Malunga nebhiya ngeliso lekhemisti. Icandelo lesi-4

Molo %igama lomsebenzisi.

Okwesithathu Inxalenye yolu chungechunge lwam malunga nebhiya kuHabré iye yabonakala ingaphawuleki kangako kuneyangaphambili-ukugweba ngamagqabantshintshi kunye nemilinganiselo, ke, mhlawumbi, sele ndidiniwe ngamabali am. Kodwa ekubeni kunengqiqo kwaye kuyimfuneko ukugqiba ibali malunga namacandelo ebhiya, nantsi inxalenye yesine!

Yiya.

Njengesiqhelo, kuya kubakho ibali elincinci lebhiya ekuqaleni. Kwaye ngeli xesha uya kuba serious. Eli iya kuba libali, ngokungangqalanga kakhulu - kodwa lichukumisa uLoyiso oluKhulu olwaphunyezwa ngoobawomkhulu bethu ngo-1945. Kwaye ngaphandle kwayo yonke intelekelelo kunye nobuvuvu, ndiyazingca ngolu loyiso.

Ngaphandle kokungena nzulu kakhulu, ndiya kukuxelela malunga neenyani ezinomdla malunga nokuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwebhiya ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic (idatha ethathwe kwimithombo evulekileyo kwi-Intanethi, kunye nakwintetho yombhali-mbali webhiya uPavel Egorov).

• Ibhiya yayiveliswa nangexesha lemfazwe. Ewe, ngokungaqhelekanga, ukuveliswa kwebhiya akuzange kume ngokupheleleyo ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, nangona imiqulu yemveliso yancitshiswa kakhulu. Isizathu sokunciphisa sicacile: ngamaxesha anzima kwilizwe, izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zazifuneka - abantu, ukutya kunye nobugcisa.
• Ezinye iindawo ezithengisa utywala zaqalisa ukwenza iicrackers. Imizi-mveliso emininzi yaseSoviet kulindeleke ukuba idluliselwe kwimveliso yeemveliso ezibaluleke ngakumbi ngexesha lemfazwe. Ngokomzekelo, isityalo saseLeningrad "iStepan Razin" yamiselwa yi-People's Commissar yoShishino lokutya, u-Comrade Zotov, ukuvelisa ama-crackers kwizinga lemveliso yeetoni ezingama-200 ngenyanga. Ngaphambili, kwaloo "Stepan Razin" enye, kunye nezinye iinkampani ezinkulu ezithengisa utywala, zafumana umyalelo wokuba kuyekwe ukuvelisa ibhiya kwaye kudluliselwe bonke oovimba bengqolowa abakhoyo ukuze bagutywe babe ngumgubo.
• Ukuba amaNazi eza eLeningrad, kwakucetywe ukuba atyhefe ngebhiya. Ukususela ngoDisemba 41, kwii-cellars ze-"Stepan Razin" efanayo kwahlala ngaphantsi kwesigidi seelitha zebhiya, ikakhulukazi "iZhigulevsky". Le yayiyinxalenye yento ebizwa ngokuba yi-strategic reserve, eyayifanele ukuba ityhefwe ukuba i-fascist yayiza eLeningrad. Ukuba kukho into eyenzekayo, ukutshatyalaliswa kuya kwenziwa ngumthengisi oyintloko wesityalo.
• Ibhiya yayisenziwa nangexesha lokungqingwa kweLeningrad. Leningrad Brewery "Red Bavaria", ngokutsho amaxwebhu agciniweyo, ikwazile ukuvelisa malunga nesigidi seelitha zebhiya ngeeholide zikaMeyi ka-1942, ngaloo ndlela ibonelela zonke iLeningrad ngemagi yomthendeleko yesiselo esinegwebu. Ngaphezu koko, inxalenye yebhetshi yafakwa ebhotileni ngabasebenzi bezityalo ngesandla, ekubeni umzi-mveliso wawungenambane kangangeenyanga ezintathu.
• Usuku lokuqala loloyiso nalo lwalubhiyozelwa ngebhiya. NgoMeyi 9, 1945, uloyiso lwamaNazi lwalubhiyozelwa kuyo yonke indawo: zombini kwi-USSR nakumazwe aseYurophu apho imikhosi yethu yahlala khona. Abanye, ngokuqinisekileyo, babhiyozela isiganeko esikhulu nge-vodka, kunye nabanye ngebhiya: ngokukodwa, amajoni oMkhosi oBomvu awayeseCzechoslovakia ngelo xesha abhiyozela uloyiso ngebhiya yendawo (jonga ifoto ekuqaleni kweli nqaku).
• ILida Brewery edumileyo ngoku ivelise ibhiya ye-Wehrmacht. Oku kwenzeka, ngokuqinisekileyo, kungekhona kwintando yabanikazi bezityalo: ngexesha lokuhlala kwamaNazi, imveliso yaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaJamani, aqala ukuvelisa ubhiya apho kumajoni amaNazi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, abahlali basekuhlaleni besixeko saseBelarusian saseLida kunye nemimandla ejikelezileyo abazange baphuze le bhiya, kuba zonke iibhetshi zasasazwa phakathi kweeyunithi zomkhosi waseJamani ezibekwe kuloo mimandla.
• Ibhiya yamaNazi yenziwa ngamaYuda. Yintoni enomdla: ukusebenza kwesityalo kwakujongwa yinjineli ye-SS uJoachim Lochbiller, owathi, ngokuchasene nezenzo ezaziwa ngelo xesha, akazange atsale kuphela amaYuda ekuveliseni ubhiya, kodwa wawakhusela ngokukhutheleyo kwamanye amadoda e-SS. Ngaxa lithile, wada walumkisa ngezityholo zakhe zokuba babesengozini yokufa yaye kwakufuneka babaleke. NgoSeptemba 1943, amadoda amaSS eza kuloo mzi-mveliso aza abamba onke amaYuda, ewatyhola ngokutyhefa ibhiya. Abantu abahluphekayo balayishwa kuloliwe, kodwa endleleni, abanye babathinjwa bakwazi ukutsiba kuloliwe: phakathi kwabo bathe basinda kumaNazi babengabanini bokuqala beLida brewery, uMark noSemyon Pupko.
• Indawo eyayihlala eJamani yayisenza i-USSR ibhiya. Abathengi botywala obunjalo yayiliQela leSoviet Forces eJamani. Nkqu neeleyibhile zolwimi lwesiRashiya zebhiya enjalo ziye zalondolozwa. Ixabiso elingakanani le bhiya, ngubani owayifumanayo kwaye yayimnandi kangakanani-imbali, ngelishwa, ithule malunga nezi nyaniso.
  
