inkampani yethu ithatha inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezinkulu nezincinane. Sele sibhale ngoHabré , kwaye namhlanje siyakumema ukuba ucamngce ngeeprojekthi zokwakha ezinkulu zamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ahlala, ngokwemigangatho yanamhlanje, ixesha elide kakhulu, kodwa ekugqibeleni ezi zinto zaba zizikhumbuzo zezakhiwo zehlabathi.
Indlela abayakha ngayo ngaphambili
Ukuba sinciphisa imbali yophuhliso lobugcisa bokwakha ukuya kwizigaba ezintathu ngomoya othi "Ndaza, ndabona, ndoyisa," ngoko kuya kuvela: umntu wafunda ukuba isinyithi sinokwenziwa kwi-ore, yakha ikhonkrithi eqinisiweyo, kwaye wenza ibulldozer. Ukuveliswa kweendlela ezininzi eziye zakhawulezisa umsebenzi wokwakha kwenzeka ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Kwaye ngaphambi koko, umsebenzi wezandla wawuyeyona nto iphambili kwisiza sokwakha. Ukunceda abantu kwakukho iirola zomthi, iilever kunye neendlela zokuphakamisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izixhobo zokwakha zazisenziwa kwisiza sokwakha zize zichithwe emva kokuba kugqitywe ukwakhiwa.
Ekubeni zonke izixhobo zazisisiseko kwaye azizange zichaphazele kakhulu imveliso, kwakunokwenzeka ukukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kuphela ngomsebenzi owongezelelweyo, okwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olukhulu. Loo mali yabelwa, okokuqala, ukuze kwakhiwe iitempile neecathedrals. Apha kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kutsalwe abantu abaninzi njengoko kwakufuneka ekwakhiweni ngelona xesha lifutshane. Ngokomzekelo, iHagia Sophia eConstantinople (537) yakhiwa kwiminyaka emi-6 kuphela, leyo ngaloo mihla yayikhawuleza ngokukhawuleza kwitempile engama-55,6 m ukuphakama. Kodwa abasebenzi abayi-6 basebenza kuyo yonke iminyaka emi-10. Eli lixabiso lesakhiwo esikhulu esiye saba ngumqondiso we-Istanbul. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-000, le cathedral yahlala iyeyona inkulu kwihlabathi lamaKristu.
Akunjalo kuphela iindleko zokusebenza, kodwa kunye nezixhobo zokwakha. Ababhali-mbali babhala ukuba ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zonqulo kwakubiza kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, umphandi waseMerika uHenry Kraus wathelekisa udaka negolide waza wasebenzisa isafobe kumxholo wencwadi yakhe ethi Gold was the mortar: The economics of cathedral building. Le ncwadi inikezela ngophando lwakhe kwinkxaso-mali kwezinye iicathedrals zaseYurophu ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi.
Ilizwe ngalinye lineprojekthi yalo "yegolide" engagqitywanga - eSpain (iSagrada Familia eyaziwayo), naseCambodia (Angkor Wat), naseChina, kwaye, eRashiya. Iiprojekthi ezinjalo zifanelekile ukongeza kuluhlu lwemimangaliso yehlabathi, kwaye kungakhathaliseki ukuba ukwakhiwa kwazo kwakulibaziseka kangakanani, ekugqibeleni kwaphela (phantse bonke).
Ke kuya kuhlala ixesha elingakanani ukwakhiwa kweprojekthi enkulu efaneleke ukuba sisikhumbuzo soyilo lwehlabathi?
Udonga olukhulu lwaseTshayina - iminyaka engama-2000
Esinye sezona zakhiwo zidumileyo kwihlabathi, ukwakhiwa kwazo kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-2000. Endleleni yodonga kukho iintlango nemilambo, iintaba namathafa. Ukwakhiwa kodonga kwaqala ngenkulungwane ye-300 BC. yaza yagqitywa phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-000 AD. Ngelo xesha, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2 abantu basebenze ekwakhiweni kodonga, kwaye bebonke ukuya kwi-XNUMX yezigidi zabantu babandakanyeka kulo msebenzi.
