Eli nqaku liyinxalenye yothotho olunikezelwe .
-Isicwangciso se-SpaceX sokusasaza i-Intanethi ngamashumi amawaka eesathelayithi sesona sihloko siphambili kushicilelo olunxulumene nendawo. Amanqaku malunga neempumelelo zamva nje apapashwa ngeveki. Ukuba ngokubanzi iskimu sicacile, kwaye emva kokufunda , umntu okhutheleyo (thi, eyakho ngokwenene) unokumba iinkcukacha ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho iingcamango ezininzi eziphosakeleyo ezinxulumene nobu buchwepheshe butsha, naphakathi kwabakhi-mkhanyo abakhanyisiweyo. Akuqhelekanga ukubona amanqaku ethelekisa i-Starlink ne-OneWeb kunye ne-Kuiper (phakathi kwabanye) ngokungathi bakhuphisana ngokulinganayo. Abanye ababhali, ngokucacileyo baxhalabele ukulunga kweplanethi, bakhala ngenkunkuma yasesibhakabhakeni, umthetho wasesibhakabhakeni, imigangatho kunye nokhuseleko lwenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Ndiyathemba ukuba emva kokufunda eli nqaku lide, umfundi uya kuqonda ngcono kwaye aphefumlelwe ngumbono we-Starlink.
ngokungalindelekanga ndichukumise into enovakalelo kwimiphefumlo yabafundi bam abambalwa. Kuyo, ndachaza indlela i-Starship eya kubeka ngayo i-SpaceX phambili ixesha elide, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye ibonelela ngesithuthi sokuhlola indawo entsha. Intsingiselo yeyokuba imboni yesathelayithi yemveli ayikwazi ukuhambelana ne-SpaceX, ebisoloko isonyusa umthamo kwaye inciphisa iindleko kusapho lwayo lweerokethi ze-Falcon, ibeka i-SpaceX kwimeko enzima. Kwelinye icala, yenze ixabiso lemarike, okona kulungileyo, iibhiliyoni ezininzi ngonyaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wabangela umnqweno ongapheliyo wemali - ukwakhiwa kwe-rocket enkulu, apho, nangona kunjalo, akukho mntu uthumelayo kwi-Mars, kwaye akukho nzuzo elindelekileyo.
Isisombululo kule ngxaki yokubhanqa yiStarlink. Ngokuhlanganisa kunye nokuphehlelela iisathelayithi zayo, i-SpaceX inokudala kwaye ichaze imakethi entsha yofikelelo olusebenzayo nolunedemokhrasi kunxibelelwano kwindawo yonke, ivelise inkxaso-mali yokwakha i-rocket ngaphambi kokuba izike inkampani, kwaye inyuse ixabiso layo lezoqoqosho libe ziitriliyoni. Ungawujongeli phantsi umlinganiselo wamabhongo kaElon. Kukho amashishini amaninzi eebhiliyoni zeedola: amandla, ukuthutha ngesantya esiphezulu, unxibelelwano, i-IT, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ezolimo, urhulumente, ukukhusela. Nangona kukho iingcamango eziphosakeleyo eziqhelekileyo, , и - ishishini alinakwenzeka. U-Elon uye wangena kwindawo yamandla kunye neTesla yakhe, kodwa kuphela unxibelelwano lomnxeba luya kubonelela ngemarike ethembekileyo kunye nenamandla kwiisathelayithi kunye nokuqaliswa kwe-rocket.
U-Elon Musk waqala wajika ingqalelo yakhe kwindawo xa wayefuna ukutyala imali ye-80 yezigidi zeedola simahla kwimishini yokukhulisa izityalo kwi-Mars probe. Ukwakha isixeko kuMars kuya kubiza amaxesha angama-100 ngaphezulu, ke iStarlink lolona bhejo lukaMusk lokubonelela ngeempuphuma zemali yenkxaso efunekayo. .
Yenzelwe ntoni?
Kudala ndilicwangcisa eli nqaku, kodwa kuphela kwiveki ephelileyo ndiye ndafumana umfanekiso opheleleyo. Emva koko uMongameli we-SpaceX uGwynne Shotwell wanika uRob Baron udliwanondlebe olumangalisayo, awathi kamva walugubungela kwi-CNBC ngomdla omkhulu. UMichael Sheetz, kwaye lowo wanikezelwa kuye . Olu dliwano-ndlebe lubonise umahluko omkhulu kwiindlela zonxibelelwano ngesathelayithi phakathi kwe-SpaceX kunye naye wonke umntu.
Umxholo yazalwa ngo-2012, xa i-SpaceX yafumanisa ukuba abathengi bayo - ngakumbi ababoneleli ngesathelayithi - banovimba omkhulu wemali. Iindawo zokusungula zinyusa amaxabiso okuhambisa iisathelayithi kwaye ngandlel’ ithile ziphoswa linyathelo elinye lomsebenzi-inokwenzeka njani loo nto? U-Elon wayephupha ngokwenza i-satellite constellation ye-Intanethi kwaye, engakwazi ukumelana nomsebenzi ophantse ungenakwenzeka, waqala inkqubo. Uphuhliso lweStarlink , kodwa ekupheleni kweli nqaku wena, mfundi wam, uya kumangaliswa ukuba buncinci kangakanani obu bunzima - unikwe ububanzi bengcamango.
Ngaba iqela elikhulu kangako liyimfuneko kwi-Intanethi kwaphela? Kwaye kutheni ngoku?
Kwinkumbulo yam kuphela apho i-Intanethi ijikile isuka kwi-academic pampering yaya kwisiseko sokuqala nesokuphela kwenguqu. Esi ayisosihloko esifanelwe inqaku elipheleleyo, kodwa ndingaqikelela ukuba kwihlabathi jikelele, imfuno ye-Intanethi kunye nengeniso eyivelisayo iya kuqhubeka ikhula malunga ne-25% ngonyaka.
Namhlanje, phantse sonke sifumana i-intanethi yethu kwinani elincinane leemonopoli ezikwanti ngokwejografi. E-US, i-AT&T, i-Time Warner, i-Comcast kunye neqaqobana labadlali abancinci baye bahlulahlula imimandla ukuze baphephe ukhuphiswano, bahlawulise izikhumba ezithathu ngeenkonzo kwaye bajonge kwimitha yentiyo ephantse ibe yindalo yonke.
Kukho isizathu esibambekayo sokuba ababoneleli-nkonzo bangabi nakukhuphisana—ngaphezu kokubawa. Ukwakha isiseko se-Intanethi-ii-microwave cell towers kunye nefiber optics-kubiza kakhulu, kubiza kakhulu. Kulula ukulibala ubume obumangalisayo be-Intanethi. Umakhulu waqala waya kusebenza kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi njengomsebenzi wonxibelelwano, kodwa itelegraph emva koko yakhuphisana ngendima ephambili yobuchule kunye namahobe okuthwala! Kuninzi lwethu, ulwazi lwendlela ephezulu yinto ephemeral, engabonakaliyo, kodwa amasuntswana ahamba kwihlabathi lenyama, elinemida, imilambo, iintaba, iilwandlekazi, izaqhwithi, iintlekele zendalo kunye neminye imiqobo. Emuva ngo-1996, xa umgca wokuqala wefiber optic wabekwa ecaleni kolwandle, . Kwisignesha yakhe ebukhali, uchaza ngokucacileyo iindleko kunye nobunzima bokubeka le migca, apho "i-kotegs" egwetyiweyo isangxamile. Kuninzi lweminyaka yoo-2000, iintambo ezininzi kakhulu zatsalwa kangangokuba iindleko zokusasazwa zazimangalisa.
Ngesinye isikhathi ndasebenza kwi-laboratory optical kwaye (ukuba imemori iyasebenza) saphula irekhodi yelo xesha, sihambisa i-multiplex yokudlulisa isivinini se-500 Gb / sec. Imida yombane ivumele ifayibha nganye ukuba ilayishwe kwi-0,1% yomthamo wayo wethiyori. Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kamva, silungele ukudlula umda: ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kuya ngaphaya kwayo, i-fiber iya kunyibilika, kwaye sele sisondele kakhulu kule nto.