• Phakathi kweembasa zemfazwe kwakukho nezixhobo zokwenziwa kwebhiya yaseJamani. Njengenxalenye yembuyekezo yomonakalo owenziwe yiJamani yamaNazi kunye namahlakani ayo, i-USSR yanikezelwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izixhobo zomnye omkhulu waseBerlin. Esi sixhobo sifakiweyo safakwa kumzi wotywala iStepan Razin. Indawo yotywala yaseMoscow eKhamovniki nayo yafumana izixhobo zetrofi ezifanayo.
  
• Emva kweMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi, kwathathwa umgangatho webhiya osele usebenza unanamhla. IGOST 3473-46 yamkelwa ngowe-1946 yaye, ngotshintsho oluthile, yasinda de kwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, emva koko yathatyathelw’ indawo ngomnye umgangatho omtsha, nangona ungengowona mgangatho wale mihla. Ngokuqinisekileyo siya kuthetha ngayo ngokwahlukeneyo

Kulungile, ngoku makhe sibuyele kwizithako zethu. Owokugqibela ushiyekile kwaye lo ngu-

izongezo.

Ndiza kuqala ibali lam malunga nezongezo ngenyaniso yokuba ngokusemthethweni akufanelekanga ukuba zibe sebhiya. Kodwa enyanisweni, ikuwo wonke umntu. Kwaye aziyenzi mandundu incasa, umgangatho, okanye ixabiso lesiselo - zityhila nje ezinye zeempawu zayo. Makhe sizame ukuqonda ezona zidumileyo kubo, kwaye emva koko sithethe ngemfuneko yabo kunye nokungabi namsebenzi ngokubanzi.

