Molo %igama lomsebenzisi.
Njengoko kwakuthenjisiwe, nali inqaku-ibali malunga ne-phosphorus etyheli kunye nendlela eyatshisa ngokukhazimlayo kufutshane neLvov eUkraine kutsha nje.
Ewe, ndiyazi-uGoogle unika ulwazi oluninzi malunga nale ngozi. Ngelishwa, uninzi lwezinto azikhuphayo aziyonyani, okanye, njengoko amangqina okuzibonela esitsho, ubuvuvu.
Masiyiqonde!
Ewe, okokuqala, akukho mntu uyithandayo i-hardware, kodwa ngendlela ibaluleke kakhulu!
Njengoko iWikipedia ithi, i-phosphorus yenye yezinto eziqhelekileyo zomhlaba: umxholo wayo yi-0,08-0,09% yobunzima bayo. Ayifumaneki kwimeko yamahhala ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo ophezulu weekhemikhali. Yenza malunga neeminerali ze-190, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yi-apatite Ca5 (PO4) 3 (F, Cl, OH), i-phosphorite Ca3 (PO4) 2 kunye nabanye. I-Phosphorus yinxalenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ze-biological compounds - i-phospholipids. Iqulethwe kwizicubu zezilwanyana, iyingxenye yeeprotheni kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo eziphilayo (ATP, DNA), kwaye yinto yobomi. Khumbula oku, %username%, kwaye siya kuqhubeka.
I-Phosphorus kwimo ecocekileyo imhlophe, ibomvu, imnyama kunye nesinyithi. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-allotropic modifications - isondo esibuthathaka sisazi kakuhle kubo, kuba ngokuchukumisa bayakwazi ukwahlula idayimane kwigraphite - kwaye ezi zilungiso ze-allotropic, kuphela kwikhabhoni. Ngokubanzi, i-phosphorus iyafana.
Iqhawe lebali lethu - i-phosphorus ephuzi - ngokwenene imhlophe engacacanga. Amaxesha amaninzi, βukungacocwaβ kuthetha umxube we-phosphorus ebomvu, hayi ezinye izinto eziyingozi zangaphandle.
Iphosphorus emthubi (efana ne phosphorus emhlophe) sisihogo sokwenyani: inetyhefu kakhulu (iqondo eliphezulu lokugxila kumoya we-atmospheric 0,0005 mg/mΒ³), into eyikristale enokutsha ukusuka kumthubi okhanyayo ukuya kumdaka omnyama. Umxhuzulane okhethekileyo 1,83 g/cmΒ³, unyibilika kwi +43,1 Β°C, ubilise kwi +280 Β°C. Ayinyibiliki emanzini, ngokulula i-oxidizes emoyeni kwaye iyavutha ngokuzenzekelayo. Itshisa ngedangatye eliqaqambileyo eliluhlaza kwaye likhupha umsi omhlophe ongqindilili - amasuntswana amancinane etetraphosphorus decaoxide P4O10. Iyadika le Wikipedia kwakhona, kodwa nceda, %igama lomsebenzisi%, khumbula olu lwazi.
Ngoku masiyiqonde.
Ewe, okokuqala, nangona i-phosphorus inetyhefu, kunzima kakhulu ukufumana ityhefu ngenxa yesizathu esilula kakhulu: ivutha ngokuzenzekelayo emoyeni. Ngesatya esikhulu. Kwaye iyatshisa, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ngelangatye eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eliqaqambileyo eliluhlaza. Ngokuziqhelanisa, kubonakala ngathi: ubeka isiqwenga etafileni kwaye ngokukhawuleza iqala ukutshaya. Emva koko ngokukhawuleza. Emva koko ngaphezulu. Kwaye emva koko iyavutha kwaye iyatshisa. Ixesha elikhanyayo lixhomekeke kubukhulu beqhekeza: encinci, ngokukhawuleza. Yiyo loo nto kunzima kum ukucinga ngothuli olululo lwe-phosphorus etyheli emoyeni- luya kubamba umlilo.
