Kancinci malunga nokuba yeyiphi na isikolo "isayensi yekhompyuter" yayinjani kwiminyaka yoo-90, kwaye kutheni bonke abadwelisi benkqubo babezifundisa kuphela.
Oko abantwana bafundiswa inkqubo kuyo
Kwiminyaka ye-90 yokuqala, izikolo zaseMoscow zaqala ukuxhotyiswa ngokukhethekileyo ngeeklasi zekhompyutha. Ngoko nangoko amagumbi afakwa imivalo ezifestileni nocango olunzima lwentsimbi. Ukusuka kwenye indawo, utitshala wesayensi yekhompyuter wavela (wayekhangeleka njengoyena mhlobo ubalulekileyo emva komlawuli), umsebenzi wakhe ophambili yayikukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uchukumise nantoni na. Akukho kwanto. Nditsho nomnyango wangaphambili.
Kumagumbi okufundela umntu unokufumana i-BK-0010 (kwiindidi zayo) kunye neenkqubo ze-BK-0011M.
Ifoto ethathiweyo
Abantwana baxelelwa malunga nolwakhiwo jikelele, ngokunjalo malunga neshumi elinesibini lemiyalelo ye-BASIC ukuze babe nokuzoba imigca kunye nezangqa kwisikrini. Kumabanga asezantsi naphakathi, oku mhlawumbi kwakwanele.
Kwakukho iingxaki ngokugcina indalo yomntu (iiprogram). Ngokuqhelekileyo, iikhomputha ezisebenzisa abalawuli be-mono-channel zidityaniswe kwinethiwekhi kunye ne-topology "yebhasi eqhelekileyo" kunye nesantya sokuhanjiswa kwe-57600 baud. Njengomthetho, kwakukho idiski enye kuphela, kwaye izinto zihlala zingahambi kakuhle kuyo. Ngamanye amaxesha iyasebenza, ngamanye amaxesha ayifuni, ngamanye amaxesha inethwekhi iqhwa, ngamanye amaxesha i-floppy disk ayifundeki.
Ndiye ndathwala kunye nam le ndalo inamandla angama-360 kB.
Amathuba okuba ndifumane inkqubo yam kwakhona yayingama-50-70 ekhulwini.
Nangona kunjalo, eyona ngxaki iphambili kuwo onke la mabali aneekhompyuter ze-BC yayiyimikhenkce engapheliyo.
Oku kunokwenzeka nanini na, nokuba kuchwethezwa ikhowudi okanye kuphumeze inkqubo. Inkqubo engumkhenkce ithetha ukuba uchithe imizuzu engama-45 ilize, kuba... Kwafuneka ndenze yonke into kwakhona, kodwa ixesha lesifundo eliseleyo lalingasenakulingene oku.
Ngasekupheleni kowe-1993, kwezinye izikolo neelyceums, kwabakho iiklasi eziqhelekileyo ezineemoto ezingama-286, yaye kwezinye iindawo kwakukho iiruble ezintathu. Ngokumalunga neelwimi zeprogram, kukho iindlela ezimbini: apho "i-BASIC" iphelile, "i-Turbo Pascal" yaqala.
Inkqubo kwi "Turbo Pascal" usebenzisa umzekelo "itanki"
Besebenzisa iPascal, abantwana bafundiswa ukwenza iilophu, ukuzoba zonke iintlobo zemisebenzi, nokusebenza ngoluhlu. Kwi-physics kunye ne-mathematics lyceum, apho "ndahlala" ixesha elithile, isibini esinye ngeveki sabelwa kwisayensi yekhompyutha. Kwaye iminyaka emibini kwakukho le ndawo ikruqulayo. Ewe kunjalo, bendifuna ukwenza into ebaluleke ngakumbi kunokubonisa amaxabiso oluhlu okanye uhlobo oluthile lwe-sinusoid esikrinini.
Amatanki
I-Battle City yayiyeyona midlalo idumileyo kwi-NES clone consoles (iDendy, njl.).
Kwi-1996, ukuthandwa kwee-8-bits kwakudlulile, bekudala beqokelela uthuli kwii-closets, kwaye kwakubonakala kupholile kum ukwenza i-clone ye "Tanks" yePC njengento enkulu. Oku kulandelayo malunga nendlela emva koko kwakuyimfuneko ukuba ubaleke ukuze ubhale into ngemizobo, imouse kunye nesandi kwiPascal.