• Isithako esithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabaphuhlisi, esingabandakanyi kuluhlu lwezithako ezinyanzelekileyo, yinto ebizwa ngokuba "ziinkozo ezingenasiphelo" - ezi ziinkozo ezingazange zidlule kwinqanaba lokuhluma, oko kukuthi, azizange zibe yi-malt. Isenokuba yingqolowa, irayisi okanye umbona. Umbona kunye nerayisi zezona zixhaphakileyo, ngokufuthi kuhlobo lomgubo okanye ezinye iimveliso. Isizathu silula: zingumthombo ophantsi weeshukela ezilula ezidinga igwele ukuvelisa i-carbon dioxide kunye notywala, kwaye ngoko ke indlela yokwandisa amandla esiselo. Umbona udla ngokufumaneka kwiindidi eziveliswa ngobuninzi bebhiya yaseMelika (ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba ngumbona), kwaye irayisi ifumaneka kwibhiya yaseAsia, nto leyo esengqiqweni: iUnited States ngokukhutheleyo kwaye ngobuninzi obukhulu ikhula umbona, kwaye amazwe aseAsia akhula. irayisi. Irayisi kunye nombona zinika ibhiya ubumnandi obahlukileyo onokuthi nabani na aphawule. Ingqolowa engavuthwanga nayo isoloko isetyenziswa: sesinye sezithako zokwenza utywala bengqolowa. Yizinto eziqulethwe ngqolowa ezenza kube lula ukufezekisa i-shades ethile yokunambitha kunye nephunga.
• Iswekile sesinye isithako esongezelelweyo esiqhele ukufunyanwa kwibhiya. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwemimoya: ukongezwa kweswekile kunika igwele ngokutya okongeziweyo okulula ukuqhutyelwa utywala. Iswekile inokongezwa ngendlela yemithombo equkethe iswekile: isiraphu yengqolowa, isiraphu ye-maltose, njl. Ungasebenzisa nobusi, kodwa ke imveliso iya kuba yindleko kakhulu. Ngendlela, idayi yendalo isoloko isetyenziswa: umbala weswekile (E150), eyona nto ibalulekileyo i-sugar caramel. Ukuba ubona i-E150 kwibhotileа - ngokubanzi, phumla, kuba le yeyona nto iswekile etshisiweyo yendalo onokuyidla ngeepuni. Nge-E150b, E150c kunye ne-E150d - azikho zendalo, kodwa nangona kunjalo, akukho mntu uya kuzigalela ngaphezu kwe-160 mg / kg evumelekileyo yobunzima bomzimba kumntu oselayo.
• Makhe sihlolisise enye yeentsomi: xa kuveliswa ibhiya, phantse bangaze basebenzise imibala eyenziwe ngemichiza kunye nezithinteli - izithako zendalo kunye neemveliso zabo zokubilisa, kunye neenkqubo zobuchwepheshe eziqinisekisiweyo (ngaphezulu kuzo kamva), zanele ngokwaneleyo. Kutheni uchitha imali kwiikhemikhali ezongezelelweyo kwaye uqiniseke ukuba uzibonise ekubunjweni, xa yonke into inokwenziwa ngeresiphi? Kodwa kunjalo, ukuba ufumana iibhiya "zeziqhamo" ezingabizi kakhulu ("ezinekalika", "ngerharnate", njl.njl.) - ke le bhiya entsha inencasa kunye nemibala, kodwa kunzima kakhulu kum ukuyibiza ngokuba yibhiya. Bangongeza kwakhona i-ascorbic acid (i-E300) kwibhiya, engeyiyo ikhemikhali yokwenziwa ngokusesikweni, kodwa imveliso yokubilisa (ewe, yindlela eyenziwe ngayo). Ukongezwa kwe-ascorbic acid kwandisa ukuxhathisa kwebhiya ekukhanyeni kunye ne-oksijini - kwaye ivumela ibhiya ukuba igalelwe kwiibhotile ezicacileyo (ngaphezulu kule nto kamva, kodwa unokukhumbula uMiller noCorona).
• Kwiintlobo ezithile zobhiya, umenzi unokusebenzisa iindidi ezininzi zokongeza: i-clove, i-cardamom, i-anise, i-orange zest, i-pepper, i-puree yeziqhamo okanye isiqhamo ngokwawo kunye nokunye okuninzi. Zonke zenzelwe ukunika ibhiya incasa eyongezelelweyo, ivumba kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo. Iicheri, amaqunube, amaqunube amnyama - konke oku kwimo yendalo nako kungaphelela kwivathi enye kunye nebhiya ebilayo. Abavelisi be-lambic baseBelgium bathanda kakhulu ezi zithako.
• Ityuwa inokufakwa kwibhiya! Kwaye oku akusiyo i-whim, kodwa isithako esiyimfuneko ekudaleni ibhiya kwisitayela se-gose yaseJamani yendabuko - i-wheat sour ale, ukuveliswa kwayo kusebenzisa i-coriander kunye ne-lactic acid (njengemveliso ye-lactic fermentation). Le ndlela, ngendlela, ineminyaka eyiwaka ubudala, ngoko isele iphindwe kabini njengeJamani eyaziwayo "uMthetho woBuhlambuluko beBeer," esiza kuthetha ngayo kamva. Ngendlela, ukongeza ityuwa kwandisa ukuxinwa kwesodium kunye nekloridi - khumbula iCandelo 1, elithetha ngamanzi kunye neempawu zezi ion.
• Abanye abenzi botywala bakwazile ukusebenzisa izongezo ezikhethekileyo: amakhowa, amaxolo omthi, iidandelions, i-inki yesquid kunye ne "whale burp" - ubunzima obuqulunqwe esiswini seminenga.