Isixa sezinto ezisetyenziswayo silinganiswa ngezigidi zeetoni. Ebudeni benkqubo yokwakha, ngokuyintloko abasebenzi babefumana izinto zokwakha esizeni. Iindonga zazenziwe ngesanti, kwaye ngenxa yokuthembeka, isithuba phakathi kweendonga ezimbini sasizaliswe ngeengcongolo kunye nomngcunube. Kwiintaba, udonga lwakhiwe ngamatye angaqingqwanga kunye namatye ahlukeneyo. Kwadlula iinkulungwane, iteknoloji yaphucuka, kwavela izinto ezintsha. Ezona ndawo zamva nje eludongeni, ezakhiwe yiMing Dynasty, zakhiwe ngezitena nodaka-njengokuba sisenza namhlanje.
Inyaniso enomdla: Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba udonga lunokubonwa kwi-space, kodwa le yi-rumor esele iphikisiwe amaxesha amaninzi.
Sagrada Familia - iminyaka engaphezu kwama-137
Siqinisekile ukuba esi sisakhiwo sokuqala owasikhumbulayo xa wawufunda umxholo wenqaku. Iprojekthi ka-Antonio Gaudi isakhiwa. Ilitye lokuqala le-basilica labekwa kwi-1882. Ngomnyaka wokufa kukaGaudi - ngo-1926 - i-cathedral yayiyikota kuphela yakhiwe, kwaye yayiza kuba ngumfuziselo ukuba ukwakhiwa kugqitywe kwi-100 yeminyaka yokufa kwakhe.
Sagrada uye , apho ubani anokubona uqikelelo olunethemba lokuba icawa yayinokugqitywa ngenkulungwane yama-70. Kucingelwa ukuba isakhiwo ngoku i-90,1% epheleleyo kwaye ifikelele ekuphakameni kweemitha ezingama-172,5 (kwaye ubude obucwangcisiweyo yi-XNUMX m).
Ngendlela, kule ndawo unokuqhagamshela kwikhamera ye-intanethi nangaliphi na ixesha kwaye ujonge ngokwakho ukuba ukwakhiwa okanye ukubuyisela kuqhubeka njani.
Lo mzobo wogcino ukusuka kwi-1892 ubonisa iilifti ezininzi ezisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwe-crypt ye-Sagrada Familia. Esi sakhiwo somthi yinkqubo ye-pulley eneentambo - olu hlobo lwekhreyini lwaqala ukusetyenziswa ngamaRoma kwaye lwalunokuphakamisa ukuya kwiitoni ezi-2,5.
Inyaniso enomdla: Abasemagunyeni e-Barcelona bathi akukho rekhodi yephepha-mvume lokwakha elicelwe ngo-1885 elakhe lanikezelwa. Kwaye ngoku, iminyaka eyi-137 emva kokuqaliswa kokwakhiwa, isixeko sanika abakhi ilayisenisi esebenzayo de kube ngu-2026. Iminwe idibene bangayenza!
Angkor Wat (Cambodia) - 37 iminyaka ubudala
I-Angkor Wat yakhiwa phakathi kwe-1113 kunye ne-1150 AD. Bathi le tempile ayizange yakhiwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-4, kodwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu ama-4, into engalunganga. Ukungavisisani nomhla wokwakhiwa kwavela ngenxa yokuba i-Angkor Wat yayisembindini woBukhosi baseKhmer - isixeko sase-Angkor, kwaye abanye bacinga ukuba iminyaka yokwakhiwa kwesi sixeko (eyiminyaka eyi-400 kanye) ibe yiminyaka yokwakhiwa kwesixeko. itempile.
Isakhiwo sinemigangatho emithathu yephiramidi ejoliswe ngasentshona. Ukwakhiwa kwetempile kwakuqhutywa ukusuka embindini ukuya kwi-periphery. Ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na indawo ephezulu, zintathu kuphela iinqaba ezintlanu ezihlala zibonakala, ngoko ke nangemigangatho yanamhlanje, i-Angkor Wat ngummangaliso wokwakha.
Izigidi ezi-5 zeetoni zamatye entlabathi ezisetyenzisiweyo ekwakhiweni kwetempile ziye zarhuqwa kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-50 ukusuka kweyona ndawo ikufuphi yakwari ngabasebenzi ngokwabo. Abantu abamalunga nama-300 kunye neendlovu ezingama-000, eziboniswe ngokuchanekileyo kulo mzekeliso, bathatha inxaxheba ekwakhiweni kommangaliso wokwakha.