Kodwa kufuneka siphakamise ukuhamba kwedatha ngaphezu komhlaba onesono - ukuya emajukujukwini, apho isathelayithi ijikeleze "ibhola" ngamaxesha angama-30 kwiminyaka emihlanu. Kuya kubonakala ngathi sisisombululo esicacileyo- ke kutheni kungekho mntu usithathileyo ngaphambili?
Iqela lesathelayithi ye-Iridium, eyaphuhliswa yaza yasetyenziswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990 yi-Motorola (uyayikhumbula?), yaba yindawo yokuqala yothungelwano lwehlabathi lonxibelelwano oluphantsi (njengoko kuchazwa ngokuhendayo ). Ngexesha lokusasazwa kwayo, ukukwazi ukuhambisa iipakethi ezincinci zedatha ukusuka kubalandeleli be-asethi kuye kwaba kuphela kokusetyenziswa kwayo: iiselfowuni ziye zaba nexabiso eliphantsi kangangokuba iifowuni zesathelayithi azizange zicime. I-Iridium yayineesathelayithi ezingama-66 (kunye nezimbalwa ezimbalwa) kwii-orbits ezi-6 - ubuncinci obuseti ukugubungela iplanethi yonke.
Ukuba i-Iridium idinga iisathelayithi ezingama-66, kutheni i-SpaceX ifuna amashumi amawaka? Yahluke njani?
I-SpaceX ingene kweli shishini ukusuka kwelinye icala - iqale ngokusungulwa. Ube nguvulindlela kwibala lokugcinwa kwezithuthi kwaye ke wabamba intengiso yeepads zokuphehlelelwa ngexabiso eliphantsi. Ukuzama ukubakhupha ngexabiso eliphantsi akuyi kukuzisela imali eninzi, ngoko ke ekuphela kwendlela yokwenza inzuzo ngandlel’ ithile kumandla abo agqithisileyo kukuba ube ngumthengi wabo. Iindleko ze-SpaceX zokusungula iisathelayithi zayo - (nge-1 kg) Iridium, kwaye ngoko ke bayakwazi ukungena kwimarike ebanzi kakhulu.
Ukugubungela kwehlabathi jikelele kweStarlink kuya kubonelela ngokufikelela kwi-intanethi ekumgangatho ophezulu naphi na emhlabeni. Okokuqala, ubukho be-Intanethi abuyi kuxhomekeka ekusondeleni kwelizwe okanye isixeko kumgca wefiber optic, kodwa ekucaceni kwesibhakabhaka phezulu. Abasebenzisi kwihlabathi liphela baya kuba nokufikelela kwi-Intanethi yehlabathi jikelele engathintelwanga nokuba bathini na amanqanaba awohluka-hlukeneyo obubi kunye/okanye ukulawulwa ngurhulumente okhohlakeleyo. Ukukwazi kuka-Starlink ukwaphula ezi monopolies kuya kubangela utshintsho oluhle kwinqanaba elimangalisayo eliya kuthi ekugqibeleni limanyane iibhiliyoni zabantu kuluntu lwe-cyber lwehlabathi elizayo.
Uphumlo olufutshane lwengoma: ingaba ithetha ukuthini le nto?
Kubantu abakhulela kweli xesha lanamhlanje lonxibelelwano olukhoyo kuyo yonke indawo, i-Intanethi ifana nomoya esiwuphefumlayo. Unjalo nje. Kodwa oku - ukuba siyalibala ngamandla ayo amangalisayo okuzisa utshintsho oluhle - kwaye sele sisembindini wayo. Ngoncedo lwe-Intanethi, abantu banokuziphendulela iinkokeli zabo, banxibelelane nabanye abantu abakwelinye icala lehlabathi, babelane ngeengcinga, baze bayile into entsha. I-Intanethi imanyanisa uluntu. Imbali yohlengahlengiso yimbali yophuhliso lwezakhono zokutshintshiselana ngedatha. Okokuqala - ngeentetho kunye nemibongo ye-epic. Kwandule ke kubhalwe ngelizwi kwabafileyo, baguqukele kwabaphilileyo; ukubhala kuvumela idatha ukuba igcinwe kwaye yenza unxibelelwano lwe-asynchronous lunokwenzeka. Ushicilelo olushicilelweyo lwabeka ukuveliswa kweendaba kumsinga. Unxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki - lukhawulezise ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kwihlabathi jikelele. Izixhobo zokuthatha amanqaku ngokuthe ngcembe ziye zaphucuka ngakumbi, zivela kwiincwadi zamanqaku ukuya kwiiselfowuni, nganye kuzo iyikhompyuter eqhagamshelwe kwi-Intanethi, efakwe izixhobo zoluvo kwaye ibangcono ekulindeni iimfuno zethu yonke imihla.
Umntu osebenzisa ukubhala kunye nekhompyutheni kwinkqubo yokuqonda unethuba elingcono lokunqoba imida yengqondo engafezekanga. Eyona nto ingcono kukuba iiselfowuni zombini zizixhobo ezinamandla zokugcina kunye nesixhobo sokutshintshiselana ngezimvo. Ngelixa abantu bebekade bethembela kwintetho ebhalwe ezincwadini ukuze babelane ngeengcinga zabo, namhlanje isiqhelo sesokuba iincwadana zokwabelana ngezimvo eziveliswe ngabantu. Iskimu semveli sifumene uguqulo. Ukuqhubela phambili okunengqiqo kwenkqubo luhlobo oluthile lwe-metacognition edibeneyo, ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zomntu, kwaye idibene omnye komnye. Kwaye ngelixa sisenokuba sisenostalgic ngonxibelelwano lwethu olulahlekileyo kunye nendalo kunye nokuba sodwa, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba itekhnoloji kunye netekhnoloji yodwa inoxanduva lwesabelo sengonyama yenkululeko yethu kwimijikelo "yendalo" yokungazi, ukufa kwangaphambi kwexesha (okunokuthi ziphetshwe), ubundlobongela, indlala kunye nokubola kwamazinyo.
Njani?
Masithethe ngemodeli yeshishini kunye noyilo lweprojekthi yeStarlink.
Ukuze iStarlink ibe lishishini elinengeniso, ukungena kwemali kufuneka kudlule iindleko zokwakha nokusebenza. Ngokwesiqhelo, utyalo-mali lwenkunzi lubandakanya iindleko eziphezulu zangaphambili, inkxaso-mali ephucukileyo ekhethekileyo kunye neendlela ze-inshorensi zokumisela isathelayithi. Isathelayithi yonxibelelwano lwe-geostationary inokubiza i-500 yezigidi zeedola kwaye ithathe iminyaka emi-5 ukudibanisa kunye nokusungulwa. Ke ngoko, iinkampani ezikule ntsimi zakha ngaxeshanye iinqanawa zejet okanye iinqanawa zeenqanawa. Iindleko ezinkulu, ukuthontelana kweemali ezingaqukiyo iindleko zezimali, kunye nebhajethi encinci yokusebenza. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuwa kwe-Iridium yantlandlolo yayikukuba iMotorola yanyanzela umqhubi ukuba ahlawule umrhumo welayisensi yokukhubazeka, ebhanga ishishini kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa.
Ukwenza olu hlobo lweshishini, iinkampani zesathelayithi zemveli kwafuneka zikhonze abathengi babucala kwaye zibize amanani aphezulu edatha. Iinqwelomoya, iindawo ezikude, iinqanawa, iindawo zemfazwe kunye neziseko ezingundoqo zihlawula malunga ne-$ 5 nge-MB nganye, exabisa amaxesha angama-1 ngaphezu kwe-ADSL yendabuko, nangona i-latency kunye ne-satellite ephantsi.
I-Starlink iceba ukukhuphisana nababoneleli beenkonzo bomhlaba, okuthetha ukuba kuya kufuneka ikhuphe idatha ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ihlawulise ngaphantsi kwe-1 yeedola nge-1 MB. Ngaba oku kunokwenzeka? Okanye, ekubeni oku kunokwenzeka, kufuneka sibuze: kunokwenzeka njani oku?
