Kwiimyuziyam zanamhlanje kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto zakudala, imibhalo yamandulo, imibhalo yesandla kunye neencwadi zigcinwa kwiimeko ezithile, ezivumela ukuba zigcine ukubonakala kwazo kwangaphambili kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Oyena mmeli ubalaseleyo wemibhalo-ngqangi engenakonakala ugqalwa njengeMisongo yoLwandle Olufileyo (imibhalo-ngqangi yaseQumran), eyafunyanwa okokuqala emva phayaa ngo-1947 yaza yaqala ngowama-408 BC. e. Eminye yale misongo iye yasinda kwiziqwenga kuphela, kodwa eminye ayizange ichukunyiswe lixesha. Kwaye nanku umbuzo ocacileyo uvela - njani abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-2000 edlulileyo bakwazi ukwenza imibhalo yesandla esele yasinda ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje? Yile nto kanye iMassachusetts Institute of Technology yagqiba ekubeni iyifumane. Yintoni eyafunyanwa zizazinzulu kwimisongo yamandulo kwaye bubuphi ubuchwephesha obasetyenziselwa ukuyidala? Sifunda malunga noku kwingxelo yabaphandi. Hamba.
Umlando
Kunyaka wakutshanje we-1947, abelusi abangamaBedouin uMuhammad ed-Dhib, uJuma Muhammad noKhalil Musa baya kukhangela igusha elahlekileyo, eyabakhokelela kwimiqolomba yaseQumran. Imbali ithi cwaka malunga nokuba abelusi bafumana i-artiodactyl elahlekileyo, kodwa bafumanisa into exabiseke ngakumbi ngokwembono yembali - iijagi zodongwe ezininzi apho imisongo yamandulo yayifihlwe.
Imiqolomba yaseQumran.
UMuhammad wakhupha imiqulu emininzi waza wayizisa kwindawo yakhe yokuhlala ukuze ayibonise abanye abantu bezizwe zakhe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amaBedouin agqiba kwelokuba ayinike umrhwebi ogama linguIbrahim Ija eBhetelehem le misongo, kodwa yena wayijonga njengenkunkuma, ebonisa ukuba yayibiwe kwindlu yesikhungu. AmaBedouin akazange ayeke ukuzama ukuthengisa izinto awayezifumene aza aya kwenye imarike, apho umKristu waseSiriya wathembisa ukuyithenga kuwo loo misongo. Ngenxa yoko, u-sheikh, ogama lakhe lingaziwa, wajoyina incoko waza wamcebisa ukuba aqhagamshelane nomthengisi wezinto zakudala uKhalil Eskander Shahin. Isiphumo solu phendlo oluntsonkothileyo lwemarike yaba kukuthengiswa kwemiqulu yeeponti ezisi-7 zaseJordani (ngaphezu kweedola ezingama-314).
Iingqayi ekwakufunyenwe kuzo imisongo.
Imisongo exabisekileyo isenokuba yayiqokelela uthuli kwiishelufa zomthengisi wezinto zamandulo ukuba ayizange itsale ingqalelo kaGqr. John C. Traver weAmerican School of Oriental Research (ASOR), owathelekisa izifundo ezikwimisongo nezinye ezifanayo. kumpapiri kaNash, owona mbhalo-ngqangi weBhayibhile wamandulo owawusaziwa ngelo xesha, waza wafumana ukufana phakathi kwawo.
Umsongo kaIsaya oqulethe phantse umbhalo opheleleyo weNcwadi yomprofeti uIsaya. Ubude bomqulu yi-734 cm.
NgoMatshi 1948, ekuncotsheni kweMfazwe yama-Arabhu namaSirayeli, imisongo yasiwa eBeirut (eLebanon). NgoAprili 11, 1948, intloko yakwaASOR uMillar Burrows wabhengeza ngokusemthethweni ukufunyanwa kwemisongo. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukusa phambili, kwaqaliswa ukukhangela ngokupheleleyo kwaloo mqolomba (owawubizwa ngokuba ngumqolomba onguNo. 1) apho kwafunyanwa khona imisongo yokuqala. Ngowe-1949, urhulumente waseJordan wakhupha imvume yokuba kusetshwe kummandla waseQumran. Kwaye sele ngoJanuwari 28, 1949, umqolomba wafunyanwa ngumbukeli weZizwe eziManyeneyo waseBelgium uCaptain Philippe Lippens kunye nomphathi we-Arab Legion Akkash el-Zebn.
