Ukuguqulelwa kwenqaku ngababhali abavela kuPhando lwe-IBM.
Ukuphumelela okubalulekileyo kwifiziksi kuya kusivumela ukuba sifunde iimpawu zomzimba ze-semiconductors ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu. Oku kunokunceda ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lweteknoloji ye-semiconductor yesizukulwana esilandelayo.
Ababhali:
- Ilungu labasebenzi, uphando lwe-IBM
UDoug Bishop-iNjineli yoMlinganiswa, uPhando lwe-IBM
Ii-semiconductors zezona zitena zokwakha zexesha lanamhlanje ledijithali, zisinika izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezinceda ubomi bethu bale mihla, njengeekhompyuter, ii-smartphones kunye nezinye izixhobo eziphathwayo. Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kwe-semiconductor kunye nokusebenza kwakhona kwenza izicelo ze-semiconductor zesizukulwana esilandelayo kwi-computing, i-sensing, kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla. Abaphandi kudala bezabalaza ukoyisa imida ekukwazini kwethu ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo iintlawulo ze-elektroniki ngaphakathi kwezixhobo zesemiconductor kunye nemathiriyeli ephezulu ye-semiconductor ebambe umva amandla ethu okuqhubela phambili.
Kwisifundo esitsha kwijenali Intsebenziswano yophando ekhokelwa yi-IBM yoPhando ichaza impumelelo enomdla ekusombululeni imfihlakalo ye-140 yeminyaka ubudala kwifiziksi, leyo eya kusivumela ukuba sifunde iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-semiconductors kwiinkcukacha ezinkulu kwaye zenze ukuba kuphuhliswe izinto ezintsha kunye neziphuculweyo ze-semiconductor.
Ukuqonda ngokwenyani i-physics ye-semiconductors, kufuneka siqale siqonde iimpawu ezisisiseko zabathwali bentlawulo ngaphakathi kwezixhobo, nokuba ngamasuntswana angalunganga okanye alungile, isantya sawo kwindawo yombane esetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokuba zixinene kangakanani na ngaphakathi kwezinto. Isazi seFiziksi u-Edwin Hall ufumene indlela yokumisela ezi zakhiwo ngo-1879 xa wafumanisa ukuba umhlaba wamagnetic uya kuphambukisa ukuhamba kweentlawuliso ze-electron ngaphakathi komqhubi, kwaye isixa sokuphambuka sinokulinganiswa njengomahluko onokuthi ubekho kwi-perpendicular kwi-directional flow of charge. amasuntswana, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1a. La mandla ombane, aziwa njengevoltheji yeHolo, atyhila ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nabathwali bentlawulo kwi-semiconductor, kubandakanywa nokuba zii-electron ezingalunganga okanye ii-quasiparticles ezibizwa ngokuba “yimingxuma,” ukuba zihamba ngokukhawuleza kangakanani kwindawo yombane, okanye “ukushukuma” kwazo (µ ), kunye nokugxila kwabo (n) ngaphakathi kwe-semiconductor.
Imfihlakalo ye-140 leminyaka ubudala
Kumashumi eminyaka emva kokufunyanwa kweHolo, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba banokwenza imilinganiselo yesiphumo seHolo ngokukhanya-iimali ezibizwa ngokuba yi-photo-Hall, bona uMfanekiso 1b. Kwiimvavanyo ezinjalo, ukukhanya kokukhanya kuvelisa abathwali abaninzi, okanye izibini ze-electron-hole, kwii-semiconductors. Ngelishwa, ukuqonda kwethu isiphumo esisisiseko seHolo sinikezele ngengqiqo kuphela kuninzi (okanye uninzi) lwabathwali abahlawulisayo. Abaphandi abazange bakwazi ukukhupha iiparameters kuzo zombini imidiya (ezinkulu kunye nezingezona ezinkulu) ngaxeshanye. Ulwazi olunjalo lungundoqo kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokukhanya, ezifana neepaneli zelanga kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-optoelectronic.
Uphononongo lwemagazini yoPhando lwe-IBM ityhila enye yeemfihlo ezigcinwe ixesha elide zesiphumo seHolo. Abaphandi abavela kwiKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), iYunivesithi yaseDuke, kunye ne-IBM baye bafumanisa indlela entsha kunye nobuchule obuvumela ukuba sikhuphe ulwazi ngaxeshanye malunga nesiseko kunye nesingekho sisiseko. abathwali, njengokugxilwa kwabo kunye nokuhamba, kunye nokufumana ulwazi olongezelelweyo malunga nobomi bomthwali, ubude bokusabalalisa kunye nenkqubo yokudibanisa.
Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, kuvavanyo lwe-photo-Hall, bobabini abathwali banegalelo kutshintsho kwi-conductivity (σ) kunye ne-Hall coefficient (H, ngokomlinganiselo kumlinganiselo wombane weHolo kumandla ombane). Ulwazi oluphambili luvela kumlinganiselo wokuqhuba kunye ne-Coefficient yeHolo njengomsebenzi wokukhanya kokukhanya. Ifihlwe kwimilo ye-conductivity-Hall coefficient curve (σ-H) ibonisa ulwazi olutsha ngesiseko: umahluko ekuhambeni kwabo bobabini abathwali. Njengoko kuxoxwe kwinqaku, olu lwalamano lunokubonakaliswa ngobuchule:
$$display$$ Δµ = d (σ²H)/dσ$$display$$
Ukuqala ngoxinaniso lwabathwali abaninzi olwaziwayo ukusuka kumlinganiselo weHolo yesithethe ebumnyameni, sinokutyhila kubo bobabini abathwali abaninzi kunye nabancinci ukuhamba kunye noxinaniso njengomsebenzi wokukhanya kokukhanya. Iqela libize indlela entsha yokulinganisa: IHolo yeeFoto eziQotywe nguMthwali (CRPH). Ngokuqina okwaziwayo kokukhanya kokukhanya, ubomi bomntu ophetheyo bunokusekwa ngendlela efanayo. Olu xhulumaniso kunye nezisombululo zalo zifihliwe malunga nenkulungwane enesiqingatha ukususela ekufumaneni umphumo weHolo.