Unokuzoba kuphela iintonga kunye nezangqa
Masiqale ngemizobo.
Kwinguqulelo yayo esisiseko, uPascal ukuvumele ukuba uzobe ezinye iimilo, upeyinte kwaye umisele imibala yamanqaku. Iinkqubo eziphambili kakhulu kwimodyuli yeGrafu ezisisondeza kwi-sprites yi-GetImage kunye ne-PutImage. Ngoncedo lwabo, bekunokwenzeka ukubamba icandelo lesikrini kwindawo yenkumbulo ebigcinwe ngaphambili kwaye emva koko usebenzise esi siqwenga njengomfanekiso webitmap. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ufuna ukuphinda usebenzise ezinye izinto okanye imifanekiso ekwisikrini, uzizoba kuqala, uzikhuphele kwinkumbulo, ucime isikrini, uzobe esilandelayo, njalo njalo ude wenze ilayibrari oyifunayo kwinkumbulo. Ekubeni yonke into yenzeka ngokukhawuleza, umsebenzisi akaqapheli la maqhinga.
Imodyuli yokuqala apho i-sprites yayisetyenziswa ngumhleli wemephu.
Yayinebala lokudlala eliphawulweyo. Ukunqakraza imouse kuzise imenu apho ungakhetha enye yezine iinketho zothintelo. Ndithetha ngempuku...
Impuku sele iphelile i-90s
Ewe, wonke umntu wayenazo iimpuku, kodwa de kwaphakathi kwiminyaka yoo-90 zazisetyenziswa kuphela Windows 3.11, iipakethe zegraphics, kunye nenani elincinci lemidlalo. Ingcuka kunye neDoom zazidlalwa kuphela ngekhibhodi. Kwaye kwimeko ye-DOS imouse yayingafuneki ngokukodwa. Ke ngoko, iBorland ayizange iquke imodyuli yemouse kwipakethe eqhelekileyo. Kwakufuneka umkhangele ngoogxa bakho, abaphakamise izandla zabo baze baphendule, βUmfunela ntoni na?β
Nangona kunjalo, ukufumana imodyuli yokuvota imouse sisiqingatha kuphela sedabi. Ukuze ucofe amaqhosha akwiskrini nge mouse, kwakufuneka azotywe. Ngaphezu koko, kwiinguqulelo ezimbini (icinezelwe kwaye ayicinezelwa). Iqhosha elingacofanga linomphezulu okhanyayo kunye nesithunzi ngaphantsi kwalo. Xa icinezelwe, ingenye indlela. Kwaye emva koko uyizobe kwiscreen kathathu (ungacinezelwa, ucinezele, emva koko ungacinezeli kwakhona). Ngaphezu koko, ungalibali ukuseta ukulibaziseka kokubonisa, kwaye ufihle ikhesa.
Umzekelo, ukusetyenzwa kwemenyu ephambili kwikhowudi kujongeka ngolu hlobo:
Isandi-Isithethi sePC kuphela
Ibali elahlukileyo elinesandi. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yamashumi alithoba, iiclones zeSound Blaster zazilungiselela uhambo lwabo loloyiso, kwaye uninzi lwezicelo lwalusebenza kuphela nesithethi esakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ubuninzi bezakhono zayo kukuveliswa kwakhona kwethoni enye kuphela. Yiloo nto kanye uTurbo Pascal akuvumele ukuba uyenze. Ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yesandi kwakunokwenzeka ukuba "u-squeak" ngee-frequencies ezahlukeneyo, ezaneleyo kwizandi zezibhamu kunye nokuqhuma, kodwa kwi-screensaver yomculo, njengoko kwakusefashini ngoko, oku kwakungafanelekanga. Ngenxa yoko, isisombululo esinobuqili kakhulu sifunyenwe: kwi-archive yesofthiwe, "ifayile ye-exe" yafunyanwa, ikhutshelwe kanye kwi-BBS ethile. Wayenokwenza imimangaliso - adlale ii-wavs ezinganyanzeliswanga ngeSithethi sePC, kwaye wayenza ukusuka kumgca womyalelo kwaye wayengenalo ujongano lokwenyani. Ekuphela kwento eyayifuneka yayikukuyibiza ngenkqubo yePascal exec kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba olu lwakhiwo aludiliki.