Ukususela oko kwafunyanwa imisongo yokuqala, kuye kwafunyanwa imibhalo-ngqangi engama-972, eminye yayo iphelele, yaye eminye yayo yaqokelelwa yaziingceba ezahlukeneyo. Amaqhekeza ayemancinane kakhulu, yaye inani lawo lalingaphezu kwe-15 000 (sithetha ngabo bafunyanwa kumqolomba onguNombolo 4). Omnye wabaphandi wazama ukubahlanganisa de wafa ngo-1979, kodwa akazange akwazi ukuwugqiba umsebenzi wakhe.
Iziqwenga zemisongo.
Ngokomxholo, imiSongo yoLwandle Olufileyo yayinemibhalo yeBhayibhile, i-apocrypha kunye ne-pseudepigrapha kunye noncwadi lwabantu baseQumran. Ulwimi lwemibhalo lwalo lwahlukeneyo: isiHebhere, isiAramiki kunye nesiGrike.
Imibhalo yayibhalwe ngamalahle enziwe ngamalahle, nemibhalo-ngqangi eyayibhalwe kwimiqulu yayizezikhumba zebhokhwe nezezimvu; Inxalenye encinane yemisongo eyafunyanwayo yayisenziwa kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokuhombisa umbhalo kumaphepha amancinane obhedu, awayesongwa aze afakwe kwiingqayi. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuyivula loo misongo ngaphandle kokutshatyalaliswa kwayo ngokungenakuphepheka ngenxa yokubola, ngoko abembi bezinto zakudala bayinqumle ibe ziziqwenga, ezathi emva koko zadityaniswa zibe ngumbhalo omnye.
Iingceba zomsongo wobhedu.
Ukuba imisongo yobhedu yayibonisa ukungakhethi buso kwanenkohlakalo yokuhamba kwexesha, ngoko kwakukho ezo zazibonakala zingenagunya. Omnye ololo hlobo ngumsongo oziimitha ezisi-8 nothi utsale ingqalelo ngobungqingqwa bawo obubhityileyo nombala oqaqambileyo wophondo lwendlovu. Abembi bezinto zakudala bawubiza ngokuba “nguMsongo weTempile” ngenxa yokukhankanywa kumbhalo weTempile yokuQala, awayefanele ukuyakha uSolomon. I-parchment yalo msongo inesakhiwo esine-collagenous kunye ne-atypical inorganic layer.
Umsongo wetempile. Ungajonga ngcono kuMsongo weTempile uphela .
Izazinzulu kulo msebenzi siwuphononongayo namhlanje zihlalutye ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zolu maleko ungaqhelekanga kusetyenziswa iX-reyi kunye neRaman spectroscopy kwaye zafumanisa amatye etyuwa (sulfate evaporites). Ukufumana okunjalo kubonisa indlela ekhethekileyo yokudala umsongo ohlalutyiweyo, onokutyhila iimfihlelo zokugcinwa kwemibhalo yamandulo enokusetyenziswa kwixesha lethu.
Iziphumo zoHlalutyo lweMisongo yeTempile
Njengoko izazinzulu ziphawula (kwaye njengoko nathi sibona kwiifoto), uninzi lweMisongo yoLwandle oluFileyo imnyama kakhulu ngombala, kwaye inxalenye encinci kuphela ekhanyayo ngombala. Ukongeza kwinkangeleko yayo emangalisayo, uMqulu weTempile unolwakhiwo olunamaleko amaninzi kunye nombhalo obhalwe kuluhlu lwendlovu olunombala wendlovu olugqume ulusu olusetyenziswa njengesiseko somqulu. Ngasemva komsongo unokubona ubukho beenwele ezisele eluswini.
Umfanekiso #1: А - ukubonakala komqulu, B -indawo apho umaleko we-inorganic kunye nombhalo ungekhoyo, С — icala lombhalo (ekhohlo) kunye necala elingasemva (ekunene), D - ukukhanya kubonisa ubukho bendawo apho kungekho maleko we-inorganic (indawo ezilula), Е - I-micrograph ebonakalayo eyandisiweyo yendawo egxininiswe ngumgca onamachaphaza kwi-1C.
Imitya yonyawo inwele yeenwele *, ibonakala ngasemva kumqulu (1A), bathi inxalenye yombhalo womsongo yayibhalwe ngaphakathi eluswini.