Isithako sokuqala kwisitya esitsha kukuphehlelelwa ngexabiso eliphantsi. Namhlanje, i-Falcon ithengisa ukuqaliswa kweetoni ezingama-24 malunga ne-$ 60 yezigidi, eyi-$ 2500 nge-1 kg. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwavela ukuba kukho iindleko ezininzi zangaphakathi. Iisathelayithi ze-Starlink ziya kuqaliswa kwiimoto zokuqalisa ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona, ngoko ke iindleko ezisezantsi zokuqaliswa enye yindleko yesigaba esitsha sesibini (malunga ne-$ 4 yezigidi), i-fairings (i-1 yezigidi) kunye nenkxaso yomhlaba (~ 1 yezigidi). Iyonke: malunga ne-100 lamawaka eedola ngesathelayithi, i.e. ngaphezulu kwamaxesha ali-1000 ngexabiso eliphantsi kunokwazisa ngesathelayithi yonxibelelwano eqhelekileyo.
Uninzi lweesathelayithi zeStarlink, nangona kunjalo, ziya kusungulwa kwiStarship. Ewe, ukuvela kweStarlink, njengoko ingxelo ehlaziyiweyo kumboniso weFCC, ibonelela uyilo lwangaphakathi lweprojekthi. Lilonke inani leisathelayithi ezikweli qela lakhula ukusuka kwi-1 584 laya kutsho kuma-2 825, landula ke laya kutsho kuma-7 518 laza laya kutsho kuma-30 000. Elona nani lincinci lesathelayithi zesigaba sokuqala sophuhliso lweprojekthi ukuba isebenze ngama-60 kwii-orbits ezi-6 (i-360 iyonke), ngelixa ukhuseleko olupheleleyo ngaphakathi kwama-53 degrees e-ikhweyitha kufuna i-24 orbits ye-60 satellites (1440 iyonke). Yiloo 24 isungulwe kwi-Falcon nge-150 yezigidi zeedola kwiindleko zangaphakathi. I-Starship, kwelinye icala, yenzelwe ukuqalisa ukuya kuthi ga kwiisathelayithi ezingama-400 ngexesha, malunga nexabiso elifanayo. Iisathelayithi zeStarlink kuya kufuneka zitshintshwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-5, ngoko ke iisathelayithi ezingama-6000 ziya kufuna ukuqaliswa kwe-15 Starship ngonyaka. Iya kuxabisa malunga ne-100 yezigidi / ngonyaka, okanye i-15 lamawaka / isathelayithi. Isathelayithi nganye eqaliswe kwi-Falcon inobunzima be-227 kg; Iisathelayithi eziphakanyiswe kwi-Starship inobunzima obungama-320 kg kwaye iphathe izixhobo zomntu wesithathu, zibe nkulu noko kwaye zingagqithi kumthwalo ovumelekileyo.
Ingaba ixabiso lesathelayithi liquka ntoni? Phakathi kwabazalwana babo, iisathelayithi zeStarlink aziqhelekanga. Ziyadityaniswa, zigcinwe kwaye zimiselwe ukuba tyaba kwaye ngoko kulula kakhulu ukuzivelisa ngobuninzi. Amava abonisa ukuba ixabiso lemveliso kufuneka lilingane neendleko zesiqalisi. Ukuba ulwahlulo kwixabiso lukhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba izibonelelo zabiwa ngokungalunganga, ekubeni ukuncitshiswa okubanzi kweendleko ze-marginal ngelixa ukunciphisa iindleko azikho kakhulu. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ngokwenene ukuhlawula i-100 lamawaka eedola ngesathelayithi nganye kwibhetshi yokuqala yamakhulu aliqela? Ngamanye amazwi, ngaba i-Starlink satellite kwisixhobo ayikho nzima ngakumbi kunomatshini?
Ukuze siphendule ngokupheleleyo lo mbuzo, kufuneka siqonde ukuba kutheni iindleko zesathelayithi zonxibelelwano ezijikelezayo ziphezulu ngamaxesha angama-1000, nokuba azikho amaxesha angama-1000 anzima ngakumbi. Ukuyibeka ngokulula, kutheni i-hardware yendawo ibiza kangaka? Kukho izizathu ezininzi zoku, kodwa eyona nto inyanzelisayo kule meko yile: ukuba ukuqaliswa kwesathelayithi kwi-orbit (phambi kwe-Falcon) kubiza ngaphezu kwezigidi ezili-100, kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza iminyaka emininzi ukuze kuzise ubuncinane inzuzo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka okunjalo ekusebenzeni kwemveliso yokuqala kunye neyodwa yinkqubo ebuhlungu kwaye inokudonsa iminyaka, efuna iinzame zamakhulu abantu. Yongeza kwiindleko, kwaye kulula ukuthethelela iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo xa sele kubiza ukuqalisa.
I-Starlink iphula le paradigm ngokwakha amakhulu e-satellites, ukulungisa ngokukhawuleza iimpazamo zoyilo kwangaphambili, kunye nokusebenzisa ubuchule bemveliso yobuninzi ukulawula iindleko. Mna ngokwam ndiyakwazi ukucinga ngokulula umgca wendibano ye-Starlink apho igcisa lidibanisa into entsha kuyilo kwaye ibambe yonke into kunye neqhina leplastiki (inqanaba le-NASA, ngokuqinisekileyo) kwiyure okanye ezimbini, ukugcina inqanaba elifunekayo lokutshintshwa kweesathelayithi ze-16 / ngosuku. I-satellite ye-Starlink iqukethe iinxalenye ezininzi eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa andiyiboni isizathu sokuba iindleko zeyunithi yewaka ephuma kumgca wendibano ayikwazi ukuthotywa ukuya kwi-20 amawaka. Enyanisweni, ngoMeyi, u-Elon wabhala kwi-Twitter ukuba iindleko zokuvelisa i-satellite. sele isezantsi kunexabiso lokusungula .
Masithathe i-avareji yetyala kwaye sihlalutye ixesha lokubuyisela, sisondeza amanani. Isathelayithi enye ye-Starlink, exabisa i-100 lamawaka ukuhlanganisa kunye nokuqalisa, ithatha iminyaka emi-5. Ngaba iya kuzihlawulela ngokwayo, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, kungekudala kangakanani?
Kwiminyaka emi-5, isathelayithi yeStarlink iya kujikeleza uMhlaba ngamaxesha angama-30. Kwindlela nganye yezi ndlela zeyure enesiqingatha, iya kuchitha ixesha elininzi phezu kolwandle mhlawumbi nemizuzwana eli-000 phezu kwesixeko esinabemi abaninzi. Ngethuba le festile imfutshane, usasaza idatha, ephuthuma ukufumana imali. Kucingelwa ukuba i-eriyali ixhasa imiqadi eli-100 kwaye umqadi ngamnye usasaza i-100 Mbps usebenzisa uhlobo lwangoku lokukhowuda. , emva koko i-satellite yenza i-$ 1000 kwinzuzo kwi-orbit nganye-ngexabiso lokubhaliselwa kwe-$ 1 nge-1 GB. Oku kwanele ukubuyisela iindleko zokuthunyelwa kwe-100 lamawaka ngeveki kwaye kulula kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwenkunzi. I-29 eseleyo ijika yinzuzo kuthatyathwe iindleko ezizinzileyo.
Amanani aqikelelweyo anokwahluka kakhulu, kumacala omabini. Kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba unako ukuqalisa i-constellation ekumgangatho ophezulu we-satellites kwi-orbit ephantsi ye-100 - okanye kwi-000 yezigidi kwiyunithi nganye - esi sisicelo esinzima. Nokuba ngexesha layo elifutshane elihlekisayo lokusebenzisa, isathelayithi ye-Starlink iyakwazi ukuhambisa i-1 PB yedatha kubomi bayo bonke- ngexabiso le-amortized ye-30 yeedola nge-GB nganye. Kwangaxeshanye, xa uhambisa imigama emide, iindleko zomda azinyuki.
Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwale modeli, masiyithelekise ngokukhawuleza kunye nezinye iimodeli ezimbini zokuhambisa idatha kubathengi: intambo yefiber optic yendabuko, kunye neqela lesathelayithi elibonelelwa yinkampani engakwaziyo ukusungula iisathelayithi.