Ndingathanda ukuthi egameni lam: ngokusesikweni, akukho bhiya ngaphandle kwezongezo. Ukuba kuphela ngenxa yokuba kufuneka ulungiselele amanzi, lungisa ukubunjwa kwayo kwamaminerali kunye ne-pH. Kwaye ezi zongezo. ukuba kungenxa yokuba ufuna ukusebenzisa igesi - sathetha ngayo. Kwaye ezi zongezo. Kodwa makhe sithethe malunga nokuba izongezo ziphathwa njani ngokwembono yomthetho.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, wonke umntu uya kukhumbula ngoko nangoko owona mthetho udumileyo webhiya - "uMthetho wokucoceka kwebhiya" okanye iReinheitsgebot, esele ineminyaka engaphezu kwama-500 ubudala. Lo mthetho uyaziwa kakhulu, uyathandwa kwaye uyabonakala ukuba ugutyungelwe ngoluhlu olupheleleyo lweentsomi kunye neengcamango eziphosakeleyo ezisetyenziswa ngabathengisi. Ngokukodwa, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ibhiya yinto ehambelana neReinheitsgeboth, kwaye enye imveliso yomsebenzi wezintso zentsapho enye yasekhaya. Kwangaxeshanye, iingcaphephe zihlala zingayazi into ebhaliweyo kulo mthetho nalapho uvela khona ngokubanzi. Masiyiqonde.

• Umthetho we-Beer Purity Law unembali engaphezulu kweminyaka engama-500-umthetho we-Bavarian Beer Purity Law we-1516 ngomnye wemithetho emidala kwimveliso yokutya. Ininzi eyabacaphukisayo abantu baseBavaria, owona mthetho mdala malunga nokucoceka kwebhiya wafunyanwa eThuringia kwaye wayemdala ngeminyaka engama-82 kunomthetho waseBavaria owakhutshwayo - emva phayaa ngo-1351, kwakhutshwa umyalelo wangaphakathi e-Erfurt wokuba kusetyenziswe izithako ezithile kuphela ekwenzeni utywala. Umasipala waseMunich waqala ukulawula ii-breweries kuphela kwi-1363, kwaye ukukhankanywa kokuqala kokusetyenziswa kwe-malt yebhali kuphela, i-hops kunye namanzi ekutshiseni ibuyele kwi-1453. Ngeli xesha, umyalelo waseThuringian wawusele usebenza phantse iminyaka engama-20. Umyalelo womhla we-1434 waza wakhutshwa e-Weissensee (Thuringia) wafunyanwa kwi-medieval Runneburg kufuphi ne-Erfurt ngo-1999.
• Inguqulelo yokuqala yomthetho ayilawulanga kangako ukubunjwa kwebhiya njengeendleko zayo. Ummiselo osayinwe nguDuke Wilhelm VI waseBavaria ngokuyinhloko ulawula iindleko zebhiya ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka, kwaye enye kuphela yamanqaku akhankanywe ukubunjwa kwezithako: akukho nto ngaphandle kwebhali, amanzi kunye ne-hops. Ummiselo kaDuke wawujolise ikakhulu ekongeni ukutya. Ekubeni wayevumele ukuba kuphekwe kuphela iinkozo zerhasi, uWilhelm wakwalela ukusetyenziswa kwengqolowa xa kusenziwa utywala kuba yayibalulekile ekwenzeni isonka.
• Igwele alizange lifakwe kuluhlu lwezithako ezivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni. kodwa oku kuthetha ukuba ayithethi nto: amaJamani ayazi kakuhle malunga nemvubelo, kodwa ekubeni asuswe kwisiselo esigqityiweyo, ayengakhankanywanga emthethweni.
• Iseti yemithetho ifumene igama layo langoku - Reinheitsgebot, oko kukuthi, "iimfuno zococeko" - kutsha nje - malunga nekhulu leminyaka eyadlulayo. Le nguqulo, kunye nolunye utshintsho, lusebenza eJamani kuze kube namhlanje kwaye ngokusisiseko lunamacandelo amabini: enye ilawula ukuveliswa kwee-lagers, enye ilawula ukuveliswa kwee-ales. Ngenxa yokukhululeka kwemarike yangaphakathi yaseYurophu, umthetho wamkelwa kumthetho waseYurophu.
• Inguqulelo yangoku yeReinheitsgeboth ayikuthinteli ukungeniswa kwayo nayiphi na ibhiya eJamani kwaye ayibathinteli abenzi botywala basekuhlaleni ukuba baphambuke kumthetho. Ngaphezu koko, lo mthetho uhlaziywa amaxesha ngamaxesha, ngokulandela iindlela zale mihla zokwenziwa kwebhiya, nangona uhlala uqina.
• Kwangaxeshanye, umthetho waseJamani wahlula ibhiya yendawo, eyenziwa ngokomthetho webhiya, ukusuka kwezinye iintlobo zayo: aba bamva abanalo ilungelo lokubizwa ngokuba yi-bier, nangona kunjalo, ababizwa ngokuba yi-idiotic igama elithi "isiselo sebhiya" .
• Ngaphandle kwayo yonke imiqobo ekhoyo kunye ne-conservatism yayo, iReinheitsgebot iyatshintsha, ivumela iibreweri zaseJamani ukuba zivelise ibhiya eyahluke kakhulu kwaye ayibabekeli phantsi abaphuhlisi bokulinga kudidi lwabancinci. Kodwa nangona kule meko, abavelisi abaninzi baseJamani kunye nabathandi bebhiya, ukuba akukho ngokuchasene nomthetho, ngoko ke ubuncinane bathanda ukuyitshintsha.