Inwele yeenwele * -ilungu elibekwe kwidermis yesikhumba kwaye liqukethe iindidi ezingama-20 ezahlukeneyo zeeseli. Umsebenzi oyintloko weli lungu elinamandla kukulawula ukukhula kweenwele.
Kwicala lokubhaliweyo kukho iindawo “ezingenanto” apho kungekho maleko angaphiliyo (1C, ekhohlo), eyenza umaleko we-collagen omthubi ubonakale. Imimandla apho umsongo wawusongwa khona kwafunyanwa apho umbhalo, kunye nocwecwe lwendalo, “lwaphinda lwashicilelwa” ngasemva kumsongo.
µXRF kunye ne-EDS uhlalutyo lomqulu
Emva kokuwuhlolisisa ngokubonakalayo umsongo, izazinzulu zaqhuba µXRF* и EDS* uhlalutyo.
XRF* (Uhlalutyo lwe-X-ray fluorescence) - i-spectroscopy, eyenza kube lula ukufumanisa ukubunjwa kwe-elemental ye-substance ngokuhlalutya i-spectrum ebonakala xa izinto eziphantsi kophando zifakwe kwi-ray-ray radiation. I-µXRF (i-micro-X-ray fluorescence) yohluka kwi-XRF ngesisombululo esisezantsi kakhulu sesithuba.
EDS* (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) yindlela yohlalutyo olusisiseko lwento eqinileyo, esekelwe kuhlalutyo lwamandla okukhutshwa kwe-x-reyi yayo.
Umfanekiso #2
Umsongo wetempile uphawuleka ngokwahlukana kwawo (2A) ngokokwakheka kweekhemikhali, kungenxa yesi sizathu apho oosonzululwazi bagqiba ekubeni basebenzise iindlela zokuhlalutya ezichanekileyo ezifana µXRF kunye ne-EDS kumacala omabini omqulu.
Itotali ye-µXRF yoluhlu lwemimandla yomdla (iindawo zomsongo apho uhlalutyo lwenziwa khona) ibonise uqulunqo oluntsonkothileyo lomaleko we-inorganic, oqulathe izinto ezininzi, ezona ziphambili:2C): isodiyam (Nai-magnesium (Mgialuminiyam (Alisilicon (Siiphosphorus (Pisulfure (Schlorine (Clipotassium (Kcalcium,Camanganese (Mn), intsimbi (Fekunye nebromine (Br).
Imephu ye-µXRF yesiqalelo sokuhanjiswa kwemephu ibonise ukuba izinto eziphambili iNa, Ca, S, Mg, Al, Cl kunye neSi zasasazwa kulo lonke iqhekeza. Kwakhona kunokucingelwa ukuba i-aluminium isasazwa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke iqhekeza, kodwa izazinzulu azikakulungeli ukuthetha oku ngokuchaneka kwe-100% ngenxa yokufana okuqinileyo phakathi kwe-K-line ye-aluminium kunye ne-L-line ye-bromine. Kodwa abaphandi bachaza ubukho be-potassium (K) kunye nentsimbi (Fe) ngokungcoliswa komqulu, kwaye kungekhona ngokungeniswa ngabom kwezi zinto kwisakhiwo sayo ngexesha lokudala. Kukwakho noxinzelelo olwandisiweyo lwe-Mn, Fe kunye ne-Br kwimimandla engqindilili yeqhekeza apho umaleko we-organic ungahlukaniswanga.
I-Na kunye ne-Cl zibonisa usasazo olufanayo kuwo wonke ummandla wophononongo, oko kukuthi, ukuxinana kwezi elementi kuphezulu kakhulu kwiindawo apho kukho umaleko we-organic. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko phakathi kweNa kunye neCl. I-Na isasazwa ngokulinganayo, ngelixa i-Cl ayilandeli ipateni yeentanda kunye ne-delaminations encinci kwi-inorganic layer. Ngaloo ndlela, iimephu zokulungelelaniswa kwe-Na-Cl yokusabalalisa zingabonisa ubukho be-sodium chloride (i-NaCl, i.e. ityuwa) kuphela ngaphakathi kwe-organic layer yesikhumba, okusisiphumo sokucutshungulwa kwesikhumba ngexesha lokulungiswa kwesikhumba.
