3. Ƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci akan matsananciyar sauyawa

Barka da rana abokai! A yau zan ci gaba da jerin sadaukarwa ga Matsanancin sauyawa labarin akan ƙirar hanyar sadarwa na Kasuwanci.

A cikin wannan labarin zan yi ƙoƙarin zama a takaice kamar yadda zai yiwu:

• bayyana tsarin da aka tsara don tsara hanyar sadarwar Etnterprise
• Yi la'akari da nau'ikan ginin ɗayan mahimman kayayyaki na cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci - cibiyar sadarwar cibiyar (ip-campus)
• bayyana fa'idodi da rashin amfanin zaɓuɓɓuka don tanadin nodes na cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci
• ta amfani da misali mai ƙima don ƙira/sabunta ƙaramar hanyar sadarwa ta Kasuwanci
• zaɓi matsananciyar sauyawa don aiwatar da hanyar sadarwar da aka ƙera
• aiki tare da fibers da adireshin IP

Wannan labarin zai fi ba da sha'awa ga injiniyoyin cibiyar sadarwa da masu gudanar da cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci waɗanda ke fara tafiya a matsayin "masu zaman kansu" fiye da ƙwararrun injiniyoyi waɗanda suka yi aiki shekaru da yawa a cikin ma'aikatan sadarwa ko a cikin manyan kamfanoni tare da cibiyoyin sadarwar da aka rarraba a ƙasa.

A kowane hali, ga masu sha'awar, da fatan za a koma ga cat.

Hanyar ƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta zamani

Zan fara labarina tare da sanannen sanannen tsari na ƙirar hanyar sadarwa, wanda ke ba ku damar haɗa wuyar warwarewa daga yanki na cibiyar sadarwa zuwa hoto ɗaya.

Na farko, kadan abstraction - Ina sau da yawa tunanin wannan tsarin kamar zuƙowa a kan geo-maps, lokacin da ƙasar ke bayyane a farkon kusantar, yankuna a na biyu, birane a cikin na uku, da dai sauransu.

A matsayin misali, yi la'akari da wannan misali:

• Ƙimar 1st - gabaɗayan cibiyar sadarwar masana'anta tsari ce ta matakai daban-daban:
  • kashin baya ko harabar
  • matakin iyaka
  • matakin sadarwar sadarwa
  • wurare masu nisa

• Ƙimar ta biyu - kowane ɗayan waɗannan matakan an yi dalla-dalla cikin sassa daban-daban
  • Babban cibiyar sadarwa ko harabar ya ƙunshi:
    • 3- ko 2-module mai siffantawa cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci da matakan sa - samun dama, rarrabawa da/ko ainihin.
    • module mai bayyana cibiyar bayanai - cibiyar sarrafa bayanai (mahimmanci ɓangaren uwar garken kayan aikin)

  • matakin iyaka bi da bi ya ƙunshi:
    • Tsarin haɗin Intanet
    • WAN da MAN module, wanda ke da alhakin haɗa abubuwan kasuwancin da aka rarraba a ƙasa
    • module don gina ramukan VPN da samun dama-dama
    • Sau da yawa, ƙananan masana'antu da yawa suna da da yawa daga cikin waɗannan kayayyaki, ko ma duka, an haɗa su ɗaya

  • matakin mai bayarwa:
    • Wannan matakin ya haɗa da haɗi "zuwa duniyar waje" - filaye masu duhu (hayar fibers daga masu aiki), tashoshin sadarwa (Ethernet, G.703, da sauransu), damar Intanet.