Nangona, unokuchasa, babhala: idosi ebulalayo ye-phosphorus ephuzi kubantu i-0,05-0,15 grams, inyibilika kakuhle kumanzi omzimba kwaye ifakwe ngokukhawuleza xa ifakwe (ngendlela, i-phosphorus ebomvu ayinakunyibilika kwaye ngoko ke inetyhefu ephantsi. ). Ityhefu ebukhali yenzeke xa umphunga wephosphorus omthubi utsalwa kunye/okanye xa ungena kwindlela yesisu. Ityhefu ibonakala ngeentlungu zesisu, ukugabha, ukugabha okuhle okukhazimlayo-ebumnyameni okunuka ikonofile, kunye norhudo. Olunye uphawu lwetyhefu etyheli ye-phosphorus kukungaphumeleli kwentliziyo.
Emva kokufunda oku, ngesizathu esithile ndakhumbula malunga netyhefu ye-phosphine (iimpawu zazifana kakhulu) kwaye ndacinga nzima - kodwa kungekhona malunga nobukho bomphunga we-phosphorus ophuzi, kodwa malunga nokwanela komntu obone icuba, elikhanyayo kwisiqwenga esimnyama. yento engaziwayo - kwaye kwaoko wadla. Kulungile, yiloo nto.
Ngendlela, ukufumana isisombululo se-phosphorus emanzini ka-3 mg / l - kwaye esi sisisombululo esipheleleyo, asiyikuchitha kwakhona - kufuneka ugubungele isiqwenga se-phosphorus emanzini ngeveki. Ewe, andizange ndize nale nto, i-GOST 32459-2013 ithi njalo-kwaye oku akuzona zonke iintlobo ze-intanethi kuwe!
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngokombono wam, ubuthi be-phosphorus bubaxwa kakhulu. Kodwa inamanye ama-nuances. Malunga nabo - ngezantsi.
I-Phosphorus iyatshisa, njengoko iingcali ezisebenza nayo zithanda ukuthi, ngokomgaqo we-gimlet: oko kukuthi, iqhekeza elivuthayo lidla kwindawo elitshisa kuyo. Kwitafile. Kwintsimbi. Esihlangu. Esandleni. Isizathu silula: imveliso yokutsha - i-phosphorus oxide - i-acidic oxide, ekhupha ngokukhawuleza amanzi, yenza i-phosphoric acid. I-asidi ye-Phosphoric, nangona ingekho mbi njenge-sulfuric okanye i-hydrofluoric acid, iyakuthanda ukutya okuncinci - kwaye ngoko igqwala yonke into. Ngendlela, ngamanye amaxesha yongezwa kwisitya sokucoca isitya sangasese. Indibaniselwano entle yokutsha kobushushu obuphezulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1300 Β° C) kunye ne-asidi eshushu inika imingxunya eyongezelelweyo kwitafile yakho, kwaye ukuba unelishwa, emzimbeni wakho. Kwaye ewe, %igama lomsebenzisi% Libuhlungu Kakhulu.
Sele ndixoxile amaxesha amaninzi kwaye ndiya kuqhubeka nokugcina ukuba akukho lutshaba olukhulu kumntu kunaye: ewe, iipropathi ze-phosphorus eziphuzi azizange zibonwe - kwaye abantu abalungileyo beza nombono wokuyongeza kwi-icendiary. iimbumbulu, kuba kulula kakhulu xa kukho into ebambe umlilo ngequbuliso!
Ijongeka intle kakhulu - ungayithanda
Kodwa abantu abakhangeleki bahle kakhulu emva kohlaselo olunjalo - ngoko kungcono ukuba ungajongi
Kuba konke oku kunomtsalane kakhulu, uphuhliso, uvavanyo, uthutho, urhwebo, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulahlwa kwembumbulu ye-phosphorus kwenziwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo inani lezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, kubandakanya:
- Petersburg Isibhengezo βNgokupheliswa kokusetyenziswa kweembumbulu eziqhumayo neziqhumayoβ ngowe-1868.
- IiProtocol ezongezelelweyo zika-1977 kwiNgqungquthela yase-Geneva yoKhuselo lwamaxhoba eMfazwe ka-1949, inqanda ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezimhlophe ze-phosphorus ukuba ibeka abantu abasengozini. I-USA kunye no-Israyeli abazange basayine, ngendlela.