Emva koko, abaphandi baqhube ukuskena i-electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) yeendawo ezinomdla kumqulu, ovumela ukuba balinganise izinto zekhemikhali eziphezu komqulu. I-EDS ibonelela ngesisombululo esiphezulu sendawo esecaleni ngenxa yobunzulu bokungena kwe-electron. Imakroskopu ye-electron yokuskena esezantsi isetyenziselwe ukuphumeza esi siphumo kuba inciphisa umonakalo obangelwe sisifunxi kwaye ivumela imephu esisiseko yeesampulu ezingaqhubiyo.
Uhlalutyo lweemephu zezinto ze-EDS (2D) ibonisa ubukho bamasuntswana kummandla womdla we-inorganic layer, equkethe i-sodium, isulfure kunye ne-calcium. I-silicon yafunyanwa kwakhona kwi-inorganic layer, kodwa kungekhona kwi-Na-S-Ca amasuntswana afunyenwe kumphezulu we-inorganic layer. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-aluminiyam kunye neklorini lufunyenwe phakathi kwamasuntswana nakwizinto eziphilayo.
Iimephu zezinto zesodium, isulfure kunye nekhalsiyam (ifakwe kwi 2B) bonisa ukulungelelaniswa okucacileyo phakathi kwezi zinto zintathu, kwaye iintolo zibonisa amaqhekeza apho i-sodium kunye ne-sulfure yabonwa khona, kodwa i-calcium encinci.
Umfanekiso #3
µUhlalutyo lwe-XRF kunye ne-EDS lwayenza yacaca into yokuba umaleko we-inorganic uqulethe amasuntswana atyebileyo kwisodium, i-calcium nesalfure, kunye nezinye izinto ezikwimilinganiselo emincinci. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela zophando azivumeli uphononongo olunzulu lweebhondi zemichiza kunye neempawu zesigaba, ngoko ke iRaman spectroscopy (iRaman spectroscopy) yasetyenziselwa le njongo.
Ukunciphisa i-fluorescence yangasemva ebonwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-Raman spectra, i-low-energy excitation wavelengths isetyenzisiwe. Kule meko, i-Raman spectroscopy kwi-wavelength ye-1064 nm ikuvumela ukuba uqokelele idatha ukusuka kumaqhekeza amakhulu (400 μm ububanzi)3A). Zombini i-spectra ecetywayo ibonisa izinto ezintathu eziphambili: i-sulfate ephindwe kabini kwi-987 kunye ne-1003 cm-1, i-nitrate ephezulu kwi-1044 cm-1, kunye neeprotheni eziqhelekileyo ze-collagen okanye i-gelatin.
Ukuze ukwahlula ngokucacileyo i-organic and inorganic components of the fragment study of the scroll, kufuphi ne-infrared radiation kwi-785 nm isetyenzisiwe. Kumfanekiso 3B I-spectra ye-collagen fibers (i-spectrum I) kunye ne-inorganic particles (i-spectra II kunye ne-III) ibonakala ngokucacileyo.
Incopho ye-spectral ye-collagen fibers iquka iimpawu ze-nitrate kwi-1043 cm-1, enokuthi idibaniswe ne-vibration ye-NO3-ion kwi-NH4NO3.
I-Spectra of particles equkethe i-Na, S kunye ne-Ca ibonisa ukuba i-inorganic layer iqulethe iinqununu ezivela kwimixube ye-sulfate-containing minerals ngokwemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo.
Ukuthelekisa, i-spectral peaks yomxube we-synthetic owomileyo womoya we-Na2SO4 kunye ne-CaSO4 iwela kwi-450 kunye ne-630 cm-1, i.e. yahluka kwimbonakalo yesampulu ephantsi kofundo (3B). Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umxube ofanayo womiswe ngokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwe-250 ° C, i-spectra ye-Raman iya kuhambelana ne-spectra ye-Temple Scroll kwiiqhekeza zayo ze-sulfate.
ISpectrum III inxulunyaniswe namasuntswana amancinane kakhulu kumaleko we-inorganic kunye nobubanzi obumalunga ne-5-15 µm (3C). La masuntswana abonise iRaman ebukhali kakhulu esasaza kubude be-excitation wavelength ye-785 nm. Uphawu lwe-triplet spectral signature kwi-1200, 1265 kunye ne-1335 cm-1 ibonisa iiyunithi ze-vibrational zohlobo lwe-"Na2-X". Le triplet ibonakalisa i-Na-containing sulfates kwaye ihlala ifumaneka kwiiminerali ezifana ne-nardite (Na2SO4) kunye ne-glauberite (Na2SO4 CaSO4).
