Akukho khephu laneleyo kumbindi weRashiya kobu busika. Kwawa kwezinye iindawo, ewe, kodwa ngoJanuwari umntu unokulindela imozulu eneqabaka nekhephu. Ubungwevu obuthuntu kunye ne-slush engathandekiyo ikuthintela ukuba uzive uvuyo lolonwabo oluqhelekileyo lwasebusika. Yiyo loo nto i-Cloud4Y icebisa ukongeza ikhephu elincinci ebomini bethu ngokuthetha ...
Kukholelwa ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini kuphela zekhephu. Kwaye enye yezazinzulu, ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba "nguyise" we-snowflake physics, inombono omtsha wokuchaza isizathu salokhu. ngumntu omangalisayo olungele ukushiya ilanga elifudumeleyo laseSouthern California phakathi ebusika ukuya eFairbanks (Alaska), ubeke ibhatyi efudumeleyo kwaye uhlale kwintsimi enomkhenkce kunye nekhamera kunye neqhekeza le-foam ezandleni zakhe. .
Yantoni? Ujonga awona mahlwantsi ekhephu akhazimlayo, acekeceke kakhulu, mahle kakhulu anokudala indalo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, iisampulu ezinomdla kakhulu zivame ukwenza kwiindawo ezibandayo - iFairbanks eyaziwayo kunye nekhephu elisemantla eNew York. Elona khephu libalaseleyo wakha walibona uKenneth yayiseCochrane, indawo ekumntla-mpuma weOntario, apho imimoya emincinane yayivuthuza amahlwantsi ekhephu njengoko esiwa sisuka esibhakabhakeni.
Ethabathekile zizinto, uLibbrecht ufunda ibhodi yakhe yogwebu ngokuzimisela kwe-archaeologist. Ukuba kukho into enomdla apho, iliso liya kubamba ngokuqinisekileyo kuyo. Ukuba akunjalo, ikhephu liyatshayelwa ebhodini, kwaye yonke into iqala kwakhona. Kwaye oku kuthatha iiyure.
ULibbrecht yingcali yefiziksi. Ngempazamo ehlekisayo, ilabhoratri yakhe kwiZiko leTekhnoloji yaseCalifornia ibandakanyeka kuphando ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi seLanga kwaye sele iphuhlise izixhobo zale mihla zokubona amaza omxhuzulane. Kodwa kwiminyaka eyi-20 edlulileyo, ukuthanda kukaLibbrecht ngokwenene kube yikhephu-kungekhona nje ukubonakala kwayo, kodwa yintoni eyenza ukuba ibonakale ngaloo ndlela. UKenneth uvuma ngelithi: βUmbuzo wokuba luhlobo luni lwezinto eziwa esibhakabhakeni, kwenzeka njani yaye kutheni zikhangeleka ngolo hlobo, usoloko endingcungcuthekisa,β uyavuma uKenneth.
Ixesha elide, kwakwanele ukuba iingcali zefiziksi zazi ukuba phakathi kweekristale ezincinci zekhephu, iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zinokuhlukaniswa. Enye yazo yinkwenkwezi ethe tyaba enengalo ezintandathu okanye ezilishumi elinesibini, nganye kuzo ihonjiswe ngelayisi entle edizzyingly. Olunye luhlobo lwekholamu encinci, ngamanye amaxesha ifakwe phakathi "kwezigqubuthelo" ezisicaba, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zifana nebholiti eqhelekileyo. Ezi milo zinokubonwa kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo kunye nokufuma, kodwa isizathu sokubunjwa kobume obuthile besiyimfihlakalo. Iminyaka yokuqwalaselwa kukaLibbrecht yanceda ekuqondeni ngcono inkqubo yecrystallization yekhephu.
Umsebenzi kaLibbrecht kule ndawo uye wanceda ekudaleni imodeli entsha echaza ukuba kutheni iikristale zekhephu kunye nezinye iikristale zekhephu zenza into esiqhele ukuyibona. Ngokutsho kwethiyori yakhe, kwi-intanethi ngo-Okthobha ka-2019, ichaza intshukumo yeemolekyuli zamanzi kufuphi nendawo yokukhenkceza (i-crystallization) kunye nendlela iintshukumo ezithile zezi molekyuli zinokuthi zibangele ukuqokelelwa kweekristale ezenza phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Kweyakhe Kumaphepha angama-540, iLibbrecht ichaza lonke ulwazi malunga neekristale zekhephu.