- Ngokuhambelana neProtokholi yesiThathu kwiNgqungquthela ye-UN ye-1980 yeZixhobo ezithile, izixhobo ezivuthayo akufanele zisetyenziswe ngokuchasene nabantu, kwaye, ukongeza, azinakusetyenziswa ngokuchasene neenjongo zomkhosi ezibekwe kwindawo apho abantu basekuhlaleni bagxininiswe.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho amaphepha amaninzi, kodwa anesimo esisondeleyo kwindlu yangasese, kuba ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa rhoqo - iPalestine kunye neDonbass ziya kuqinisekisa.
Ekubeni i-phosphorus isabela ngamanzi kuphela kumaqondo okushisa angaphezu kwama-500 degrees Celsius, ukucima i-phosphorus, sebenzisa amanzi amaninzi (ukunciphisa ubushushu bomlilo kunye nokuguqula i-phosphorus ibe yimeko eqinile) okanye isisombululo se-copper sulfate (i-copper sulfate), emva kokuba i-phosphorous isabela emanzini. ukucima i-phosphorus igqunywe isanti emanzi. Ukukhusela ukutsha okuzenzekelayo, i-phosphorus ephuzi igcinwa kwaye ihanjiswe phantsi koluhlu lwamanzi (isisombululo se-calcium chloride, ukuchaneka, kodwa namanzi aya kwenza). Oku nako kubalulekile!
Ngubani ovelisa iphosphorus? Kwaye apha,% igama lomsebenzisi%, umntu uya kuzaliswa ngokuzingca: umthengisi oyintloko we-phosphorus, ibakala lokutya le-phosphoric acid, i-hexaphosphate kunye ne-sodium tripolyphosphate iyaziqhenya iKazakhstan!
Enyanisweni, ukususela kwixesha le-USSR, ishishini le-Kazphosphate lakhiwa kwisixeko esizukileyo saseDzhambul (ewe, ebizwa ngokuba nguDzhambul Dzhabayev ofanayo). Emva koko i-Dzhambul yaqanjwa ngokuba yiTaraz-kakuhle, masingaxubushi ngokufanelekileyo, amaKazakh azi ngcono - kodwa ishishini lahlala. Ubukho bezinto eziluhlaza kunye nomthamo, kunye neendleko eziphantsi kakhulu zabasebenzi (kwaye enyanisweni akukho ndawo kwenye indawo yokusebenza eTaraz/Dzhambul) inqume ukuba i-phosphorus etyheli iveliswa apha.
Xa ndandikweli shishini, lalilungile! I-Southern Kazakhstan, i-300 km ukuya e-Uzbekistan - eshushu! Iintaka ziyantyiloza! Yonke into iluhlaza! Kukho iintaba elundini phayaa! Buhle!
Ngendlela, isityalo seKazphosphate asiphazamisi le idyll nangayiphi na indlela: yonke into eluhlaza, iintyatyambo, kwithambeka lentaba encinci.
Kuhle ngenene apho
Isizathu sobuhle silula - izinto eziluhlaza, imveliso kunye nenkunkuma yemveliso zizinto ezine-phosphorus, ezizichumisi ngokwenene. Ngoko yonke into iyakhula kwaye iyadubula.
Ngendlela, ulawulo oluphezulu lwesityalo ngokwenene aluyithandi i-dandelions. Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba kutheni. Ke ngoko, ngaphambi kotyelelo lwabasemagunyeni abaphezulu, abasebenzi baququzelelwa usuku lokucoca ukukhupha iidandelions. Ewe, wonke umntu uyazi ukuba kunjani ukulwa nama-dandelions kwi-dachas / imifuno yemifuno; ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-chaos ye-phosphorus, oku akukho nto ngokupheleleyo: kwanele usuku, ezimbini kuninzi. Kodwa ubunkokeli buyinto eyiyo.
Ndachukunyiswa ngokukhethekileyo ngumsebenzi welebhu yeshishini. Kukho abantu abakhulu abakrelekrele abahleli apho. Kwaye ke uyaqonda, %igama lomsebenzisi%, iinyani ezimbalwa.