Le yindlela abahlala ngayo eYurophu naseJamani, apho baqala khona ukwenza ibhiya kwakudala kakhulu. Kwangelo xesha, eBelgium, apho banxibelelana negwele ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye bengenazintloni zokungongeza nantoni na abafuna ukuyisela, abakhathazi kwaphela. Kwaye benza ibhiya ebalaseleyo, ethengiswa kwihlabathi liphela.

Kuthekani ngeRussian Federation? Kubuhlungu kakhulu apha.

Ngenxa yokuba kwi-Russian Federation kukho imithetho emibini, okanye kunoko imigangatho: GOST 31711-2012, eyebhiya, kunye neGOST 55292-2012. eyenzelwe "iziselo zebhiya". Ndiyakholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba abameli basekhaya kunye nababhali bemigangatho yotywala baseRashiya bafuna ukubhala i-Reinheitsgebot yabo ngokukhetha kunye namahenyukazi - kodwa kwavela njalo. Makhe sijonge iiperile eziphambili.

Yile nto kufuneka ibe kwibhiya ngokweGOST 31711-2012

kodwa oku konke - isiselo sebhiya ngokweGOST 55292-2012

Khona ndingathini? Enyanisweni, isiselo esinxilisayo sibhiya esipheleleyo, esiqhelekileyo, kwimveliso apho enye into ngaphandle kwezithako zakudala isetyenzisiweyo: umzekelo, i-citrus zest, i-seasoning okanye iziqhamo. Kwaye ngenxa yoko, phantsi kwegama elimnandi elithi "isiselo sebhiya", ibhiya yabonakala kwiishelufu zevenkile ezindala kunazo zonke iiGOST, iRussian Federation kunye neReinheitsgebot. Imizekelo: I-Hoegaarden - ukhokho wayo uphuhliswe kwidolophana yaseFlemish enegama elifanayo (ngoku eyiBelgium) ukususela ngo-1445, kwaye nangona kunjalo wasebenzisa i-coriander kunye ne-orange zest. Ngaba uHoegaarden unexhala lokubizwa ngolo hlobo? Ndicinga ukuba usengxakini. Kodwa umthengi wethu onombono omfutshane, ewufundile umbhalo okwibhotile, ngoko nangoko uphonononga kwimisebenzi yengqondo entsonkothileyo malunga neyelenqe lehlabathi liphela kunye nenyaniso yokuba "ibhiya abayizisayo kwi-dispensary AYIYONYANISO!" Ngendlela, eRashiya iHoegaarden iyenziwa eRashiya ngokwayo - kodwa ngakumbi emva koko.