, edibanisa iFransi neSingapore, yaqalisa ukusebenza ngowama-2005. I-Bandwidth - 1,28 Tb / s, iindleko zokuthunyelwa - i-$ 500 yezigidi. Ukuba isebenza kwi-10% umthamo weminyaka eyi-100, kwaye iindleko eziphezulu zifikelela kwi-100% yeendleko ezinkulu, ngoko ixabiso lokudluliselwa liya kuba yi-$ 0,02 nge-1 GB. Iintambo ze-Transatlantic zimfutshane kwaye zinexabiso eliphantsi, kodwa intambo yangaphantsi kwamanzi liqumrhu nje elinye kuluhlu olude lwabantu abafuna imali yedatha. I-avareji yoqikelelo lwe-Starlink ijika ibe ngama-8 amaxabiso aphantsi, kwaye kwangaxeshanye baquka konke.
Inokwenzeka njani loo nto? Isathelayithi yeStarlink ibandakanya zonke izixhobo zokutshintsha ze-elektroniki ezintsonkothileyo ezifunekayo ukudibanisa iintambo zefiber optic, kodwa isebenzisa ivacuum endaweni yocingo olubizayo, oluethe-ethe ukuhambisa idatha. Usasazo ngesithuba kunciphisa inani lemonopoli epholileyo kunye ne-moribund, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba banxibelelane ngehardware encinci.
Makhe sithelekise nokhuphisanayo nomphuhlisi wesathelayithi i-OneWeb. I-OneWeb iceba ukwenza iqela leenkwenkwezi ze-satellites ze-600, eziza kuqaliswa ngokusebenzisa abanikezeli bezorhwebo ngexabiso elimalunga ne-$ 20 nge-000 kg. Ubunzima besathelayithi enye yi-1 kg, oko kukuthi, kwimeko efanelekileyo, ukuqaliswa kweyunithi enye kuya kuba malunga nezigidi ezi-150. Iindleko ze-satellite hardware ziqikelelwa kwi-3 yezigidi ngesathelayithi, okt. ngo-1, iindleko zeqela lonke ziya kuba yi-2027 yezigidigidi.Uvavanyo olwenziwe yi-OneWeb lubonise ukugqithisa kwe-2,6 Mb / sec. encotsheni, ngokufanelekileyo, kwimitha ye-50 nganye. Ukulandela ipateni efanayo ebesiyisebenzisa ukubala iindleko ze-Starlink, sifumana: isathelayithi nganye ye-OneWeb ivelisa i-16 yeedola nge-orbit nganye, kwaye kwiminyaka nje emi-80 iya kuzisa i-5 yezigidi zeerandi - ingahlawuleli iindleko zokuqaliswa, ukuba ubala ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kwimimandla ekude. . Iyonke sifumana i-$ 2,4 nge-1,70 GB.
Kutshanje uGwynne Shotwell ucatshulwe esithi , oku kuthetha ukuba ixabiso elikhuphisanayo le-$ 0,10 nge-1 GB. Kwaye oku kusekunye noqwalaselo lwantlandlolo lwe-Starlink: kunye nemveliso engaphucukanga, ukuqaliswa kwi-Falcon kunye nemida ekuhanjisweni kwedatha - kwaye kuphela ngokugubungela emantla e-US. Kuyavela ukuba i-SpaceX inenzuzo engenakuphikiswa: namhlanje banokuqalisa i-satellite efanelekileyo kakhulu ngexabiso (kwiyunithi nganye) amaxesha angama-15 aphantsi kunabo bakhuphisana nabo. I-Starship iya kwandisa ukukhokela ngamaxesha angama-100, ukuba akukho ngaphezulu, ngoko akukho nzima ukucinga ukuba i-SpaceX isungula i-2027 satellites ngo-30 ngaphantsi kwe-000 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, uninzi lwayo luya kubonelela kwi-wallet yayo.
Ndiqinisekile ukuba kukho uhlalutyo olunethemba ngakumbi malunga ne-OneWeb kunye nabanye abaphuhlisi beqela leenkwenkwezi abasezayo, kodwa andikayazi ukuba izinto zibasebenzela njani.
Kutshanje uMorgan Stanley ukuba i-Starlink satellites iya kuxabisa i-1 yesigidi sokuhlanganisa kunye ne-830 lamawaka ukusungulwa. . Okubangela umdla kukuba, amanani ayafana noqikelelo lwethu lweendleko ze-OneWeb, kwaye aphantse abe ngamaxesha ali-10 aphezulu kunoqikelelo lokuqala lwe-Starlink. Ukusebenzisa i-Starship kunye nemveliso yesathelayithi yorhwebo kunokunciphisa iindleko zokusasazwa kwesathelayithi ukuya malunga ne-35K / iyunithi. Kwaye lo ngumfanekiso ophantsi ngokumangalisayo.
Inqaku lokugqibela elishiyekileyo kukuthelekisa inzuzo nge-1 Watt yamandla elanga eveliswe kwi-Starlink. Ngokweefoto ezikwiwebhusayithi yabo, uluhlu lwelanga lwesathelayithi nganye lunommandla omalunga ne-60 yeemitha zesikwere, okt. ngokomndilili ivelisa malunga ne-3 kW okanye i-4,5 kWh nge-revolution nganye. Njengoqikelelo olurhabaxa, umjikelo ngamnye uya kuvelisa i-$1000 kwaye isathelayithi nganye iza kuvelisa malunga ne-$220 ngekWh nganye. Oku kumaxesha angama-10 exabiso elithengiweyo lamandla elanga, eliphinda liqinisekise: . Kwaye ukumodareyitha ii-microwaves kuthumelo lwedatha yindleko eyongezelelweyo eyongezelelweyo.
izakhiwo
Kwicandelo langaphambili, ndazisa ngokungqongqo inxenye engabalulekanga kangako yoyilo lwe-Starlink-indlela esebenza ngayo ngobuninzi bokungalingani kwabantu beplanethi. Isathelayithi yeStarlink ikhupha imiqadi egxininisiweyo eyenza amabala kumphezulu weplanethi. Ababhalisi ngaphakathi kwendawo babelane ngomnwe omnye. Ubungakanani bendawo bumiselwa yifiziksi esisiseko: ekuqaleni ububanzi bayo bu (ubude besathelayithi x ubude be-microwave / i-eriyali ye-eriyali), ethi kwisathelayithi yeStarlink, eyona nto ingcono, ziikhilomitha ezimbalwa.
Kwizixeko ezininzi, ukuxinana kwabantu kumalunga ne-1000 yabantu/sq.km., nangona kwezinye iindawo kuphezulu. Kwezinye iindawo zaseTokyo okanye eManhattan kusenokubakho abantu abangaphezu kwe-100 kwindawo nganye. Ngethamsanqa, nasiphi na isixeko esinabemi abaninzi sinentengiso yasekhaya ekhuphisanayo ye-Broadband Internet, singasathethi ke ngenethiwekhi yefowuni ephathwayo ephuhliswe kakhulu. Kodwa, nokuba kunjalo, ukuba nangawuphi na umzuzu ngexesha kukho iisathelayithi ezininzi zekroza enye phezu kwesixeko, i-output inokongezwa ngokwahlukana kwendawo yee-eriyali, kunye nokusasazwa kwamaza. Ngamanye amazwi, iisathelayithi ezininzi zinokujolisa eyona ntsimbi inamandla kwindawo enye, kwaye abasebenzisi abakuloo mmandla baya kusebenzisa iitheminali zomhlaba ezisasaza isicelo phakathi kweesathelayithi.
Ukuba kumanqanaba okuqala eyona marike ifanelekileyo yokuthengisa iinkonzo ikude, imimandla yasemaphandleni okanye yasezidolophini, ke iimali zokuqaliswa okungaphezulu ziya kuvela kwiinkonzo ezingcono ukuya kwizixeko ezixineneyo. Le meko ichasene ngqo nomgangatho wokwandiswa kwepatheni yemarike, apho iinkonzo ezikhuphisanayo ezijolise kwizixeko ngokungenakuthintelwa zifumana ingeniso ehlayo njengoko zizama ukwanda ziye kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo nezingenabemi abambalwa.
Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, xa ndandibala, .
Ndithathe idatha kulo mfanekiso kwaye ndenze iigrafu ezi-3 ezingezantsi. Eyokuqala ibonisa ukuphindaphindwa kommandla womhlaba ngokuxinana kwabantu. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba uninzi loMhlaba aluhlali mntu, ngelixa akukho ndawo inabantu abangaphezu kwe-100 kwi-sq. km nganye.
