i-174 eyamkelekileyo ngokupheleleyo ukuxhobisa, umzekelo, isangqa esikolweni.
Ewe, kubiza kakhulu kuneeplatifti ezilula ezifana neArduino. Kodwa amathuba, kunye nenqanaba lokubandakanyeka, liphezulu kakhulu. Ikharityhulamu esekelwe ku-EV3 inokucwangciswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo nangaphaya kwayo. Ukongeza, ngokusetyenziswa ngokwaneleyo kwe-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 iya ngokulula "iphile" iikiti ezininzi ezilula ngenxa yeempawu zoomatshini, ukutshintshwa ngokulula kunye nokufumaneka kwamalungu (kwindlela yam yokusebenza, intambo enye kuphela ye-RJ-12 efunekayo ukutshintshwa kwiminyaka eli-10- NXT endala).
Ngenxa yoko, sibona iprojekthi ephantse ivuleleke-evulekileyo exhaswa yinkampani enkulu enazo zonke iibhonasi ezifunekayo kwimeko enjalo - umjikelo wobomi obude, ukufumaneka kweendawo ezisecaleni kunye nokwandiswa, izikhokelo ezisemthethweni kunye nezifundiswa, uluntu oluphuhlisiweyo. Izaqhwithi zengqondo ziphantse zaba ngumgangatho kwiiklasi zerobhothi zemfundo zaseNtshona zabantwana, kwaye kuya kuba kuhle ngokwenene ukuyibona yamkelwa ngokubanzi eRashiya.
Ukukhetha indlela
Kwaye ngoku kwinto ephambili. Ngokungafaniyo neeseti ze-WeDo 2.0, i-EV3 ijolise kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kwaye ke kubantwana abadala, abo umba wokukhetha umsebenzi wexesha elizayo unzima ngakumbi.
Ukusebenzisa i-EV3, umfundi ngamnye uya kuba nako ukutyhila ngakumbi ngenkuthalo izakhono ezazikuye ngokwemvelo, ukukhuliswa kunye nenkqubo yemfundo.
Isazi semathematika esizelwe siya kubeka iliso ngokusondeleyo i-telemetry ye-sensor, ukuba umgama ohanjwe yirobhothi urekhodwa njani, indlela i-engile ephambuka ngayo irekhodwa, njalo njalo.
Ingcali ye-IT yexesha elizayo, ngokuqinisekileyo, iya kucwiliswa kwiprogram yerobhothi, ihlalutya i-algorithms ehamba ngayo. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kudala eyakhe, engabonelelwanga yimiyalelo eqhelekileyo.
Umntwana onomdla nge-physics uya kukwazi ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezibonakalayo ngoncedo lwe-robot, ngethamsanqa, iiseti azikho iingxaki ngeenzwa, njengokuba umntwana engenazo iingxaki ngeengcamango.
Ngokubanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi na izinto anomdla kuzo umntwana wakho kunye nezifundo ozithandayo esikolweni, ukufunda ngeeseti ze-MINDSTORMS EV3 kuya kumvumela ukuba agxininiswe ngokucacileyo kwaye agxininise ekukhuleni kwakhe kwixesha elizayo.
Ebomini
Okwangoku, izisombululo zenkampani sele zisetyenziswe ngabafundi ukudala iiprojekthi ezinomdla, zombini njengenxalenye yokhuphiswano oluhlukeneyo kunye nophuhliso jikelele. Amajelo eendaba abhale ngeqela lawo kulo nyaka.
Abantwana besikolo sase-Astrakhan uRuslan Kazimov noMikhail Gladyshev, esekelwe kwipaki yezobugcisa yengingqi, baphuhlise i-robotic simulator yokuvuselela amalungu ezandla.
ifoto - rg.ru
Abafundi bebanga lesibhozo bachithe ixesha elingaphantsi kweenyanga ezimbini bephuhlisa isifanisi. Baye babonisa iprojekthi yabo kwinqanaba lengingqi ye-IX All-Russian ukhuphiswano lweeprojekthi zenzululwazi kunye nentsha kwiSithili sase-Southern Federal, apho bathatha indawo yesibini. Kwixesha elizayo, baceba ukwenza iprototype yemizi-mveliso - okwangoku, abaphuhlisi banikezela kuphela ngeprototype eyenziwe kwi-LEGO MINDSTORMS Education EV3 iseti yerobhothi yemfundo.