Iinkwenkwezi ezinamanqaku amathandathu
Kakade ke, uyazi ukuba akunakwenzeka ukubona iiflekhi zekhephu ezimbini ezifanayo (ngaphandle kwenqanaba lokuqala). Le nyaniso inento yokwenza nendlela iikristale ezibumba ngayo esibhakabhakeni. Ikhephu yingqokelela yeekristale zomkhenkce ezenza emoyeni kwaye zigcine imilo yazo xa ziwela kunye eMhlabeni. Zenzeka xa umoya ojikeleze umhlaba ubanda ngokwaneleyo ukuba zingadibani okanye zinyibilike zibe sisikhithi okanye imvula.
Nangona amaqondo obushushu amaninzi kunye nokufuma kunokubhalwa kwilifu elinye, kwiflake enye yekhephu ezi ziguquguqukayo ziya kuhlala zingatshintshi. Yiloo nto ihlwantsi lekhephu lihlala likhula ngokulinganayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-snowflake nganye ibonakaliswe ngumoya, ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nezinye izinto. Ngokusisiseko, ikristale nganye ixhomekeke kwisiphithiphithi selifu, kwaye ke ngoko ithatha iifom ezahlukeneyo.
Ngokutsho kophando lukaLibbrecht, ukucinga kwangaphambili malunga nezi fom ezithambileyo zirekhodwa kwi-135 BC. eTshayina. Umphengululi uHan Yin wabhala wathi: βIintyatyambo zezityalo nemithi zidla ngokuba namacala amahlanu, kodwa iintyatyambo zekhephu zihlala zitsolo-ntathu. Kwaye inzululwazi yokuqala eyazama ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni le nto yenzeka mhlawumbi yayinguJohannes Kepler, isazi saseJamani kunye ne-polymath.
Ngowe-1611, uKepler wanika umxhasi wakhe, uMlawuli Ongcwele waseRoma uRudolf II: isipho soNyaka Omtsha: intwana encinane. enesihloko esithi "Mayela neeflakes zekhephu eziHexagonal".
"Ndiwela ibhulorho, ndihlutshwa lihlazo - ndikushiye ngaphandle kwesipho soNyaka oMtsha! Kwaye kwavela ithuba lam! Umphunga wamanzi, uqina ukusuka kwingqele ukuya kwikhephu, uwela njengekhephu kwiingubo zam, zonke, njengenye, i-hexagonal, kunye nemitha ye-fluffy. Ndifunga ngoHercules, nantsi into encinci kunayo nayiphi na ithontsi, inemilo, inokusebenza njengesipho soNyaka oMtsha esele silindelwe ixesha elide kumthandi we-Nothing kwaye ufanelekile kwimathematika engenanto kwaye ayifumani nto, ukusukela oko. iwa esibhakabhakeni kwaye ifihla ngaphakathi kwayo umfanekiselo yinkwenkwezi enamacala amathandathu!
βKumele kubekho isizathu sokuba ikhephu limile okwenkwenkwezi enamacala amathandathu. Akunakwenzeka ngengozi le,β watsho uJohannes Kepler waqiniseka. Mhlawumbi wakhumbula ileta eyayivela kulowo wayephila ngexesha lakhe uThomas Harriot, isazinzulu esiliNgesi nesazi ngeenkwenkwezi nowakwaziyo ukusebenza njengomqhubi weenqanawa kuMhlekazi uWalter Raleigh. Malunga nowe-1584, uHarriot wayejonge eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokubeka iinkanunu kwiinqanawa zaseRaleigh. U-Harriot wafumanisa ukuba iipatheni ze-hexagonal zibonakala ziyiyona ndlela ilungileyo yokucwangcisa i-spheres, kwaye waxubusha lo mbandela ngembalelwano kunye noKepler. U-Kepler wayezibuza ukuba ingaba kwenzeka into efanayo na kumahlwantsi ekhephu kwaye yeyiphi na into enoxanduva kule mitha mithandathu idalwe kwaye igcinwe.
Iimilo ze-snowflake
Sinokutsho ukuba oku yayikukuqondwa kokuqala kwemigaqo ye-atomic physics, eya kuxutyushwa emva kweminyaka engama-300 kuphela. Ngokwenene, iimolekyuli zamanzi, ezineathom zazo ezimbini zehydrogen kunye neoksijini enye, zikholisa ukudibana zenze uluhlu olumacala mathandathu. UKepler nabantu bexesha lakhe babengazi ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani oku.