Igrafu yesibini ibonisa ukuphindaphinda kwabantu ngokuxinana kwabantu. Kwaye nangona uninzi lweplanethi aluhlali, uninzi lwabantu luhlala kwiindawo apho kukho abantu abayi-100-1000 kwi-sq. Imo eyandisiweyo yale ncopho (ulandelelwano lobukhulu obukhulu) ibonisa i-bimodality kwiipateni zokufudukela ezidolophini. 100 abantu/sq.km. yindawo yasezilalini enabemi abambalwa, ngelixa inani labantu abayi-1000/sq.km. sele luphawu lweendawo zasedolophini. Amaziko esixeko abonisa ngokulula abantu abangama-10/sq.km., kodwa abemi baseManhattan ngabantu abangama-000/sq.km.
Igrafu yesithathu ibonisa ukuxinana kwabantu ngokwezibanzi. Kunokubonwa ukuba phantse bonke abantu baxinaniswe phakathi kwe-20 kunye ne-40 degrees latitude emntla. Oku, ngokubanzi, kwenzeka ntoni ngokwejografi nangokwembali, kuba indawo enkulu ye-hemisphere esemazantsi ihlala ulwandle. Kwaye okwangoku, ingxinano yabemi ingumceli mngeni onzima kubayili beqela, kuba... Iisathelayithi zichitha ixesha elilinganayo kuzo zombini iihemispheres. Ngapha koko, isathelayithi ejikeleza uMhlaba kwi-engile, yithi, idigri ezingama-50 ziya kuchitha ixesha elingakumbi kufutshane nemida yelatitude echaziweyo. Yiyo loo nto i-Starlink ifuna ii-orbits ezi-6 kuphela ukusebenzela umntla we-US, xa kuthelekiswa nama-24 ukugubungela i-ikhweyitha.
Ewe, ukuba udibanisa igrafu yoxinaniso lwabemi kunye negrafu yoxinaniso lwesathelayithi, ukhetho lweendlela ezijikelezayo luyacaca. Igrafu yebha nganye imele enye yeefayile ezine zeFCC zeSpaceX. Ngokomntu, kubonakala kum ukuba ingxelo entsha nganye ifana nokongezwa kweyokuqala, kodwa nakweyiphi na imeko, akunzima ukubona indlela ii-satellites ezongezelelweyo zokwandisa umthamo phezu kwemimandla ehambelanayo kwi-hemisphere esenyakatho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthamo obalulekileyo ongasetyenziswanga uhlala kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi - vuya, eOstreliya!
Kwenzeka ntoni kwidatha yomsebenzisi xa ifika kwisathelayithi? Kuhlobo lwakuqala, isathelayithi yeStarlink yazithumela kwangoko kwisikhululo esizinikezelweyo esikufutshane neendawo zenkonzo. Olu lungelelwaniso lubizwa ngokuba yi "direct relay". Kwixesha elizayo, iisathelayithi zeStarlink ziya kukwazi ukunxibelelana enye nenye ngelaser. Utshintshiselwano ngedatha luya kuphakama phezu kwezixeko ezinabemi abaninzi, kodwa idatha ingasasazwa kuthungelwano lweelaser kwimilinganiselo emibini. Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba kukho ithuba elikhulu lonxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo lwe-backhaul network kuthungelwano lweesathelayithi, okuthetha ukuba idatha yomsebenzisi "inokudluliselwa eMhlabeni" kuyo nayiphi na indawo efanelekileyo. Enyanisweni, kubonakala ngathi izikhululo zomhlaba ze-SpaceX ziya kudityaniswa ngaphandle kwezixeko.
Kuyavela ukuba unxibelelwano lwesathelayithi ukuya kwisathelayithi ayingomsebenzi omncinci ngaphandle kokuba iisathelayithi zihamba kunye. Iingxelo zamva nje kwi-FCC zinika ingxelo ye-11 yamaqela eenkwenkwezi ezijikelezayo ezihlukeneyo zesathelayithi. Ngaphakathi kweqela elinikiweyo, iisathelayithi zihamba kumphakamo ofanayo, kwi-engile enye, kunye nokulingana okulinganayo, okuthetha ukuba iilaser zinokufumana iisathelayithi kufutshane ngokulula. Kodwa isantya sokuvala phakathi kwamaqela silinganiswa nge-km/sec, ngoko ke unxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela, ukuba kunokwenzeka, kufuneka lwenziwe ngamakhonkco amafutshane, alawulekayo e-microwave.
I-topology yeqela le-Orbital ifana nethiyori ye-wave-particle yokukhanya kwaye ayisebenzi ngokukodwa kumzekelo wethu, kodwa ndicinga ukuba intle, ngoko ndiyifakile kwinqaku. Ukuba awunamdla kweli candelo, tsiba uye ngqo “kwiMida yeFiziksi esisiseko.”
Itorasi—okanye idonathi—yinto yemathematika echazwa ziiradiyi ezimbini. Kulula kakhulu ukuzoba izangqa kumphezulu we-torus: i-parallel okanye i-perpendicular kwimilo yayo. Ungakufumanisa kunomdla ukufumanisa ukuba kukho ezinye iintsapho ezimbini zezangqa ezinokuzotywa kumphezulu wetorasi, zombini zidlula kumngxuma osembindini wayo kwaye zijikeleze ulwandlalo. Oku kubizwa , kwaye ndasebenzisa olu yilo xa ndiyile i-toroid ye-Burning Man Tesla coil kwi-2015.
Kwaye ngelixa ii-orbits zesatellite, ngokungqongqo, zi-ellipses kunezangqa, uyilo olufanayo lusebenza kwi-Starlink. Iqoqo leenkwenkwezi ezingama-4500 zesathelayithi kwiinqwelo-moya ezijikelezayo ezininzi, zonke zikwi-engile enye, zenza ukwakheka okuqhubekayo okushukumayo ngaphezulu komphezulu woMhlaba. Ukwakheka okujoliswe emantla ngaphezu kwendawo enikiweyo yesibanzi iyajika ibuyele emazantsi. Ukuze ugweme ukungqubana, ii-orbits ziya kwandiswa kancinane, ukwenzela ukuba umaleko ohamba ngasenyakatho ube neekhilomitha ezininzi ngaphezulu (okanye ngaphantsi) kwinqanaba elisezantsi. Xa zidibene, zombini ezi maleko zenza itorus evuthelweyo, njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi kwidayagram ebaxiweyo kakhulu.
Makhe ndikukhumbuze ukuba kule torus, unxibelelwano lwenziwa phakathi kweesathelayithi ezingabamelwane. Ngokubanzi, akukho nxibelelwano luthe ngqo kunye noluqhubekayo phakathi kweesathelayithi kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo, kuba izantya zokuvala izikhokelo zelaser ziphezulu kakhulu. Indlela yokudlulisa idatha phakathi kweengqimba, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, idlula ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-torus.
Zizonke iisathelayithi ezingama-30 ziya kufumaneka kwiitori ezibekwe kwindlwane ezili-000, kude lee kwi-ISS orbit! Lo mzobo ubonisa ukuba zonke ezi maleko zipakishwe njani, ngaphandle kokuchaza izinto ngendlela ebaxiweyo.
Okokugqibela, kufuneka ucinge ngowona mphakamo uphezulu wokubhabha. Kukho ingxaki: umphakamo ophantsi, onika i-throughput enkulu kunye nobukhulu obuncinci bepali, okanye ukuphakama okuphezulu, okukuvumela ukuba ugubungele iplanethi yonke ngeesathelayithi ezimbalwa? Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iingxelo kwi-FCC ezivela kwi-SpaceX zathetha ngokunyuka kokuphakama okuphantsi, kuba, njengoko i-Starship iphucula, yenza ukuba kube lula ukusasaza amakroza amakhulu.