Ngenxa yoko, umculo obulalayo uvele kwi-screensaver, kodwa into ehlekisayo yenzeke ngayo. Ngowe-1996, ndandinenkqubo yePentium 75, ehla yaya kutsho kuma-90. Yonke into yayihamba kakuhle. Kwiyunivesithi apho uPascal wafakwa khona kuthi kwisiqingatha sonyaka wesibini, kwakukho βiiruble ezintathuβ ezinxitywe kakuhle kwigumbi lokufundela. Ngokuvumelana nomfundisi-ntsapho, ndathabatha la matanki ndawasa kwisifundo sesibini ukuze ndifumane uvavanyo ndingaphindi ndiye apho. Kwaye ke, emva kokuqaliswa, ukugquma okukhulu okuxutywe nezandi ezingxolayo zaphuma kwisithethi. Ngokubanzi, i-33-megahertz DX "ikhadi le-ruble ezintathu" liye labonakala lingakwazi ukujikeleza ngokufanelekileyo kwaloo "executable" efanayo. Kodwa ngenye indlela yonke into yayilungile. Ewe kunjalo, ungabali ukuvota okucothayo kwebhodibhodi, okonakalise wonke umdlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukusebenza kwePC.
Kodwa eyona ngxaki iphambili ayikho kuPascal
Ngokokuqonda kwam, "Iitanki" yeyona nto iphezulu inokucudiswa ngaphandle kweTurbo Pascal ngaphandle kokufaka indibano. Iziphene ezicacileyo zemveliso yokugqibela kukuvota okucothayo kwebhodibhodi kunye nonikezelo lwemizobo ecothayo. Le meko yenziwa mandundu linani elincinci kakhulu lamathala eencwadi angaphandle kunye neemodyuli. Zazinokubalwa ngeminwe yesandla esinye.
Kodwa eyona nto yayindicaphukisa kakhulu yayiyindlela yokufunda esikolweni. Akukho mntu waxelela abantwana ngelo xesha malunga nezinto eziluncedo nezinokwenzeka zezinye iilwimi. Eklasini, baphantse baqala ukuthetha malunga nokuqala, println kwaye ukuba, okuvalele abafundi ngaphakathi kwi-BASIC-Pascal paradigm. Zombini ezi lwimi zinokugqalwa njengezemfundo kuphela. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo "ekulweni" yinto enqabileyo.
Kutheni ukufundisa abantwana iilwimi zobuxoki kuyimfihlakalo kum. Mababonakale ngakumbi. Makusetyenziswe ukwahluka kwe-BASIC apha naphaya. Kodwa, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba umntu uthatha isigqibo sokudibanisa ikamva lakhe kunye neprogram, kuya kufuneka afunde ezinye iilwimi ukusuka ekuqaleni. Ngoko kutheni abantwana bengafanele banikwe imisebenzi efanayo yemfundo, kodwa kuphela kwiqonga eliqhelekileyo (ulwimi), apho banokuqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ngokuzimeleyo?
Ukuthetha ngemisebenzi. Esikolweni nakwikholeji babehlala beyi-abstract: ukubala into ethile, ukwakha umsebenzi, ukuzoba into ethile. Ndifunde kwizikolo ezithathu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye sasino-βPascalβ kunyaka wokuqala weziko, kwaye akuzange nakanye ootitshala babeke ingxaki yokwenyani. Umzekelo, yenza incwadi yamanqaku okanye enye into eluncedo. Yonke into yayiqhelekile. Kwaye xa umntu echitha iinyanga ekuxazululeni iingxaki ezingenanto, ezithi ke zingene kudoti ... Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu sele beshiya iziko litshisiwe.
Ngendlela, kunyaka wesithathu weyunivesithi efanayo, sanikwa "i-pluses" kwinkqubo. Kwakubonakala ngathi yinto enhle, kodwa abantu babediniwe, begcwele inkohliso kunye nemisebenzi "yoqeqesho". Akukho mntu wayenomdla njengakuqala.
I-PS ndiye ndajonga ukuba zeziphi iilwimi ezifundiswayo ngoku kwiiklasi zesayensi yekhompyuter ezikolweni. Yonke into iyafana neminyaka engama-25 eyadlulayo: Isiseko, Pascal. I-Python ifika kwi-sporadic inclusions.
umthombo: www.habr.com