Umfanekiso #4
Izazinzulu ke zasebenzisa i-EDS ukwenza imephu esisiseko yeendawo ezinkulu zoMqulu weTempile kwicala lombhalo nangasemva. Ngokulandelayo, ukuskena kwasemva kwecala lokubhaliweyo eliqaqambileyo (4B) kunye necala elingasemva elimnyama (4C) iveze ulwakhiwo olwahlukileyo. Umzekelo, ecaleni kokuqhekeka okukhulu kwicala elinombhalo (4B) Umahluko ohlukileyo kwi-electron density unokubonwa phakathi kwe-inorganic layer kunye ne-collagen material ephantsi.
Okulandelayo, zonke izinto ezikhoyo kwiqhekeza lokuskrola (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, C kunye no-O) zibalwe ngokwefomathi yomlinganiselo weathom.
Umzobo ongunxantathu ongentla ubonisa umlinganiselo wezinto ezintathu (Na, Ca kunye no-S) kwindawo ye-pixel eyi-512x512 yomdla. Iitshathi ze 4A и 4D bonisa ukuxinana kwamanqaku kwimizobo, ukuhlelwa kombala okuboniswe ngasekunene kwe-4D.
Emva kokuhlalutya imizobo yomibini, kwagqitywa ukuba imilinganiselo ye-calcium kwi-sodium kunye nesulfure kwiphikseli nganye yendawo yokufunda (ukusuka kwisicatshulwa nasemva komqulu) ihambelana ne-glauberite kunye ne-nardite.
Emva koko, yonke idatha yokuhlalutya kwe-EDS yadityaniswa ngokusekelwe kumlinganiselo wezinto eziziinqununu ngokusebenzisa i-algorithm ye-clustering engaqondakaliyo ye-C. Oku kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wokusasazwa kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo kokubini kwicala lombhalo nakwicala elingasemva lesiqwenga somqulu. Le datha yayisetyenziselwa ukumisela ulwahlulo olunokwenzeka kakhulu lwamanqaku edatha angama-5122 ukusuka kwidatha nganye esetelwe kwinani elimiselweyo lamaqela. Idatha yecala lombhalo yahlulahlulwe yangamaqela amathathu, kwaye idatha yecala elingasemva yahlulahlulwe yangabane. Iziphumo zentlanganisela zinikezelwa njengamaqela adibanayo kwidayagramu engunxantathu (4E и 4H) nanjengeemephu zokusasaza (4F и 4G).
Iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo zibonisa ukuhanjiswa kwemathiriyeli emnyama ephilayo ngasemva kumqulu (umbala obhulowu uvuliwe 4K) kwaye apho iintanda kumaleko we-inorganic kwicala lombhalo kuveza umaleko wecollagen ngaphantsi (olutyheli 4J).
Izinto eziphambili ezifundiweyo zabelwa le mibala ilandelayo: isulfure - eluhlaza, icalcium - ebomvu kunye nesodium - eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (imizobo enxantathu 4I и 4L, kunye neemephu zokusasaza 4J и 4K). Njengomphumo "wombala", sibona ngokucacileyo ukungafani koxinzelelo lwezinto: i-sodium-phezulu, isulfure-modareyitha kunye ne-potassium-ephantsi. Lo mkhwa ubonwa kumacala omabini esiqwenga somqulu (umbhalo kunye nomva).
Umfanekiso #5
Indlela efanayo yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza imephu yogxininiso lwe-Na-Ca-S kwenye indawo yesiqwenga somqulu phantsi kofundo, kunye nezinye iziqwenga ezintathu zoMqolomba 4 (R-4Q1, R-4Q2 kunye ne-R-4Q11) .
Izazinzulu ziqaphela ukuba kuphela isiqwenga se-R-4Q1 esivela kumqolomba we-4, ngokwemizobo kunye neemephu zokusasazwa kwezinto, zihambelana noMqulu weTempile. Ngokukodwa, iziphumo zibonisa ubudlelwane be-R-4Q1 ehambelana ne-theoretical Na-Ca-S ratio ye-glauberite.
Imilinganiselo ye-Raman yeqhekeza le-R-4Q1 eqokelelwe kwi-785 nm ye-excitation wavelength ibonisa ubukho be-sodium sulfate, i-calcium sulfate, kunye ne-calcite. Uhlalutyo lwe-R-4Q1 i-collagen fibers ayizange ibonise ubukho be-nitrate.