Umphakamo ophantsi unezinye izibonelelo, kubandakanywa umngcipheko ocuthiweyo wokungqubana nenkunkuma yendawo okanye iziphumo ezibi zokusilela kwesixhobo. Ngenxa yokwanda kokutsalwa kwe-atmospheric, ii-satellites ze-Starlink ezisezantsi (iikhilomitha ezingama-330) ziya kutsha kwiiveki nje zokulahlekelwa kolawulo. Ngokwenene, i-300 km ngumphakamo apho iisathelayithi ziphantse zibhabhe, kwaye ukugcina umphakamo kuya kufuna injini yerokethi yombane ye-Krypton edibeneyo, kunye noyilo olulungelelanisiweyo. Ngokwethiyori, isathelayithi etsolo ngokufanelekileyo enikwe amandla yi-rocket ye-rocket injini inokugcina umphakamo ozinzile we-160 km, kodwa i-SpaceX akunakwenzeka ukuba iqalise iisathelayithi eziphantsi kakhulu, kuba kukho amaqhinga ambalwa okunyusa umthamo.
Unyino lweFiziksi esisiseko
Kubonakala ngathi akunakwenzeka ukuba iindleko zokubamba isathelayithi ziya kuze zehle kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe-35 lamawaka, nokuba imveliso ihambele phambili kwaye izenzekela ngokupheleleyo, kwaye iinqanawa zeNkwenkwezi ziyakwazi ukusetyenziswa kwakhona, kwaye akukaziwa ngokuzeleyo ukuba zeziphi izithintelo zefiziksi eza kuyibeka kwisathelayithi. . Olu hlalutyo lungentla luthatha i-high throughput ye-80 Gbps. (ukuba usondeza kwi-100 imiqadi, nganye ekwaziyo ukuhambisa i-100 Mbps).
Ubuninzi bomthamo wesiqhagamshelanisi umiselwe kwaye inikwe kwi-bandwidth statistics (1+SNR). Ubungakanani boluhlu luhlala lulinganiselwe , ngelixa i-SNR ingamandla akhoyo wesathelayithi, ingxolo yangasemva kunye nokuphazamiseka kwitshaneli ngenxa . Omnye umqobo obonakalayo kukusebenza kwesantya. I-Xilinx Ultrascale + FPGAs yamva nje ine , okulungileyo kunikwe imida yangoku yomthamo wolwazi lwetshaneli ngaphandle kokuphuhlisa ii-ASIC zesiko. Kodwa nangona kunjalo i-58 Gb / sec. iya kufuna unikezelo oluchukumisayo lwamaza, okunokwenzeka kakhulu kwi-Ka- okanye kwi-V-band bands. I-V (40–75 GHz) inemijikelo efikelelekayo ngakumbi, kodwa ixhomekeke ekufunxeni ngakumbi ngumoya, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifumileyo.
Ngaba iiplanga ezili-100 ziyasebenza? Kukho imiba emibini kule ngxaki: i-beamwidth kunye noxinano lwesiqalelo se-array. Ububanzi be-beam bumiselwa yi-wavelength eyahlulwe ngobubanzi be-eriyali. I-antenna yoluhlu lwedijithali iseyitekhnoloji ekhethekileyo, kodwa ubukhulu bemilinganiselo eluncedo bumiselwa bububanzi. (malunga ne-1m), kwaye ukusebenzisa unxibelelwano lwamaza kanomathotholo kubiza kakhulu. Ububanzi be-wave kwi-Ka-band malunga ne-1 cm, ngelixa ububanzi be-beam kufuneka bube yi-0,01 radian - kunye nobubanzi be-spectrum kwi-50% ye-amplitude. Ukuthatha i-angle eqinileyo ye-beam ye-steridian e-1 (efana nokugubungela i-lens yekhamera ye-50mm), ngoko ke imiqadi engama-2500 iya kwanela kule ndawo. Ulungelelwaniso luthetha ukuba imiqadi engama-2500 iya kufuna ubuncinci bezinto ze-eriyali ezingama-2500 ngaphakathi koluhlu, oko kukuthi, ngokomgaqo, kunokwenzeka, nangona kunzima ukufikelela. Kwaye konke oku kuya kutshisa kakhulu!
Uninzi lweziteshi ze-2500, nganye yazo exhasa i-58 Gb / s, isixa esikhulu solwazi - ngokumalunga ukuthetha, emva koko i-145 Tb / s. Ukuthelekisa, konke ukugcwala kwi-Intanethi ngo-2020 . Iindaba ezimnandi kwabo baxhalabileyo malunga ne-bandwidth ephantsi ye-satellite ye-intanethi. Ukuba iqela leenkwenkwezi ezingama-30 zesathelayithi liqala ukusebenza ngo-000, i-intanethi yehlabathi jikelele iya kuba nexabiso le-2026 Tb/sec. Ukuba isiqingatha salo mthamo sihanjiswe ~ 800 isathelayithi kwiindawo ezixineneyo ngabantu ngalo naliphi na ixesha, ngoko ke incopho yokuphuma kwisathelayithi nganye bekuya kuba malunga ne-500 Gbps, ephindwe ka-800 ngaphezulu kwezibalo zethu ezisisiseko, okt. ukungena kwemali kunokonyusa amaxesha ali-10.
Kwisathelayithi kwi-330-kilometer orbit, umqadi we-radians we-0,01 ugubungela indawo ye-10 sq. km. Kwiindawo ezinabemi abaninzi njengeManhattan, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-300 yabantu abahlala kule ndawo. Kuthekani ukuba bonke baqala ukubukela iNetflix kanye (000 Mbps kumgangatho weHD)? Isicelo sedatha epheleleyo siya kuba yi-7 GB / sec, malunga namaxesha angama-2000 umda ongqongqo okhoyo owenziwe yi-FPGA serial interface. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokuphuma kule meko, apho inye kuphela enokwenzeka ngokwasemzimbeni.
Eyokuqala kukubeka iisathelayithi ezininzi kwi-orbit ukuze nangaliphi na ixesha kukho ngaphezu kwe-35 ejingayo kwiindawo ezifunwa kakhulu. Ukuba siphinda sithathe i-1 steradian kwindawo eyamkelekileyo ekwaziyo ukujongana nayo esibhakabhakeni kunye ne-avareji ye-orbital altitude ye-400 km, sifumana ingxinano yeqela le-0,0002 / sq. km, okanye i-100 iyonke - ukuba isasazwe ngokulinganayo. ubuso bomhlaba wonke. Masikhumbule ukuba iindlela ezikhethiweyo ze-SpaceX zonyusa kakhulu ukhuselo kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi ngaphakathi kwe-000-20 degrees yesibanzi somntla, kwaye ngoku inani le-40 lesathelayithi libonakala linomlingo.
Ingcamango yesibini ipholile kakhulu, kodwa, ngokudabukisayo, ayinakwenzeka. Khumbula ukuba ububanzi be-antenna buxhomekeke kububanzi be-antenna. Kuthekani ukuba uluhlu oluninzi kwiisathelayithi ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo zokudala umqa omxinwa-njengeteleskopu zikanomathotholo ezinje (inkqubo ye-eriyali enkulu kakhulu)? Le ndlela iza kunye nenkathazo enye: isiseko phakathi kweesathelayithi kuya kufuneka sibalwe ngokucophelela-ngokuchaneka kwe-submillimeter-ukuzinzisa isigaba sobhobho. Kwaye nokuba oku bekunokwenzeka, umqadi obangelwayo awunakwenzeka ukuba ube ne-lobes esecaleni, ngenxa yoxinano oluphantsi lwekroza lesathelayithi esibhakabhakeni. Emhlabeni, ububanzi be-beam buya kumxinwa ukuya kwiimilimitha ezimbalwa (ngokwaneleyo ukulandelela i-eriyali yeselula), kodwa kuya kubakho izigidi zazo ngenxa yobuthathaka obuphakathi. Enkosi .
Kuyavela ukuba ukwahlulwa kwejelo ngokwahlukahlukana kwe-angular-emva koko, iisathelayithi zibekwe kwindawo esibhakabhakeni-zibonelela ngokuphuculwa okwaneleyo kokuphuma ngaphandle kokwaphula imithetho yefiziksi.
Isicelo
Yintoni iprofayile yomthengi weStarlink? Ngokungagqibekanga, la ngamakhulu ezigidi zabasebenzisi abanee-eriyali ubukhulu beebhokisi zepizza kuphahla lwabo, kodwa kukho eminye imithombo yengeniso ephezulu.
Kwiindawo ezikude nezisemaphandleni, izikhululo eziphantsi komhlaba azidingi i-antenna ye-phaseed array ukuze kwandiswe i-beamidth, ngoko ke izixhobo ezincinci zababhalisile zinokwenzeka, ukusuka kwii-asethi ze-asethi ze-IoT ukuya kwiifowuni zesathelayithi eziphathwayo, ii-beacons eziphuthumayo okanye izixhobo zesayensi zokulandelela izilwanyana.