Ke ukuba ubona amagama athi "isiselo sebhiya" kwithegi yexabiso okanye ileyibhile, yazi ke ukuba le yeyona nto inokwenzeka ukuba yibhiya enomdla kakhulu ekufanele ukuba uyizame. Kuphela ukuba ubona i-flavour ekhumbulekayo yeekhemikhali kunye nedayi ekubunjweni kwayo - lo ngumchamo onjenge "Garage", ongcono ukuba ungayiphathi kwaphela.

Kodwa masiqhubeke! Ekubeni ukutshatyalaliswa kweSoviet Union akukho kwii-closets, kodwa kwiintloko, i-GOST izama ukunciphisa ngokungqongqo iintlobo zebhiya kunye nokubunjwa kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, njenge "iziselo zebhiya". Yazi, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ukuba:

Enyanisweni, yonke into ingqongqo ngakumbi






Oko kukuthi, inyathelo elisekhohlo okanye ekunene lilinge lokubaleka, ukutsiba kukuzama ukubhabha.

Kunzima ukuba ndixoxe ngamandla kunye nobunzulu bobu buhlanya, kodwa ndiya kuchukumisa kuphela kwiiyunithi ze-EBC - lo ngumbala webhiya ngokwe-European Brewing Convention. Yile ndlela esetyenziswa kwi-GOST, nangona ihlabathi lonke sele litshintshile ixesha elide kwiNdlela yoNgqondo yoMgangatho (SRM). Kodwa oku akunamsebenzi - amaxabiso aguqulwa ngokulula abe omnye komnye kusetyenziswa ifomula kaMoray: EBC = 1,97 x SRM (kwisikali esitsha se-EBC) okanye i-EBC = 2,65 x SRM - 1,2 (kwisikali esidala se-EBC - kwaye ewe , nge-SRM yonke into ilula kakhulu).

Ngendlela, i-SRM ngamanye amaxesha ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Lovibond isikali ngokuhlonipha umfumani uJoseph Williams Lovibond, owathi, ekubeni ngumthengisi, weza nombono wokusebenzisa i-colorimeter ukubonisa umbala webhiya kunye nesikali. ngokwayo.

Ngamafutshane, ibonakala ngolu hlobo:

Ukuba ufunde ngononophelo kwaye wajonga kwi%username%, ngoko uye waqonda. ukuba yonke into engaphantsi kwe-EBC 31 yibhiya elula, kwaye yonke into engaphezulu yibhiya emnyama. Yiyo i:


Ngayo yonke intlonipho efanelekileyo, kodwa ulwahlulo olunjalo luphambene, kude nenyani - kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kubadali begama elithi "isiselo sebhiya". Yeyiphi kwezi glasi zimbini zebhiya ocinga ukuba inebhiya elula?

Impendulo nantsiNgasekhohlo yiGuinness Nitro IPA, ekunene yiSaldens Pineapple IPA. Zombini ezi ntlobo zebhiya zibhalwe “ibhiya elula” kwiitoti.
Kwaye ngendlela, iNgesi i-Pale Ale (ngokoqobo: i-pale English ale) I-Fuller's London Pride, ngokweGOST, ibhiya emnyama. Ndiziva ngathi andiboni mbala.

Ngendlela, ekuqukunjelweni kwengxoxo malunga nezithako kwaye ngaphambi kokuba siqhubele phambili kwinxalenye elandelayo, apho siza kuthetha ngeteknoloji, makhe sijonge esinye isifinyezo esibalulekileyo ekuchazeni ukubunjwa kunye nomgangatho webhiya. Sele uyazi malunga ne-IBU, SRM/EBC. Lixesha lokuthetha ngeABV.

I-ABV ayikho nakancinci inzame yokukukhumbuza i-alfabhethi xa, emva kweelitha ezintathu, uthatha isigqibo sokufunda into ethile - kunye neleyibhile ijika - le yi-Alcohol By Volume (ABV). Ileyibhile ingaba ne-4,5% ABV, 4,5% vol. okanye 4,5% vol. - konke oku kuthetha ipesenti yevolumu ye-ethanol kwisiselo, kwaye "ivolumu" ayiyona "inzuzo" yasentsomini, kodwa ngokuchanekileyo "ivolumu". Kwaye ewe - kukho "amanqanaba amandla" - ixabiso lembali ekungekho mntu ulisebenzisayo ngoku, kwaye ke "ibhiya eyi-4,5 degrees" yi-4,5% vol. yenziwe nguMkhulu kunye nonamandla wethu.