Kwi-phosphorus ephuzi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukulawula ukungcola - ngakumbi i-arsenic, i-antimony, i-selenium, i-nickel, ithusi, i-zinc, i-aluminium, i-cadmium, i-chromium, i-mercury, i-load, isinyithi. Ukulawula konke oku, i-phosphorus kufuneka ichithwe, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, yonke into elawulwayo ayifanele ibaleke.
Ingxaki yokuqala: indlela yokulinganisa into ekhanyisa emoyeni? Benza oku: babethela i-ingot ye-phosphorus phantsi koluhlu lwamanzi, bathathe iziqwenga ezinkulu-ezincinci zivutha ngokukhawuleza-kwaye zidlulisele kwiglasi yamanzi. Emva koko balinganisa enye iglasi yamanzi, bathathe i-phosphorus ukusuka ekuqaleni, basule ngotywala, balinde de yome, bayiphose kwiglasi yamanzi. Ubunzima be-phosphorus bunqunywe ngumahluko wobunzima.
Ekubeni inokubamba umlilo - kukho isisombululo se-sulfate yethusi kufuphi - ukuba ibamba umlilo, yiphose kuyo.
Emva koko i-phosphorus iyachithwa. Inyibilika kwi-nitric acid, igcwele umphunga webromine - into emnandi kakhulu kwaye inevumba elimnandi. Ndiyicebisa efama. Udinga ukuphosa i-phosphorus kulo mxube, uze uyitshise kancinci, kwaye xa impendulo iqala, uyidlulisele kumkhombe ngamanzi abandayo, kuba ukufudumeza kukhulu. Kwaye xhokonxa, uvuthulule, uvuthulule - ukuba awuqhubi, iziqwenga ziya kuphuma nje kwisuphu eqanduzelayo- iziphumo aziyi kuchaneka! Baxukuxa ngezandla zabo, benxibe iimittens ezimbini: irabha yokukhusela iasidi kunye neyevayo yokukhusela ubushushu (irabha iyanyibilika nje, kodwa lowo uzivayo akasindisi kumathontsi easidi. zombini aziyi kukusindisa.
Umbono othakazelisayo wokuchithwa kwe-phosphorus ephuzi
Ngelo xesha, i-nitrogen oxides kunye ne-bromine fly - le nqaku. Intombazana yoyika le misila ebomvu kunye neziqwenga ze-phosphorus ezinokungena kwiingubo zakhe okanye i-mitten. Andikhumbuli ityhefu "ngemiphunga" okanye "izisombululo" ze-phosphorus.
Ewe, ngendlela, umvuzo wamantombazana akwenzayo oku akukho ngaphezu kwe-$ 200 (kwaye impendulo ilula: akukho ndawo enye indawo yokusebenza eTaraz, sele ndiyithethile loo nto). Kwixesha elizayo, %igama lomsebenzisi%, xa ukhala ngomvuzo ophantsi kunye nomsebenzi oyingozi - khumbula iKazphosphate!
Ewe, ngoku ukuba ulwazi olusisiseko luqokelelwe, masiqhubele phambili kwingozi yangempela eLvov.
Ekubeni i-phosphorus ifunwa eYurophu, iKazphosphate ithumela ngaphandle iimveliso ngokusebenzisa amaqabane aseCzech. Ihamba ngamatanki azaliswe ngamanzi, kwaye kucacile ukuba ngololiwe.
NgoMvulo, ngoJulayi 16, 2007, ngo-16:55 kwisithili seBus kwingingqi yaseLviv yase-Ukraine, kwicandelo le-Krasnoye-Ozhidiv, iitanki ezili-15 ezine-phosphorus ephuzi yesitimela somthwalo No. Kwakukho iikhareji ezingama-2005 xa zizonke. Iitanki zazisuka kwisikhululo saseKazakh iAsa (eTaraz, eKazakhstan) ukuya kwisikhululo saseOklesa (kwiRiphabliki yasePoland). Ukuvuza kwephosphorus kwelinye itanki kubangele ukutsha okuzenzekelayo kwamanye amatanki amathandathu.