Kwiindawo ezixineneyo zasezidolophini, iStarlink iya kubonelela ngeprayimari kunye ne-backhaul yokubuyisela kwinethiwekhi yeselula. Inqaba nganye yeeseli inokuba nesikhululo somhlaba esisebenza kakhulu phezulu, kodwa sebenzisa izixhobo zamandla ezisekelwe emhlabeni ukuze kukhuliswe kunye nokuhanjiswa kweemayile zokugqibela.
Okokugqibela, nakwiindawo ezixineneyo ngexesha lokukhutshwa kokuqala, izicelo zeesathelayithi ezine-orbit ephantsi kunye ne-latency ephantsi kakhulu zinokwenzeka. Iinkampani zemali ngokwazo zibeka imali eninzi ezandleni zakho - ukufumana nje idatha ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke iikona zehlabathi ngokukhawuleza kancinci. Kwaye nangona idatha nge-Starlink inohambo olude kunesiqhelo-kwindawo-isantya sokusasazwa kokukhanya kwi-vacuum yi-50% ephezulu kuneglasi ye-quartz, kwaye oku kungaphezulu kokwenza umahluko xa uhambisa imigama emide.
Iziphumo ezibi
Icandelo lokugqibela lijongene neziphumo ezibi. Injongo yenqaku kukucacisa nakuphi na ukungaqondi malunga neprojekthi, kwaye iziphumo ezibi ezinokubakho zempikiswano zezona zixhalabisayo. Ndiza kunika ulwazi oluthile, ndiyeka ukutolika ngokungeyomfuneko. Andikabikho clairvoyant, kwaye andinabo nabaphi na abangaphakathi kwi-SpaceX.
Ngokombono wam, ezona ziphumo zinzima zivela ekwandeni kokufikelela kwi-Intanethi. Nakwidolophu yasekhaya i-Pasadena, isixeko esinamandla kunye ne-tech-savvy esinabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi esihlala kwiindawo ezininzi zokujonga izinto, iyunivesiti ekumgangatho wehlabathi, kunye nesikhungo esikhulu seNASA, ukhetho xa kuziwa kwiinkonzo ze-Intanethi zilinganiselwe. Kwilizwe lonke lase-US nakwilizwe liphela, i-Intanethi iye yaba yinkonzo karhulumente efuna irente, ii-ISPs zizama nje ukwenza i-50 yezigidi zeedola ngenyanga kwindawo epholileyo, engakhuphisaniyo. Mhlawumbi, nayiphi na inkonzo enikezelwa kwiiflethi kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala yinkonzo yoluntu, kodwa umgangatho weenkonzo ze-Intanethi ulingana namanzi, umbane okanye igesi.
Ingxaki ngesimo se-quo kukuba, ngokungafani namanzi, umbane okanye igesi, i-Intanethi isencinci kwaye ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Sihlala sifumana usetyenziso olutsha kuyo. Ezona zinto zinenguqu azikafunyaniswa, kodwa izicwangciso zephakeji zithintela ukubakho kokhuphiswano kunye nokuqamba izinto ezintsha. Iibhiliyoni zabantu zishiywe ngasemva ngenxa yeemeko zokuzalwa, okanye ngenxa yokuba ilizwe labo likude kakhulu kwindlela yentambo yangaphantsi kolwandle. I-Intanethi isahanjiswa kwimimandla emikhulu yeplanethi ngeesathelayithi ze-geostationary, ngamaxabiso okukhwabanisa.
I-Starlink, ehambisa ngokuqhubekayo i-Intanethi ukusuka esibhakabhakeni, iphula le modeli. Andazi ngeyona ndlela ingcono yokunxibelelana neebhiliyoni zabantu kwi-Intanethi. I-SpaceX isendleleni yokuba ngumnikezeli wenkonzo ye-Intanethi kwaye, ngokunokwenzeka, yinkampani ye-Intanethi ekhuphisana noGoogle kunye noFacebook. Ndiyabheja khange ucinge ngale nto.
Akucaci ukuba i-intanethi ye-satellite yeyona ndlela ilungileyo. I-SpaceX kunye ne-SpaceX kuphela ekwimeko yokudala ngokukhawuleza iqoqo leenkwenkwezi ezibanzi, kuba ichithe ishumi leminyaka kuphela isaphula urhulumente womkhosi wokuzimela ekuqalisweni kweziphekepheke. Nokuba i-Iridium ibinokugqithisa iiselfowuni kwimarike ngokuphindwe kalishumi, ngekhe iphumeze ukwamkelwa okuxhaphakileyo kusetyenziswa iipadi zokuphehlelelwa ngokwesiko. Ngaphandle kwe-SpaceX kunye nemodeli yeshishini eyahlukileyo, kukho ithuba elihle lokuba i-intanethi yesathelayithi yehlabathi ayinakuze yenzeke.
Igalelo elikhulu lesibini liya kuba kwi-astronomy. Emva kokusungulwa kweesathelayithi zokuqala ezingama-60 zeStarlink, kwabakho igagasi lokugxekwa kuluntu lwezazi ngeenkwenkwezi zezizwe ngezizwe, lisithi ukonyuka kwamanani amaninzi eisathelayithi kuya kubathintela ukufikelela kwabo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Kukho intetho ethi: phakathi kwezazi ngeenkwenkwezi, eyona telescope inkulu yeyona ipholileyo. Ngaphandle kokugqithisa, ukwenza i-astronomy kwixesha lanamhlanje ngumsebenzi onzima, okhumbuza umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuphucula umgangatho wohlalutyo ngokuchasene nomva wokukhula kongcoliseko lokukhanya kunye neminye imithombo yengxolo.
Into yokugqibela efunwa sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi ngamawaka eesathelayithi eziqaqambileyo ezidanyazayo kujoliso lweteleskopu. Enyanisweni, i-constellation yokuqala ye-Iridium yafumana udumo ngokuvelisa "i-flare" ngenxa yeepaneli ezinkulu ezibonisa ukukhanya kwelanga kwiindawo ezincinci zomhlaba. Kwenzeka ukuba bafikelele ekukhanyeni kwekota yeNyanga kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bade bonakalise ngengozi izinzwa zeenkwenkwezi. Uloyiko lokuba i-Starlink iza kuhlasela iibhendi zikanomathotholo ezisetyenziswa kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi zikanomathotholo nazo azinasihlahla.
Ukuba ukhuphela usetyenziso lwesatellite yokulandela umkhondo, unokubona inkitha yeesathelayithi zibhabha esibhakabhakeni ngorhatya olucacileyo. Iisathelayithi zibonakala emva kokutshona kwelanga nangaphambi kokusa, kodwa kuphela xa zikhanyiswa yimitha yelanga. Kamva ebusuku, iisathelayithi azibonakali kwisithunzi soMhlaba. Amancinci, akude kakhulu, ahamba ngokukhawuleza. Kukho ithuba lokuba baya kufihla inkwenkwezi ekude ngaphantsi kwe-millisecond, kodwa ndicinga ukuba nokufumanisa oku kuya kuba yi-hemorrhoid.
Ukukhathazeka okunamandla malunga nokukhanya kwesibhakabhaka kwavela kwinto yokuba i-satellites yokuqaliswa kokuqala yakhiwe kufuphi ne-terminator yomhlaba, i.e. Ubusuku emva kobusuku, iYurophu - kwaye kwakusehlotyeni - yabukela umfanekiso obalaseleyo weesathelayithi zibhabha esibhakabhakeni ngorhatya lwangokuhlwa. Ngaphaya koko, ukulinganisa okusekwe kwiingxelo zeFCC kubonise ukuba iisathelayithi ezikwi-orbit ye-1150 km ziya kubonakala nasemva kokuba kudlule ukukhanya kweenkwenkwezi. Ngokubanzi, ukuhlwa kuhamba ngezigaba ezintathu: i-civil, i-maritime kunye ne-astronomical, i.e. xa ilanga liyi-6, 12 kunye ne-18 degrees ngaphantsi kwe-horizon, ngokulandelelanayo. Ekupheleni korhatya lwe-astronomical, imitha yelanga imalunga nama-650 km ukusuka kumphezulu we-zenith, ngaphaya kweatmosfera kunye noninzi lwe-orbit yomhlaba ephantsi. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha evela , Ndiyakholelwa ukuba zonke iisathelayithi ziya kubekwa kwindawo engaphantsi kwe-600 km. Kule meko, ziya kubonakala ngongcwalazi, kodwa kungekhona emva kokuhlwa, ukunciphisa kakhulu impembelelo enokubakho kwi-astronomy.
