Ukukhutshwa kwe-8 yephephancwadi elithi "Radio Amateur" ye-1924 yanikezelwa kwi-Losev "kristadin". Igama elithi "cristadine" lenziwe ngamagama athi "crystal" kunye ne "heterodyne", kwaye "i-crystadine effect" kukuba xa i-bias engafanelekanga isetyenziswe kwi-zincite (ZnO) crystal, i-crystal yaqala ukuvelisa i-oscillations engapheliyo.
Isiphumo sasingenaso isiseko sethiyori. U-Losev ngokwakhe wayekholelwa ukuba umphumo wawubangelwa ubukho be-microscopic "voltaic arc" kwindawo yokudibanisa i-crystal zincite kunye nentambo yensimbi.
Ukufunyanwa kwe "crystal effect" kwavula amathuba anomdla kubunjineli berediyo...
... kodwa kwavela njengesiqhelo...
Kwi-1922, u-Losev wabonisa iziphumo zophando lwakhe malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-crystal detector njenge-generator ye-oscillations eqhubekayo. Ukupapashwa kwisihloko sengxelo kuqulethe imizobo yeemvavanyo zelabhoratri kunye nezixhobo zemathematika zokucubungula imathiriyeli yophando. Makhe ndikukhumbuze ukuba uOleg wayengekabi naminyaka eli-19 ubudala ngelo xesha.
Umzobo ubonisa isiphaluka sovavanyo lwe-"cristadine" kunye ne-"N-shaped" yangoku-voltage ye-voltage, eqhelekileyo kwii-tunnel diodes. Ukuba u-Oleg Vladimirovich Losev wayengowokuqala ukusebenzisa umphumo wetonela kwi-semiconductors ekusebenzeni kwacaca kuphela emva kwemfazwe. Akunakuthiwa ukuba i-tunnel diodes isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiisekethe zanamhlanje, kodwa inani lezisombululo ezisekelwe kuzo zisebenza ngempumelelo kwii-microwaves.
Kwakungekho mpumelelo intsha kwizixhobo zombane zikanomathotholo: yonke imikhosi yeshishini yanikezelwa ekuphuculeni iityhubhu zikanomathotholo. Iityhubhu zikanomathotholo zitshintshwe ngempumelelo koomatshini bombane kunye nezithuba ze-arc kwizixhobo zokusasaza zikanomathotholo. Oonomathotholo beTube basebenza ngakumbi nangakumbi ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye baba nexabiso eliphantsi. Ke ngoko, iingcali zikanomathotholo ezichwepheshile emva koko zithathela ingqalelo i-"cristadin" njengento enomdla: umamkeli we-heterodyne ngaphandle kwesibane, wow!
Kubafundi bakanomathotholo, uyilo lwe "cristadine" luye lwaba nzima kakhulu: ibhetri yayifuneka ukuze ibonelele nge-bias voltage kwikristale, i-potentiometer kwafuneka yenziwe ukuhlengahlengisa umkhethe, kwaye kwafuneka kwenziwe enye i-inductor ukuba ikhangele. kwiindawo zokuvelisa zekristale.
I-NRL yayibuqonda kakuhle ubunzima bee-amateurs zerediyo, ngoko ke bapapasha incwadana apho uyilo lwe "cristadine" kunye noyilo lomamkeli weShaposhnikov lwapapashwa kunye. Abadlali beRadio baqala ukwenza umamkeli we-Shaposhnikov, kwaye emva koko bayongeza nge-"cristadine" njenge-amplifier yesignali yerediyo okanye i-oscillator yendawo.
Ingcamango ethile
Ngexesha lokupapashwa koyilo lwe "cristadine", zonke iintlobo zabamkeli berediyo bezisele zikhona:
1. I-Detector radio receivers, kubandakanywa nabamkeli be-amplification ngqo.
2. Abamkeli berediyo ye-Heterodyne (eyaziwa ngokuba ngabamkeli bokuguqulwa ngokuthe ngqo).
3. Abamkeli berediyo be-Superheterodyne.
4. Abamkeli berediyo abahlaziyiweyo, kubandakanywa. "autodynes" kunye ne "synchrodynes".
Esona silula sabamkeli bakanomathotholo kwaye sihlala sisichongi:
Ukusebenza kwe-detector receiver kulula kakhulu: xa kubonakaliswe kwi-half-wave ye-negative carrier eyedwa kwi-circuit L1C1, ukuchasana komtshini we-VD1 kuhlala kuphezulu, kwaye xa kubonakaliswe kwi-positive, iyancipha, oko kukuthi. Umtshina we-VD1 "uvula". Xa ufumana iimpawu ze-amplitude-modulated signals (AM) kunye ne-detector VD1 "evulekile," i-blocking capacitor C2 ihlawuliswa, ekhutshwe ngee-headphones BF emva kokuba umtshini "uvaliwe."
Iigrafu zibonisa inkqubo yokwehlisa isignali ye-AM kubamkeli besixhobo.
Ukungalungi komtholi werediyo ye-detector kubonakala kwinkcazo yomgaqo wokusebenza kwayo: ayinakukwazi ukufumana isignali amandla ayo anganelanga "ukuvula" umtshini.
Ukwandisa ubuntununtunu, iikhoyili "zokuziqhelanisa", inxeba "ukujika ukujika" kwimikhono yekhadibhodi enobubanzi obukhulu kunye nocingo olutyebileyo lobhedu, zisetyenziswe ngokusebenzayo kwiisekethe ze-resonant ze-detector receiver. I-inductors enjalo inomgangatho ophezulu womgangatho, oko kukuthi. umlinganiselo wokusabela kuxhathiso olusebenzayo. Oku kwenza ukuba, xa kulungiswa isiphaluka kwi-resonance, ukwandisa i-EMF yesignali yerediyo efunyenweyo.
Enye indlela yokwandisa uvakalelo lomamkeli werediyo ye-detector kukusebenzisa i-oscillator yendawo: isibonakaliso esivela kwi-generator eguqulelwe kwi-frequency carrier "ixutywe" kwi-input circuit circuit of the receiver. Kule meko, i-detector "ivuliwe" kungekhona ngesignali ye-carrier carrier, kodwa ngumqondiso onamandla ovela kwi-generator. Ukwamkelwa kwe-Heterodyne kwafunyanwa nangaphambi kokuveliswa kweetyhubhu zerediyo kunye ne-crystal detectors kwaye isasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.
I-"Kristadin" esetyenziswe njenge-oscillator yendawo ibonakaliswe kumfanekiso ngonobumba "a"; unobumba "b" ubonisa umamkeli oqhelekileyo we-detector.
Ukungalungi okuphawulekayo kwe-heterodyne reception yayiyimpempe eyenzekayo ngenxa "ye-frequency beats" ye-oscillator yendawo kunye nomthwali. Le "ingxaki," ngendlela, yayisetyenziselwa ukufumana "ngendlebe" i-radiotelegraph (CW), xa i-oscillator yendawo yomamkeli yahlengahlengiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngama-600 - 800 Hz ukusuka kwi-frequency transmitter kwaye xa isitshixo sicinezelwe, ithoni. kwavela uphawu kwiifowuni.
Enye into engalunganga yokwamkelwa kwe-heterodyne yayiyi-periodic "attenuation" ephawulekayo yomqondiso xa i-frequencies ihambelana, kodwa izigaba ze-oscillator yendawo kunye nezibonakaliso ze-carrier azizange zihambelane. Abamkeli berediyo yokuvuselela iityhubhu (abamkeli beReinartz) ababelawula kakhulu phakathi kwiminyaka yama-20s abazange babe nalo bubi. Kwakungekho lula nakubo, kodwa lelinye ibali...
Malunga ne "superheterodynes" kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba imveliso yabo yaba yinto enokwenzeka ngokwezoqoqosho kuphela phakathi kwe-30s. Okwangoku, "i-superheterodynes" zisasetyenziswa ngokubanzi (ngokungafaniyo "ne-regenerators" kunye "ne-detectors"), kodwa ngokusebenzayo zitshintshwe ngezixhobo ze-heterodyne kunye ne-software signal processing (SDR).
Ngubani uMnu Lossev?
Ibali lokubonakala kuka-Oleg Losev kwilabhoratri yerediyo yaseNizhny Novgorod yaqala eTver, apho, emva kokuphulaphula intetho yentloko yesikhululo sikanomathotholo saseTver, uCaptain Leshchinsky wabasebenzi, lo mfana wavula unomathotholo.