Ukuba unomdla kwimbali yezidanga kunye nentlonipho D.I. MendeleevIziselo ezinxilisayo bezisoloko zibaxhalabisa abantu, ingakumbi xa kuvela umba weendleko. UJohann-Georg Tralles, ingcali yefiziksi yaseJamani, edume ngokuyila imitha yotywala, ngowe-1812 wabhala incwadi esisiseko ethi “Untersuchungen über die specifischen Gewichte der Mischungen ans Alkohol und Wasser” (“Uphando ngobungakanani bobunzima bomxube wotywala namanzi. ”).
IiDegree zeTralles zihambelana nepesenti yanamhlanje yotywala ngomthamo kwisiselo. Ngokomzekelo, i-40 degrees Tralles kufuneka ihambelane ne-40% yotywala ngomthamo. Noko ke, njengoko D. I. Mendeleev wabonisa, into Tralles wathabatha "utywala" - utywala ecocekileyo, eneneni isisombululo salo ngamanzi, apho kwakukho kuphela 88,55% utywala anhydrous, ukuze isiselo-40-degree ngokutsho Tralles ihambelana 35,42% "ngoko Mendeleev”. Ke ngoko, okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni, isazinzulu saseRussia ngokwembali safumanisa ukugcwala okunganeno kwicala loohlohlesakhe baphesheya kweelwandle.

Ngeminyaka yee-1840, i-Academician G.I. Hess, eyalelwe ngurhulumente waseRashiya, yenza iindlela kunye nesixhobo sokumisela ubungakanani botywala kwiwayini. Ngaphambili, amandla ayelinganiswa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yeTralles, kunye “nokulinganisa”. Ngokomzekelo, umxube wotywala kunye namanzi, owalahlekelwa sisiqingatha somthamo wawo ngexesha lokuthunga (malunga ne-38% yotywala) wabizwa ngokuba yi-polugar (ngokutsho "UkuQokelelwa okupheleleyo kweMithetho yoBukhosi baseRashiya" ka-1830: "ichazwa ngolu hlobo. Indlela eyathi, yagalelwa kwisisele esinegama likarhulumente, isampuli ye-onago etshiswe isiqingatha ngexesha lokufunxa”). Kwintetho yoMphathiswa wezeMali uKankrin ngo-1843, kwathiwa i-wine annealing kunye ne-English hydrometers ayiboneleli ukufundwa okuchanekileyo, kwaye i-tralles alcohol meter idinga izibalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla, kwaye ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukunika inkqubo yeTralles. ifomu efanelekileyo eRashiya.

Ngomnyaka we-1847, uHess wapapasha incwadi ethi "Accounting for Alcohol," eyayichaza imigaqo yokusebenzisa imitha yotywala kunye neetafile zokumisela amandla kunye nokuhlanjululwa kotywala. Uhlelo lwesibini ngo-1849 nalo luqulethe inkcazo yembali kunye nethiyori yokulinganisa inqaba. Iitafile zemitha yotywala kaHess imilinganiselo edibeneyo ngokweTralles kunye nesithethe saseRashiya sokubala kwakhona utywala ngesiqingatha-gar. Imitha yotywala kaHess ayizange ibonise isiqulatho sotywala, kodwa inani leemele zamanzi ezinobushushu obuyi-12,44 °R (iidigri zeReaumur, 15,56 °C), ekwakufuneka zongezwe kwiibhakethi ezili-100 zotywala obuvavanyelwa ukufumana isiqingatha. -gar, ichazwa njenge-38% yotywala (nangona Nalapha kukho iingxabano). Inkqubo efanayo yasetyenziswa eNgilani, apho ubungqina (57,3% utywala) bungumgangatho.

Ngamafutshane, uHess wadibanisa yonke into kuphela, kwaye ngoko ngenxa kaDmitry Ivanovich, owazisa ingcamango yepesenti yomthamo ochanekileyo wotywala.

Ewe, apho utywala buvela khona kucacile kuwo wonke umntu: iyona mveliso ephambili yokuvutshelwa kotywala, ngoko ke ivela kukutya kwemvubelo - iswekile. Iswekile isuka kwimalt kuqala. Kwenzeka ukuba kusekho iswekile esele, kodwa igwele sele liphelile. Kule meko, i-brewer yongeza enye inxalenye yemvubelo. Kodwa kwimeko xa ufuna ukwenza ibhiya ibonakale yomelele, kunokubakho iishukela ezaneleyo ezicutshungulwayo kwi-wort, kwaye oku sele kuyingxaki. Akukho sizathu sokongeza i-malt, kuba umlinganiselo weentlobo ze-malt awuchaphazeli kuphela utywala - kwaye sele sixoxe ngale nto. Eeeee?

Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezidumileyo. Eyokuqala kunye neyona isetyenziswa kakhulu: vele unike igwele eyona ncindi ye-malt elula (hayi i-malt!), i-maltose, ubusi okanye enye into emnandi. Iintlobo zexabiso eliphantsi ngokubanzi zisebenzisa iswekile nje ngobudenge - oko kukuthi, i-sucrose, kodwa emva koko ivele ibe mnandi kakhulu. Ukuze ugweme ukugqithiswa kwebhiya, umdidiyeli unokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesiraphu yengqolowa okanye i-dextrose kuba ukongezwa kwabo kunempembelelo encinci kwiprofayili yokugqibela ye-flavour. Ngokubanzi, songeza iishukela ezilula kwaye sifumana utywala obuninzi. Kodwa kukho enye ingxaki.

Xa uxinaniso oluthile lotywala lufikelelwe, igwele alikwazi ukulimela kwaye lifa kwiimveliso zalo zenkunkuma - hayi, livakala libi ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ngoko ke: bayanxila - kwakhona into engalunganga - ngokufutshane: bafa. yeka ukusebenza, okanye ufe ngokupheleleyo. Ukuthintela oku kungenzeki, abavelisi bebhiya eyomeleleyo basebenzisa iikoloni ezikhethekileyo zegwele. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngendlela, kwiimeko ezinjalo, abenzi botywala basebenzisa igwele lewayini. Kodwa nakulo mzekelo, ayikwazi ukuphakama ngaphezu kwe-12-13%. Kwaye ngenxa...

Indlela yesibini yokwandisa iqondo kukunyusa ukuxilwaniswa kotywala ngokususa amanye amanzi ngokukhenkceza. Le yindlela eyenziwa ngayo ibhiya yaseJamani i-Eisbock, umzekelo. Kodwa eneneni, ibhiya enamandla kune-12-13% inqabile.

Inqaku elibalulekileyo: akukho mntu uya kuxuba utywala kwibhiya. Ungaze. Okokuqala, oku kuya kufuna iilayisensi ezongezelelweyo zokusetyenziswa kotywala bokutya, kwaye okwesibini, i-stratifies kwaye yenza ukuba ibhiya ingazinzi. Kwaye kutheni uthenge into esele ifunyenwe ngenxa yokubiliswa? Ewe, kwenzeka ukuba ibhiya iphunga ngokucacileyo utywala, kodwa oku akusiyo isiphumo sokongezwa ngenjongo ye-ethanol, kodwa kuphela ubukho be-esters ethile kwibhiya (khumbula incoko malunga ne-esters?)

Ngendlela, ndiya kuphinda ndithumele imitha yentiyo kwi-GOST yaseRashiya 31711-2012:

Ngokomntu, andiyiqondi "akukho ngaphantsi" kunye "+-" - ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba ndingathengisa ubhiya obunamandla ngaphakathi kwe-0,5% kwaye ndingabi buthathaka? Ewe, kunye nenani eliphezulu lomlingo lokuqina kwebhiya ye-8,6% nalo liphuma kolu xwebhu. Kwaye ke, yonke into eyomeleleyo ayibonakali ngokucacileyo. AmaJamani ahleka kakhulu ngale nto. Ngamafutshane, umtyholi uyazi, kwaye sawubona kwiZiko lezeNzululwazi kaRhulumente "VNIIPBiVP" ye-Academy yezoLimo yaseRashiya, umphuhlisi womgangatho.

Sekunjalo, kwaphuma isifundo eside. Konele!

Kwaye kubonakala ngathi abantu badikiwe ngalo lonke eli bali. Ngoko ke, ndiza kuthatha ikhefu, kwaye ukuba kuvela ukuba kukho umdla, kwixesha elizayo siza kuthetha ngokufutshane malunga neteknoloji yokuphuza, sifunde iimfihlo zobhiya obunganxilisayo kwaye, mhlawumbi, ukudiliza izibini ezininzi iintsomi. Kuba andiyena uchwephesha, uhlalutyo lwetekhnoloji luya kuba yiphilistine kakhulu, kodwa, ndiyathemba, amanqanaba aphambili kunye nemibuzo malunga nezikhongozeli, ukuhluzwa kunye ne-pasteurization iya kuchazwa.

Ndikunqwenelela ithamsanqa, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Umthombo: www.habr.com