Ingxaki yesithathu bubutyobo ku-orbit. IN Ndabonisa ukuba i-satellites kunye ne-debris engaphantsi kwe-600 km iya kuphuma kwi-orbit kwiminyaka embalwa - ngenxa yokutsala kwe-atmospheric, ukunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba ne-Kessler syndrome. I-SpaceX ingcolisa ubumdaka ngokungathi asiyikhathalelanga kwaphela inkunkuma. Apha ndijonge kwiinkcukacha zokuphunyezwa kwe-Starlink, kwaye ndifumana ubunzima ekucingeni indlela engcono yokunciphisa inani lenkunkuma kwi-orbit.
Iisathelayithi zindululwa ukuya kumphakamo weekhilomitha ezingama-350, emva koko, kusetyenziswa iinjini ezakhelwe ngaphakathi, zibhabhe ziye kwi-orbit yazo. Nayiphi na isathelayithi ethe yafa ngexesha lokuziswa kwayo iya kuba ingekho kwi-orbit kwiiveki ezimbalwa, kwaye ayisayi kujikeleza kwenye indawo ephezulu kule minyaka iliwaka izayo. Oku kubekwa kubandakanya ukuvavanya ukungena simahla. Ngaphaya koko, iisathelayithi zeStarlink zithe tyaba kwindawo enqamlezileyo, okuthetha ukuba xa ziphulukene nolawulo lokuphakama, zingena kumaleko ashinyeneyo omoya.
Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba i-SpaceX yaba nguvulindlela kwi-astronautics ngokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuxhoma endaweni ye-squibs. Phantse zonke iisayithi zokuphehlelelwa zisebenzisa i-squibs xa kuhanjiswa izigaba, iisathelayithi, ii-fairings, njl., njl., ngaloo ndlela zinyusa inani elinokubakho lenkunkuma. I-SpaceX ikwasusa ngabom amanqanaba aphezulu kwi-orbit, iwathintela ukuba angajingi esithubeni ngonaphakade, ukuze angawohloki kwaye adilike kwindawo enzima yendawo.
Okokugqibela, umba wokugqibela endifuna ukuwukhankanya lithuba lokuba i-SpaceX isuse imonopoly ekhoyo ye-intanethi ngokwenza eyakhe. Kwi-niche yayo, i-SpaceX sele ilawula ukuqaliswa. Kuphela ngumnqweno woorhulumente abakhuphisanayo wokufumana ufikelelo oluqinisekisiweyo kwindawo ethintela imijukujelwa ebiza imali eninzi nephelelwe lixesha, ehlala idityaniswa ziikontraka ezinkulu zokhuselo ezizimeleyo, ukuba zicinywe.
Akunzima kangako ukucinga ukuba i-SpaceX isungula i-2030 yeesathelayithi zayo ngonyaka ngo-6000, kunye neesathelayithi ezimbalwa zokuhlola ngenxa yexesha lakudala. Iisathelayithi ezishibhile nezithembekileyo i-SpaceX iya kuthengisa "indawo yokubeka" kwizixhobo zomntu wesithathu. Nayiphi na iyunivesiti enokudala ikhamera esebenzisekayo kwindawo iya kukwazi ukuyindulula kwi-orbit ngaphandle kokuthwala iindleko zokwakha iqonga lendawo yonke. Ngokufikelela okuphambili kunye nokungathintelwanga kwindawo, i-Starlink sele inxulunyaniswe neesathelayithi, ngelixa abavelisi bembali beba yinto yexesha elidlulileyo.
Imbali iqulethe imizekelo yeenkampani ezicinga phambili ezithathe i-niche enkulu kangaka kwimarike kangangokuba amagama abo aba ngamagama asekhaya: Hoover, Westinghouse, Kleenex, Google, Frisbee, Xerox, Kodak, Motorola, IBM.
Ingxaki inokuvela xa inkampani yobuvulindlela yenza izenzo ezichasene nokhuphiswano ukuze igcine isabelo sayo semarike, nangona oku kuye kwavunyelwa rhoqo ukususela kuMongameli uReagan. I-SpaceX inokugcina i-Starlink monopoly, inyanzela abanye abaphuhlisi besatellite ukuba bakhuphe iisathelayithi kwiirokethi zeSoviet zakudala. Amanyathelo afanayo athathiwe , kunye nokumiselwa kwamaxabiso okuthutha ngeposi, kwakhokelela ekuwohlokeni ngowe-1934. Ngethamsanqa, i-SpaceX ayinakwenzeka ukuba igcine imonopoly ngokupheleleyo kwiirokethi ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngonaphakade.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba ukuthunyelwa kwe-SpaceX kwamashumi amawaka eesathelayithi ezine-orbit ephantsi zinokuyilwa njengendlela yokudibanisa i-commons. Inkampani yabucala, elandela inzuzo yobuqu, ithatha ubunini obusisigxina bezithuba ezifikelelekayo esidlangalaleni kunye nezingenamntu. Kwaye ngelixa iinguqulelo ze-SpaceX zenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ngokwenene ukwenza imali kwi-vacuum, ininzi ye-SpaceX yobukrelekrele bobukrelekrele yakhiwe ngeebhiliyoni zeedola kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lophando.
Kwelinye icala, sifuna imithetho eza kukhusela utyalo-mali lwabucala, uphando kunye neengxowa-mali zophuhliso. Ngaphandle kolu khuseleko, abavelisi abayi kukwazi ukuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi zamabhongo okanye baya kuhambisa iinkampani zabo kwiindawo apho ukhuseleko olunjalo luya kunikezelwa kubo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, uluntu luyahlupheka ngenxa yokuba ingeniso ayiveliswanga. Kwelinye icala, sifuna imithetho eya kukhusela abantu, abanini-magama abanini-commons kuquka nesibhakabhaka, kumaziko abucala afuna irente athi ahlomele iimpahla zoluntu. Ngokwayo, akukho nanye okanye enye eyinyani okanye inokwenzeka. Uphuhliso lwe-SpaceX lunika ithuba lokufumana indawo ephakathi kule ntengiso intsha. Siya kuqonda ukuba ifunyenwe xa sikhulisa ukuphindaphinda kwezinto ezintsha kunye nokudalwa kwentlalontle yoluntu.
Iingcamango zokugqibela
Ndibhale eli nqaku kwangoko emva kokugqiba elinye - . Ibishushu iveki. Zombini i-Starship kunye ne-Starlink zitekhnoloji zohlaziyo olwenziwa kanye phambi kwamehlo ethu, kubomi bethu. Ukuba ndibukela abazukulwana bam bekhula, baya kumangaliswa ngakumbi ukuba ndimdala kune-Starlink, kunokuba ndisengumntwana kwakungekho fowuni (imiboniso yemyuziyam) okanye i-Intanethi yoluntu ngokwayo.
Izityebi kunye nomkhosi kudala besebenzisa i-Intanethi yesathelayithi ixesha elide, kodwa indawo yonke, eqhelekileyo kunye nexabiso eliphantsi iStarlink ngaphandle kweStarship ayinakwenzeka.
Bathetha ngokusungulwa ixesha elide, kodwa i-Starship, iqonga eliphantsi kakhulu kwaye ke elinomdla, alinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-Starlink.
Uphononongo lwendawo elawulwa ngumntu sele kuthethwa ngalo ixesha elide, kwaye ukuba u... , emva koko ube nesibane esiluhlaza. Nge-Starship kunye ne-Starlink, ukuphononongwa kwendawo yomntu kuyinto efikelelekayo, ekufutshane-kwixesha elizayo, umgama nje wokuphosa ilitye ukusuka kwindawo ye-orbital ukuya kwizixeko ezinemizi-mveliso kwindawo enzulu.
umthombo: www.habr.com