Isakhiwo seKhmer sikwinqanaba lenguqu yophuhliso lobugcisa bokwakha: izitena kunye namatye zivelisa kwakhona iifom kunye nobuchule boyilo lweplanga. Ngokomzekelo, imizobo eludongeni ixelisa izikrini ze-bamboo.
Inyaniso enomdla: Isakhiwo setempile e-Angkor Wat sidume kakhulu kangangokuba abantu baseCambodia bade babeke umfanekiso wayo kwiflegi yabo.
I-Cologne Cathedral - iminyaka engama-632
I-6 yeenkulungwane ngumzekelo ofanelekileyo wendlela yaseJamani: ukuba uyayenza, ngoko kuphela ngomgangatho ophezulu, nokuba kuthatha ixesha elide. Xa icathedral yaqalisa ngowe-1248, yagqitywa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-157, yaba sesona sakhiwo sikhulu ehlabathini (iimitha ezili-161). Kamva, irekhodi yaphulwa yicathedral e-Ulm (632 m) kunye ne-skyscrapers e-USA. Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba ukwakhiwa kweCathedral yaseCologne akuzange kuqhubeke iminyaka engama-1437: ngo-20, ukwakhiwa kwamiswa ngenxa yokungabikho kwemali kunye nezixhobo. Ngelo xesha, iindonga, ikwayala, inqaba esemazantsi nesiseko setempile zazisele zilungile, kodwa uphahla lwalusenziwa ngandlel’ ithile yaye aluzange lugqume itempile ngaphakathi ngenxa yemozulu. Ukuze kugqitywe ukwakhiwa kwecathedral ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwafuneka kugqitywe iminyaka engaphezu kwama-XNUMX kulungiswa loo nxalenye yayo yayisele yakhiwe.
Ngaba uyafuna ukubuza ukuba yimalini indleko yokwakha? Ngokwale mihla, sichithe imali engaphezulu kwebhiliyoni ye-euro. Indawo yokusebenzela yecathedral iqeshe abantu abangaphezu kwama-1 kwaye yasebenzisa ezona teknoloji zokwakha zale mihla, ezifana nenkqubo yokunyusa izikhasa okanye iinjini zomphunga.
Inyaniso enomdla: Kukho iintsimbi ezili-11 kwicathedral, enye yazo () yeyona ntsimbi inkulu emhlabeni. Yaphoswa ngowe-1923, yaye inobunzima obuziitoni ezingama-24.
I-Milan Cathedral - iminyaka engama-579 ubudala
Ngubani onokukhuphisana namaJamani ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo? Ngokuqinisekileyo, amaTaliyane. I-cathedral inkulu eYurophu kunye neyesihlanu emhlabeni, iMilan Duomo yasekwa kwangaloo nyaka apho umkroli omkhulu weRenaissance kunye nomzobi uDonatello wazalwa (1386), kwaye wagqitywa xa iBeatles ikhupha iRubber Soul (1965). Ukwakhiwa kwathatha ixesha elide nakwimigangatho yase-Italiya - iminyaka engama-579. Kwaye intetho ezinzileyo ethi fabbrica del duomo (ukwakha icathedral) yavela ngolwimi. Yiloo nto abayithethayo xa kuthatha ixesha elininzi ukwenza into.
Abayili bezakhiwo abangama-78 abavela eYurophu bathathe inxaxheba kolu lwakhiwo. Esi sakhiwo ekuqaleni sasiza kwakhiwa ngezitena zeterracotta, kodwa emva koko kwasetyenziswa ibhastile leCondol elisuka eLake Maggiore. Ke ngoko, i-facade yajika yaba yi-heterogeneous: kukho iindawo ezipinki, ezimhlophe kunye nezingwevu ezikhanyayo. Ukuze kuhanjiswe ibhastile kwindawo yokwakha, imijelo yayigrunjwa ngokukhethekileyo esixekweni.
Akakho omnye ngaphandle kukaNapoleon Bonaparte owancedisa ukugqiba ukwakhiwa kwecathedral. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1800, emva kokuba oyise isixeko, wayefuna ukuthweswa isithsaba kwiDuomo, nto leyo eyayithetha ukuba ukwakhiwa kufuneka kugqitywe ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphambi kokubekwa, ngomyalelo wakhe wobuqu, ukuhonjiswa kwe-facade kwagqitywa ngokukhawuleza.