Njengoko iingcali zefiziksi zithi, ngenxa ye-hydrogen bonding kunye nokusebenzisana kweeamolekyu kunye nomnye, sinokubona isakhiwo se-crystalline evulekileyo. Ukongeza kwisakhono saso sokukhulisa amahlwantsi ekhephu, ubume be-hexagonal buvumela umkhenkce ukuba ube ngaphantsi kwamanzi, onempembelelo enkulu kwi-geochemistry, geophysics kunye nemozulu. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba umkhenkce ubungadadanga, ubomi eMhlabeni ngebungenakwenzeka.
Kodwa emva kwengxelo kaKepler, ukujonga amahlwantsi ekhephu kwakuyinto yokuzonwabisa kunenzululwazi enzulu. Ngeminyaka yee-1880, umfoti waseMerika ogama linguWilson Bentley, owayehlala kwidolophana yaseYeriko (eVermont, eUnited States) ebandayo nesoloko inekhephu, waqalisa ukufota amahlwantsi ekhephu esebenzisa iipleyiti zokufota. Ukwazile ukwenza ngaphezulu kweefoto ezingama-5000 ngaphambi kokuba abulawe yinyumoniya.
Nasemva koko, ngeminyaka yee-1930, umphandi waseJapan u-Ukichiro Nakaya waqalisa ukufunda ngokucwangcisiweyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekristale zekhephu. Embindini wenkulungwane, uNakaya wakhulisa amahlwantsi ekhephu elabhoratri esebenzisa inwele zomvundla ezibekwe kwigumbi elifakwe efrijini. Wajongana nokufuma kunye nokusetha ubushushu, ekhulisa iintlobo ezisisiseko zeekristale, kwaye waqulunqa ikhathalogu yakhe yantlandlolo yeemilo ezinokwenzeka. UNakaya wafumanisa ukuba iinkwenkwezi zekhephu zithanda ukumila ku -2Β°C nakwi -15Β°C. Iikholamu zenza ku -5 Β°C kwaye malunga ne -30 Β°C.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela apha ukuba kwiqondo lobushushu elimalunga ne -2 Β°C kuvela iifom zekhephu ezicekethekileyo ezifana neepleyiti zekhephu, kwi -5 Β°C zenza iikholomu ezibhityileyo kunye neenaliti, xa ubushushu behla ukuya kwi -15 Β°C baba bhityile ngokwenene. iipleyiti, kunye namaqondo obushushu angaphantsi - Kwi-30 Β°C abuyela kwiikholamu ezingqingqwa.
Kwiimeko eziphantsi zokufuma, i-snowflakes yeenkwenkwezi zenza amasebe amaninzi kwaye zifana neepleyiti ze-hexagonal, kodwa kumswakama ophezulu ziba nzima ngakumbi kunye ne-lacy.
Ngokutsho kweLibbrecht, izizathu zokubonakala kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zekhephu ziye zacaca ngakumbi ngenxa yomsebenzi kaNakai. Kufunyaniswe ukuba iikristale zekhephu zikhula zibe ziinkwenkwezi ezisicaba kunye neepleyiti (kunokuba zibe zizakhiwo ezine-dimensional ezintathu) xa imiphetho ikhula ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwaye ubuso bukhula ngokucothayo ukuya phezulu. Iikholamu ezibhityileyo zikhula ngokwahlukileyo, zinencam ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nezikhula kancinci.
Ngexesha elifanayo, iinkqubo ezisisiseko ezichaphazela ukuba i-snowflake iba yinkwenkwezi okanye ikholomu ihlala ingacacanga. Mhlawumbi imfihlelo yalala kwiimeko zeqondo lokushisa. Kwaye uLibbrecht wazama ukufumana impendulo kulo mbuzo.
Iresiphi ye-snowflake
Ekunye neqela lakhe elincinci labaphandi, uLibbrecht wazama ukuza neresiphi yeflake lekhephu. Oko kukuthi, iseti ethile yee-equations kunye neeparamitha ezinokulayishwa kwikhompyuter kwaye ufumane iintlobo ngeentlobo zekhephu zekhephu ezivela kwi-AI.