Yayijongeka njenge-epic
Kwaye ke - umxube we-panic, ufakwe ngamajelo eendaba, ukungabikho kwamava ekusebenzeni kunye ne-phosphorus ephuzi kunye nokungazi ngokupheleleyo kwe-chemistry.
Ngelixa ukucima umlilo, ilifu leemveliso zokutsha ezenziwe kunye nommandla womonakalo malunga neekhilomitha ezili-90 zeekhilomitha. Lo mmandla wawuquka iindawo zokuhlala ezili-14 zesithili seBhasi, apho kuhlala abantu abangamawaka ali-11, kunye nemimandla eyahlukeneyo yesithili saseRadekhiv kunye neBrodivo. Isebe Leemeko Zongxamiseko laseUkraine lacela abemi beelali ezikufutshane ukuba baphume baza babathumelela iibhasi ezimalunga neshumi, kodwa abantu abaninzi abazange bavume ukushiya amakhaya abo. Abasemagunyeni eLviv baqinisekisa ukuba abasayi kukhupha nabani na ngenkani, nangona babelumkisa ngokungalindelekanga kwemiphumo yengozi. Bebonke, malunga nama-6 abahlali baye bahlaliswa kwakhona okwexeshana ukusuka kwiindawo zokuhlala ezi-800 kwisithili seBus ngobusuku.
NgoLwesibini, bekukho amaxhoba angama-20 (iingcali ezi-6 ezivela kwiSebe leeMeko eziNgxamisekileyo, abameli aba-2 boMphathiswa weMicimbi yaNgaphakathi, abasebenzi bakaloliwe aba-2 kunye nabantu abayi-10 kubemi basekhaya), apho i-13 yabo yalaliswa esibhedlele ikwimeko emaxongo naphakathi. Iziko lomkhosi lwezonyango lwezonyango kwi-Western Operational Command in Lviv. Abasixhenxe kwabo balaliswe esibhedlele ngabasebenzi boMphathiswa weeMeko eziNgxamisekileyo, ababini ngabasebenzi be-State Traffic Inspectorate, abane ngabahlali basekuhlaleni.
Kwangaxeshanye, kwavela isikhalo esikrakra kumajelo eendaba. Ezinye zeeperile:
- ...
Ukufunda yonke le nto kundenza ndibe buhlungu. Kuba oku kubonisa ukungazi ngokupheleleyo kwekhemistri phakathi kwabantu abaninzi. Kwaye kwakhona - kulula kangakanani ukukhohlisa abantu abangafundanga (ngendlela, %username%, ngaba ubusazi ukuba abanikazi bamakhoboka e-USA babekholelwa ngokuqinileyo ukuba amakhoboka afanele angafundanga - ukuze angakwazi ukukhohlisa izatifikethi zeholide, amanye amaphepha, zihambelana nezinye iindawo zokuhlala, zilungelelanise uvukelo njalo njalo - kuncinci okutshintshileyo).
Iziganeko ezingaphezulu okanye ezingaphantsi kweenjongo kulandelelwano ziboniswa apha (ngononophelo - isiUkraine, ukuba kulihlazo awazi - Tolika kaGoogle):
Yintoni enoqondwa kolu balo-maxesha?
- Akukho mntu wayesazi nto.
- Wonke umntu wayefuna ukuziphakamisa.
- Abacimi-mlilo/EMERCOM babesoyika.
- Nasemkhosini.
- Kwakukho isiphithiphithi esipheleleyo phakathi kwabahlali.
- De kwafika abameli beKazphosphate ngoJulayi 18, akukho mntu wayiqondayo into amakayenze.
- Akukho mntu wayefuna ukuhlawulela nantoni na.
Emva kokuthetha nabanye abasebenzi baseKazphosphate ababandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo ekupheliseni iziphumo zengozi, ndingatsho oku kulandelayo.