Phofu ke, malunga nexesha amaTaliyane agqibezela iDuomo di Milano, ezo ndawo zesakhiwo ezazakhiwe kuqala zazifuna ukulungiswa.
Любопытный факт: строительство не закончилась и после коронации Наполеона. Вплоть до второй половины XIX века велись работы по украшению храма: добавляли новые витражи, скульптуры и другие декоративные элементы. И лишь в 1965 году строительство окончательно завершили.
I-Notre Dame Cathedral - iminyaka eyi-182 ubudala
Ilitye lokuqala lesakhiwo labekwa ngo-1163. Iinqaba zagqitywa ngowe-1245, yaye yonke icawa yagqitywa ngowe-1345. Izitayela ezahlukeneyo (iGothic kunye neRomanesque) kunye nokuphakama okwahlukeneyo kweenqaba kunye necala elingasentshona le-cathedral libonisa ukuba abakhi bezakhiwo abahlukeneyo bathatha inxaxheba ekwakhiweni.
I-Notre-Dame de Paris yaba sesinye sezakhiwo zokuqala kwihlabathi, ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwenkxaso yangaphandle ye-arched-shaped-shaped arched buttresses. Babengekho kuyilo lokuqala. Kodwa iindonga ezicekethekileyo ezazakhiwe zaya kutsho kumphakamo othile zaqalisa ukuqhekeka, ngoko ke kwamiswa izixhaso zangaphandle zijikeleze i-cathedral yonke.
I-Notre Dame Cathedral yaba yicathedral yokuqala yamaGothic. Esi simbo sokwakha sibonisa ukusukelana nezulu okungapheliyo. Kude kube ngoko, akukho mntu wayecinga ukuba icawa inokuba nkulu kangako kwaye neentsimbi eziziimitha ezingama-69 ukuphakama. Ukwakha esi sakhiwo sikhulu, ingqwalasela eninzi ihlawulwe ekuphuculeni iindlela zokunyusa.
Любопытный факт: налоговые отчеты из Парижа за 1296 и 1313 годы рассказывают о существовании двух каменщиков-женщин, плиточника и штукатура. Поэтому вполне возможно, что в строительстве собора участвовали женщины-строители.
Ngomhla we-15 ka-Epreli, 2019, umhlaba wonke wawubukele iNotre-Dame de Paris isitsha. Ngenxa yomlilo omkhulu, i-spire, uphahla kunye newotshi zalahleka. Iisilingi zenkulungwane ye-5 neye-XNUMX zonakala. Umsebenzi wokubuyisela uyaqhubeka ngoku, othi, ngokweengcali, uya kuthatha ubuncinane iminyaka emi-XNUMX.
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Ngokungafaniyo nexesha elidlulileyo, ngoku izibonelelo zezoqoqosho zommandla azichaphazeli kakhulu isantya sokwakha: ukwakhiwa kwexesha elide kunokubonakala kwiVladivostok naseMoscow. Izizathu zindala njengexesha-utshintsho kulawulo, utshintsho kumaxabiso otshintshiselwano, ukunganyaniseki kwenkampani yolawulo, imiqobo yokusingqongileyo efunyenwe kwindawo yokwakha, njl. Akunzima ukumisela ukuba ngubani obekek' ityala ngokumisa ukwakhiwa kwimeko nganye ethile, kodwa yintoni enokuyenza ngokulandelayo kunye nento ehlala ingacacanga ngokupheleleyo. Enyanisweni, akukho zikhetho ezininzi: iindawo zokwakha zexesha elide zinokushiywa "njengoko zinjalo" kwaye ziguqulwe zibe ngamaqela okudala, iidekhi zokujonga, kunye neziseko zokutsiba. Ungazama konke okusemandleni akho ukuyigqiba. Okanye ungadiliza yonke into kwaye uqale indawo entsha yokwakha kule ndawo. Abakhi banamhlanje bafanele bahlalutye ngokufuthi iimpazamo zabo bangaphambi kwabo ukuze bazithintele ukuba zingenzeki kumsebenzi wabo. Yaye ukuba ukwakhiwa kusabambezeleka, masithembe ukuba bakha okuthile okubalaseleyo.
Zeziphi izakhiwo zale mihla ocinga ukuba ngumsebenzi wobugcisa? Kwabathatha ixesha elingakanani ukwakha?
umthombo: www.habr.com