Emva kokugqiba kwisikolo sangempela, lo mfana uya kungena Moscow Institute of Communications, kodwa ngandlel 'ithile uza eNizhny Novgorod kwaye uzama ukufumana umsebenzi kwi NRL, apho baqeshwa njengekhuriya. Akukho mali eyaneleyo, kufuneka alale kwi-NRL ekufikeni, kodwa oku akuwona umqobo ku-Oleg. Uqhuba uphando kwiinkqubo zomzimba kwii-crystal detectors.
Oogxa bakholelwa ukuba uProf. wayenempembelelo enkulu ekubunjweni kuka-Oleg Losev njengengcali yefiziksi yokulinga. VC. Lebedinsky, awadibana naye e Tver. Unjingalwazi wakhetha uLosev kwaye wayethanda ukuthetha naye ngezihloko zophando. U-Vladimir Konstantinovich wayesoloko enobuhlobo, enobuchule kwaye enika iingcebiso ezininzi ezifihliweyo njengemibuzo.
Oleg Vladimirovich Losev wanikela ubomi bakhe bonke kwisayensi. Ndikhethe ukusebenza ndedwa. Ipapashwe ngaphandle kwababhali. Ndandingonwabanga emtshatweni wam. Ngowe-1928 wafudukela eLeningrad. Wayesebenza e-CRL. Sebenza no ak. Ioff. Ndaba yiPh.D. "ngokwemisebenzi epheleleyo." Wafa ngowe-1942 eLeningrad engqingiweyo.
Ukususela kwingqokelela ethi "Nizhny Novgorod Pioneers of Soviet Radio Engineering" malunga neLosev's "kristadin":
Uphando luka-Oleg Vladimirovich, kumxholo walo, ekuqaleni lwalunobuchwephesha kunye nobuchwephesha berediyo, kodwa kwaba kunye nabo ukuba wazuza udumo lwehlabathi, efumene kwi-zincite (mineral zinc oxide) idetector enencam yentsimbi ukukwazi ukuvuselela i-oscillations eqhubekayo. kwiisekethe zikanomathotholo. Lo mgaqo wenza isiseko somamkeli wonomathotholo ongenazityhubhu kunye nokukhulisa umqondiso oneempawu zetyhubhu enye. Kwi-1922, kwabizwa phesheya "cristadine" (crystalline heterodyne).
Engazithinteli ekufumaneni le nto kunye nophuhliso olwakhayo lomamkeli, umbhali uphuhlisa indlela yokucokisa ngokufanelekileyo iikristale ze-zincite zenqanaba lesibini (ngokuyinyibilikisa kwi-arc yombane), kwaye kwakhona ufumana indlela elula yokufumana. amanqaku asebenzayo phezu kobuso bekristale ngokuchukumisa i-tip, eqinisekisa ukuvuswa kwe-oscillations.
Iingxaki ezavelayo azizange zibe nesicombululo esingenamsebenzi; kwakuyimfuneko ukuba kwenziwe uphando kwimimandla engekaphuhliswa yefiziksi; Ukungaphumeleli koonomathotholo abasafundayo kukhuthaze uphando lwefiziksi. Yayisetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwifiziksi. Inkcazo elula ye-oscillation ye-generation ye-oscillation phenomenon eyayivela emva koko yayikudibaniswa kwayo kunye ne-coefficient ye-thermal yokumelana ne-detector ye-zincite, eyathi, njengoko kulindelekile, ibonakale ingalunganga.
Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo:
1. Losev O.V. Kwimvelaphi yetekhnoloji ye-semiconductor. Imisebenzi ekhethiweyo - L.: Nauka, 1972
2. "I-Radio Amateur", i-1924, iNombolo ye-8
3. Ostroumov B.A. Oovulindlela baseNizhny Novgorod bobuchwephesha berediyo yeSoviet - L.: Nauka, ngo-1966
4.
5. Polyakov V.T. Itekhnoloji yolwamkelo lukanomathotholo. Abamkeli abalula bemiqondiso ye-AM - M.: DMK Press, 2001
umthombo: www.habr.com