Ngaphandle kokuqhubela phambili kolu lwazi lwethiyori, ukuqhubela phambili kwiindlela zokulinga nako kubalulekile ukwenza le ndlela intsha. Indlela idinga umlinganiselo ococekileyo womqondiso weHolo, onokuba nzima kwizinto apho umqondiso weHolo ubuthathaka (umzekelo, ngenxa yokuhamba okuphantsi) okanye xa kukho iimpawu ezongezelelweyo ezingafunekiyo, njengokukhanya okunamandla. Ukwenza oku, kuyimfuneko ukwenza umlinganiselo weHolo usebenzisa i-oscillating magnetic field. Kanye njengaxa umamele unomathotholo, kufuneka ukhethe ukuphindaphinda kwesikhululo esifunekayo, ulahle zonke ezinye iifrikhwensi ezisebenza njengengxolo. Indlela ye-CRPH ithatha inyathelo elinye ukuya phambili kwaye ayikhethi kuphela i-frequency oyifunayo kodwa kunye nesigaba se-oscillating magnetic field usebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-synchronous sensing. Le ngcamango yokulinganisa iHolo ejikelezayo kudala isaziwa, kodwa indlela yemveli yokusebenzisa inkqubo yeekhoyili ze-electromagnetic ukuvelisa i-oscillating magnetic field yayingasebenzi.
Ukufunyanwa kwangaphambili
Njengoko kuqhele ukwenzeka kwisayensi, ukuhambela phambili kwindawo ethile kuqhutywa zizinto ezifunyenweyo kwenye. Kwi-2015, uphando lwe-IBM luchaze into engaziwa ngaphambili kwi-physics ehambelana nefuthe elitsha lokuvalelwa kwemagnethi ebizwa ngokuba yi "camel hump" effect, eyenzeka phakathi kwemigca emibini ye-dipoles transverse xa idlula ubude obunzima, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2a. Umphumo luphawu oluphambili oluvumela uhlobo olutsha lwendalo yamagnetic trap ebizwa ngokuba yi-parallel dipole line trap (PDL trap), njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2b. Umgibe we-Magnetic PDL unokusetyenziswa njengeqonga leeveli kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuva ezifana ne-tiltmeter, seismometer (inzwa yenyikima). Iinkqubo ezintsha zenzwa ezinjalo, ezidityaniswe nobuchwepheshe bedatha enkulu, zinokuvula izicelo ezininzi ezitsha, kwaye ziphononongwa liqela loPhando le-IBM eliphuhlisa iqonga elikhulu lokuhlalutya idatha ebizwa ngokuba yi-IBM Physical Analytics Integrated Repository Service (PAIRS), equlethe ubutyebi be-geospatial. kunye nedatha ye-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT).
Okumangalisayo kukuba, into efanayo yePDL inesinye isicelo esisodwa. Xa ijikeleziswa, isebenza njengenkqubo yovavanyo ye-photo-Hall efanelekileyo ukufumana i-unidirectional kunye ne-harmonic ecocekileyo ye-oscillation ye-magnetic field (Figure 2c). Okona kubaluleke ngakumbi, inkqubo ibonelela ngendawo eyaneleyo yokuvumela ukukhanya kwendawo ebanzi yesampulu, ebaluleke kakhulu kuvavanyo lweHall-Hall.
Impact
Indlela entsha yeholo yeefoto esiyiphuhliseyo ivumela ukuba sikhuphe isixa esimangalisayo solwazi kwii-semiconductors. Ngokuchaseneyo neeparamitha ezintathu kuphela ezifunyenwe kumlinganiselo weHolo yeklasi, le ndlela intsha ivelisa ukuya kuthi ga kwiiparamitha ezisixhenxe kwindawo nganye yokukhanya okuvavanyiweyo. Oku kubandakanya ukushukuma kwazo zombini ii-electron kunye nemingxuma; ukugxininiswa komphathi wabo phantsi kwefuthe lokukhanya; ubomi obuphindaphindayo; kunye nobude bokusasazwa kwee-electron, imingxuma kunye neentlobo ze-ambipolar. Konke oku kunokuphinda kuphindwe ka-N (o.k.t. inani leeparamitha zokukhanya kokukhanya ezisetyenziswa kuvavanyo).
Oku kubhaqwa okutsha kunye netekhnoloji kuya kunceda ukuqhubela phambili ukuqhubela phambili kwe-semiconductor kuzo zombini iitekhnoloji esele zikhona kunye nezo zivelayo. Ngoku sinolwazi kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo ukukhupha iimpawu ezibonakalayo zemathiriyeli ye-semiconductor ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu. Ngokomzekelo, kuya kunceda ukukhawulezisa ukuphuhliswa kweteknoloji ye-semiconductor yesizukulwana esilandelayo, njengeepaneli zelanga ezingcono, izixhobo ezingcono ze-optoelectronic, kunye nezixhobo ezintsha kunye nezixhobo zobuchwepheshe bobukrelekrele bokwenziwa.
inqaku elipapashwe ngo-Okthobha 7, 2019 .
Ukuguqulelwa: UNikolay Marin (), IGosa eliPhezulu leTekhnoloji IBM eRashiya kunye namazwe eCIS.
umthombo: www.habr.com