Ngenxa yoko, uMqulu weTempile kunye ne-R-4Q1 ziyafana kakhulu kulwakhiwo lwento, ebonisa ukusetyenziswa kwendlela efanayo ekudalweni kwazo, ekubonakala ukuba zinxulunyaniswa neetyuwa ze-evaporite. Eminye imiqulu emibini efunyenwe kumqolomba ofanayo eQumran (R-4Q2 kunye ne-R-4Q11) ibonisa ukulinganisa kwe-calcium kwi-sodium kunye ne-sulfure ehluke kakhulu kwiziphumo zeTempile uMqulu kunye neqhekeza i-R-4Q1, ebonisa indlela eyahlukileyo yokuvelisa.
Ukushwankathela, umaleko we-inorganic kumsongo wawunentaphane yeeminerali, uninzi lwazo yayiziityuwa zesulfate. Ukongeza kwi-gypsum kunye ne-analogues yayo, i-nardite (Na2SO4) kunye ne-glauberite (Na2SO4 · CaSO4) nazo zachongwa. Ngokwemvelo, sinokucinga ukuba ezinye zezi zimbiwa zinokuba yimveliso yokubola komgangatho oyintloko womqulu, kodwa sinokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo babengekho emiqolombeni ngokwawo apho kwafunyanwa khona imisongo. Esi sigqibo siqinisekiswa ngokulula yinyaniso yokuba iileya ezine-sulfate kwindawo yazo zonke iziqwenga ezifundiweyo ezifunyenwe kwimiqolomba eyahlukeneyo yaseQumran azihambelani needipozithi zamaminerali ezifunyenwe kwiindonga zale miqolomba. Isiphelo sesokuba iiminerali ze-evaporite zadityaniswa kwizakhiwo zokuskrola ngexesha lenkqubo yazo yokuvelisa.
Izazinzulu zikwaqaphela into yokuba ukuxinana kweesulfates kumanzi oLwandle Olufileyo kuphantsi, kwaye iglauberite kunye ne-nardite aziqhelekanga ukufumaneka kwingingqi yoLwandle Olufileyo. Umbuzo onengqondo opheleleyo uvela: ngaba abadali bale misongo yamandulo bafumana phi i-glauberite kunye ne-nardite?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni imvelaphi yemithombo yomthombo wokudala uMqulu weTempile, indlela yokuyilwa kwayo ihluke kakhulu kuleyo isetyenziselwa eminye imibhalo yesandla (umzekelo, i-R-4Q1 kunye ne-R-4Q2 ukusuka kwi-Cave No. 4). Xa kujongwa lo mahluko, izazinzulu zicebisa ukuba umsongo ngokwawo wadalwa kusetyenziswa indlela eyayisamkelwa ngokubanzi ngelo xesha, kodwa emva koko watshintshwa ngoqweqwe lwe-inorganic, oluvumela ukuba uphile iminyaka engaphezu kwama-2000.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nee-nuances zophononongo, ndincoma ukujonga и kuye.
Ipilo
Abantu abangaziyo ikamva labo abanakamva. Eli binzana alibhekiseli kuphela kwiziganeko ezibalulekileyo zembali kunye nobuntu, kodwa nakwiiteknoloji ezazisetyenziswa kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezidlulileyo. Omnye unokucinga ukuba okwangoku asisafuni ukwazi ukuba le misongo yenziwa njani kwiminyaka engama-2000 eyadlulayo, kuba sinobuchwepheshe bethu obusivumela ukuba sigcine izibhalo kwimo yazo yangaphambili iminyaka emininzi. Nangona kunjalo, okokuqala, ngaba ayinomdla? Okwesibini, uninzi lwetekhnoloji yanamhlanje, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isenokuvakala incinane kangakanani na, yayisetyenziswa ngendlela ethile kumaxesha amandulo. Kwaye, njengoko mna nawe sele sisazi, nangelo xesha uluntu lwaluzele ziingqondo ezikrelekrele, ezinezimvo ezinokutyhalela izazinzulu zale mihla kwizinto ezintsha ezifunyanisiweyo okanye ziphucule ezikhoyo. Ukufunda kumzekelo wexesha elidlulileyo akunakuthathwa njengehlazo, kuncinci kakhulu, kuba i-echo yexesha elidlulileyo ihlala ihambelana nekamva.
NgoLwesihlanu ukusuka phezulu:
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