Kwakungekho lugqabhuko-dubulo/ukutsha okuzenzekelayo/ukudubula kwe-phosphorus-yahamba ngokuzolileyo phantsi kwamanzi athile. Kwaye iphosphorus etyheli ayinakuqhushumba ngokwayo! Kodwa kukho umonakalo kumzila kaloliwe, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba amatanki ayeke. Xa iitanki ibetha, kwabakho intanda, kwaphuma amanzi - kwaye i-phosphorus yavutha ngempumelelo. Ubushushu kunye neempawu zokutsha zatshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo itanki.
- Umsi omhlophe uyaqondakala - ngumsi we-phosphoric acid, kodwa kungekhona i-phosphorus. Ukuba uphefumla kuzo, ewe, uya kuqala ukukhwehlela okuqinileyo kwaye ngokubanzi oku akuncedi ngokukodwa. Nangona kunjalo, ayinabungozi. Uninzi lokulimala kubemi bendawo kwakungenxa yokuba abantu babaleka beyoqokelela iziqwenga zokutshaya ezinomdla kwiibhotile zamanzi, kodwa i-cordon ayizange imiswe ngokukhawuleza - wonke umntu wayesoyika.
- Abacimi-mlilo boyika kukuba βle nto itsha ngenxa yamanzi!β ngenxa yokuba ijethi enamandla yamanzi yaphula i-phosphorus ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci - kakuhle, basasaza kwaye babamba umlilo. Kwakuyimfuneko mhlawumbi ngomsinga obuthathaka okanye ngegwebu, okwathi emva koko kwenziwa.
- Ngendlela, xa yonke into yacinywa kwaye iziqwenga kuphela zahlala ngaphakathi kwitanki, amaKazakh acima. Kaloku, njengoko babecima, bawaqokelela baza bawaphosa kwii-emele zamanzi, ubukhulu becala. Omnye wabo yi-teknoloji eyintloko yesityalo, ukutshaya kakhulu. Ngoko - wapheka kwaye watshaya. Kwezinye iindawo bekukho nemifanekiso βyendoda ephambeneyo yaseKazakh etshaya kumlilo wekhemikhali owoyikekayo!β Ke ngoku?
- Kwakukho kwaye yayingenakubakho nayiphi na intlekele yokusingqongileyo okanye "iChernobyl yesibini" - eneneni, indalo yafumana umthamo wezichumiso ze-phosphorus.
- Umntu kuphela oziphatha ngokufanelekileyo, waphulaphula amaKazakh waza wenza oko kwakuyimfuneko nguVladimir Antonets, uSekela-Mphathiswa wokuqala weSebe leeMeko eziNgxamisekileyo. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba yi-colonel general kunye neembasa ezininzi.
Emva kokuba kwacaca ukuba akukho mvakalelo: kwakungekho kuhlaselwa kwamaphekula, kwakungekho sisongelo sentlekele yokusingqongileyo, akukho mntu wafa kwaye akukho mali eya kunikwa - ngokukhawuleza balahlekelwa ngumdla kwintlekele. Ngokusemthethweni, oonobangela bengozi yaba:
- Imeko enganelanga yeendlela kweli candelo likaloliwe.
- Ukophulwa kwemithetho yokhuseleko ngabasebenzi abasebenza kwiilokishi.
- Ukungakhathali (imiyalelo yeemeko zobushushu bokuthutha ngokukodwa iimpahla eziyingozi ayizange ihoywe).
- Imeko yobugcisa engonelanga yamatanki.
Enyanisweni, eyona nto inyanisekileyo kwezi yeyokuqala. Okuseleyo kongezwa ukuze kuphephe ukuhlawula iiKazakhs ngokulahleka kwempahla. Ewe, kubonakala ngathi i-inshurensi ihlawulwe.
Ngoko wonke umntu wahlala kowakhe.
Ukuziphatha, %igama lomsebenzisi%: ufunde chemistry. Ukho kuyo yonke indawo. Kuya kukunceda uphile, uphile, kwaye uqonde into ngokwakho.
Kwaye ekugqibeleni...
Ayizizo zonke iikhemikhali eziyingozi. Ngaphandle kwe-hydrogen kunye neoksijini, umzekelo, bekungenakwenzeka ukuvelisa amanzi, inxalenye ephambili yebhiya.
- UDave Barry, akazange abe yikhemisti
umthombo: www.habr.com