Isixhobo siphindaphinda ukunyakaza okwenziwa ngugqirha - amalunga aqala ukusebenza, ngaloo ndlela abuyisele ukuhamba kwawo kuphela, kodwa kunye namaqela emisipha. Ngelixa izixhobo ziqhagamshelwe ngeBluetooth, kwixesha elizayo ziya kunxibelelana zisebenzisa i-Intanethi okanye iWi-Fi.
Kukho i-analogues yesixhobo esinjalo kwimarike, kodwa isixhobo se-Astrakhan sinokusebenza ngaxeshanye kunye negxalaba, i-wrist kunye ne-elbow joints. Ngaphezu koko, iyaphatheka kwaye iyasebenza ibhetri. Kukwakho nolawulo olukude, oko kukuthi, isigulana sinokuziqeqesha ngaphandle kokushiya ikhaya.
Kwi-World Robotics Olympiad 2015 (WRO 2015), iqela laseRashiya iDRL yaseSt. Petersburg yanikezelwa ibhaso elikhethekileyo lokudala kwi-LEGO Education (LEGO EDUCATION CREATIVITY AWARD).
Iqela laseRashiya laseRashiya libonise iprojekthi yeCaveBot. Abafana baseSt. Petersburg, phantsi kolawulo lomqeqeshi u-Sergei Filippov, benza umhloli we-robotic oyingqayizivele ukufumanisa iindawo ezingakhange zihlolwe emiqolombeni. Uphuhliso lubandakanya iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi, njengoko irobhothi ekhethekileyo yenza kube lula ukwenza imisebenzi enobunzima obahlukeneyo.
Iqela lakha irobhothi enyukayo exhotyiswe ngeenzwa ezahlukeneyo zokubona izinto eziza kuphononongwa ngokulandelayo. Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zinokujikwa zibe ziimodeli ze-3D kwikhompyuter.
Kwaye uShubham Banerjee oneminyaka eli-13 ubudala wadala IBraille eyenziwe ngamaqhekeza e-LEGO kwiprojekthi yesayensi yesikolo. Kamva, ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwentsapho yakhe, isiqalo senziwe ukuqalisa ukuveliswa, okwafumana inkxaso yemali evela kwi-Intel corporation yeteknoloji.
(Ifoto: UMarcio Jose Sanchez, AP)
Umbono wokwenza umshicileli weza kuShubham emva kokuphanda ngeBraille kwi-Intanethi. Eqonda ukuba iiprinta zokuchwetheza zokuchwetheza zibiza i-$2,000 nangaphezulu, umfundi wagqiba ekubeni enze inguqulelo efikelelekayo.
Kungekudala emva kokuveliswa, abantwana abaziimfama kunye nabazali babo baqala ukuqhagamshelana noShubham ngesicelo esisodwa - ukwenza umshicileli weBraille ongabizi, ethembisa "ukuthenga ngokuthe ngqo kwi-shelf."
Njengoko ubona, ukusetyenziswa kwe-MINDSTORMS Education EV3 kwinkqubo yokufunda kuvumela abafundi ukuba basebenzise ukucinga kwabo ukuya phezulu, ukudala iindlela ezininzi ezintsha ezingancedi nje ukuqonda iingcamango okanye ukuqhuba ngokubonakalayo nayiphi na imifuniselo, kodwa kwakhona ukuqalisa ukwenza isigqibo umsebenzi wabo wexesha elizayo.
Ukuba unemibuzo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezi zisombululo kwinkqubo yemfundo (okanye malunga neemveliso ngokwazo), zibhale kwizimvo.
umthombo: www.habr.com