U-Kenneth Libbrecht waqala uphando lwakhe kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo emva kokufunda malunga nokumila kwekhephu elingaqhelekanga elibizwa ngokuba yikholomu evaliweyo. Ijongeka ngathi yintambo yomsonto okanye amavili amabini kunye ne-asi. Wazalelwa kumantla welizwe, wothuswa kukuba akazange alibone ihlwantsi lekhephu elinjalo.
Emangaliswe ziimilo ezingapheliyo zeekristale zekhephu, waqala indalo yabo ngokwenza ilabhoratri yokukhula kwamahlwantsi ekhephu. Iziphumo zeminyaka emininzi yoqwalaselo zanceda ekudaleni imodeli ethi umbhali ngokwakhe ayithathele ingqalelo impumelelo. Ucebise umbono wokusasazwa kwemolekyuli esekwe kumandla angaphezulu. Le ngcamango ichaza indlela ukukhula kwekristale yekhephu kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokuqala kunye nokuziphatha kweeamolekyu ezizenzayo.
Khawufane ucinge ukuba iimolekyuli zamanzi zifumaneka ngokukhululekileyo njengoko umphunga wamanzi usaqala ukuba ngumkhenkce. Ukuba ubungaphakathi kwindawo encinane yokuhlola uze ujonge le nkqubo, unokubona indlela iimolekyuli zamanzi angumkhenkce eziqalisa ngayo ukwenza ilitye eliqinileyo, apho iathom nganye yeoksijini ijikelezwe ziiathom ezine zehydrogen. Ezi kristale zikhula ngokubandakanya iimolekyuli zamanzi ezivela emoyeni ojikelezayo kwisakhiwo sazo. Zingakhula kumacala amabini aphambili: phezulu okanye ngaphandle.
Ikristale encinci, ecwecwe (i-lamellar okanye i-star-shaped) yenziwa xa imiphetho yenza ngokukhawuleza kunobuso obubini bekristale. Ikristale ekhulayo iya kusasazeka ngaphandle. Noko ke, xa ubuso bayo bukhula ngokukhawuleza kunencam yayo, le kristale iba nde, yenze inaliti, intsika ekroliweyo okanye intonga.
Iintlobo ezinqabileyo zekhephu
Umzuzwana omnye. Qaphela ifoto yesithathu, ethathwe nguLibbrecht kumantla eOntario. Le yikristale "evaliweyo" - iipleyiti ezimbini ezincanyathiselwe kwiziphelo zekristale eshinyeneyo. Kule meko, ipleyiti nganye ihlulwe ibe yibini yamacwecwe amancinci kakhulu. Jonga ngokusondeleyo emaphethelweni, uya kubona indlela ipleyiti eyahlulwe ngayo ibe zimbini. Imiphetho yala macwecwe mabini abhityileyo aphantse abukhali okwencakuba. Ubude obupheleleyo bekholomu yeqhwa bu malunga ne-1,5 mm.
Ngokutsho kwemodeli ye-Libbrecht, umphunga wamanzi uqala ukuhlala kwiikona zekristale kwaye emva koko usasazeke (usasazeka) kunye nomphezulu wekristale okanye ebusweni bayo, obangela ukuba i-crystal ikhule ngaphandle okanye phezulu. Yiyiphi kwezi nkqubo "iphumelele" ixhomekeke ikakhulu kwiqondo lokushisa.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imodeli "yi-semi-empirical". Oko kukuthi, yakhiwe ngokuyinxenye ukuba ihambelane nento eyenzekayo, kwaye ingacacisi imigaqo yokukhula kwekhephu. Ukungazinzi kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kweemolekyuli ezingenakubalwa zintsonkothe ββkakhulu ukuba zingacalulwa ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ithemba lihlala lihleli lokuba iingcamango zikaLibbrecht ziya kusebenza njengesiseko somzekelo obanzi wokuguquguquka kokukhula komkhenkce, onokuthi uchazwe ngemilinganiselo ecacileyo kunye novavanyo.
Omnye akufanele acinge ukuba ezi ngqwalasela zinomdla kwisangqa esincinci sezazinzulu. Imibuzo efanayo iphakama kwifiziksi yento econdensed nakweminye imimandla. Iimolekyuli zamachiza, iitshiphusi zesemiconductor yeekhompyuter, iiseli zelanga kunye nenkitha yamanye amashishini axhomekeke kwiikristale ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kwaye amaqela onke azinikele ekuzikhuliseni. Ke iiflakes zekhephu ezithandekayo zikaLibbrecht zinokunceda isayensi.
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