  • matakin nesa:
    • A mafi yawancin, waɗannan rassa ne na kamfani da ake rarrabawa a cikin birni, yanki, ƙasa ko ma nahiyoyi.
    • Wannan yanki na iya haɗawa da cibiyar adana bayanai, wanda ke kwafin aikin babban aiki
    • kuma ba shakka, kwanan nan samun karbuwa - ma'aikatan waya (ayyukan nesa)

• Ƙimar ta 3 - kowane nau'in na'ura ya kasu zuwa ƙananan kayayyaki ko matakai. Misali, akan hanyar sadarwa na harabar:
  • An raba hanyar sadarwa mai lamba 3 zuwa:
    • matakin shiga
    • matakin rarraba
    • matakin kernel

  • A cikin mawuyacin yanayi, za a iya raba cibiyar bayanai zuwa:
    • Sashe na cibiyar sadarwa matakin 2 ko 3
    • bangaren uwar garken

  Zan yi ƙoƙarin nuna duk abubuwan da ke sama a cikin sauƙi mai zuwa:

  
  
  Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga hoton da ke sama, tsarin na zamani yana taimakawa daki-daki da tsara cikakken hoto zuwa abubuwan abubuwan da za'a iya aiki dasu nan gaba.

  Don dalilan wannan labarin, zan mai da hankali kan matakin Kasuwancin Campus kuma in kwatanta shi dalla-dalla.

  Nau'in cibiyoyin sadarwa na IP-CAMPUS

  Lokacin da nake aiki don mai bayarwa, kuma musamman daga baya lokacin aiki a matsayin mai haɗawa, na fuskanci daban-daban "balaga" na cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan ciniki. Ba na amfani da kalmar balaga ba don komai ba, tun da sau da yawa akwai lokuta lokacin da tsarin cibiyar sadarwa ya girma tare da ci gaban kamfanin da kansa, kuma wannan shine, bisa ka'ida, na halitta.

  A cikin ƙaramin kamfani da ke cikin gini ɗaya, cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci na iya ƙunsar na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa 1 kawai tana aiki azaman Tacewar zaɓi, madaidaicin shiga da yawa da sabar sabar biyu.

  Ina kiran irin wannan hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta "Layer-Layer" - babu cikakkiyar madaidaicin cibiyar sadarwar cibiyar sadarwa, an canza Layer Layer zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa (tare da Firewall, VPN da yiwuwar ayyukan wakili), kuma masu sauyawa masu sauyawa suna aiki da kwamfutocin ma'aikata da sabobin.

  
  
  Lokacin da kamfani ya girma-ƙara yawan ma'aikata, ayyuka, da sabar - yakan zama dole don:

  • ƙara yawan maɓallai a cikin hanyar sadarwa da samun damar tashar jiragen ruwa
  • ƙara ƙarfin uwar garken
  • yaƙi yankunan watsa shirye-shirye - aiwatar da rarrabuwa na cibiyar sadarwa da kewayawa tsakanin sassan
  • magance gazawar hanyar sadarwa wanda ke haifar da raguwa ga ma'aikata, saboda wannan yana haifar da ƙarin farashin kuɗi don gudanarwa (ma'aikaci ba shi da aiki, ana biyan albashi, amma aikin bai yi ba)
  • A cikin aiwatar da ma'amala da gazawar, yi tunani game da sake sakewa na nodes na cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci - masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa, masu sauyawa, sabar da ayyuka.
  • ƙarfafa manufofin tsaro, saboda haɗarin kasuwanci na iya tasowa kuma, sake, don ƙarin ingantaccen aikin cibiyar sadarwa

  Duk wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa injiniya (mai gudanar da hanyar sadarwa) ba da daɗewa ba yayi tunani game da ginin cibiyar sadarwa daidai kuma ya zo ga samfurin 2-matakin.

  Wannan samfurin ya rigaya ya bambanta matakan 2 a fili - matakin samun dama da matakin rarraba, wanda kuma shine ainihin matakin (rushe-core).

  Haɗin rarraba da ƙwaya yadudduka suna yin ayyuka masu zuwa:

  • yana tara hanyoyin haɗin kai daga maɓallan samun dama
  • yana gabatar da tsarin tafiyar da sassan cibiyar sadarwa - akwai masu amfani da na'urori da yawa waɗanda ba za su iya shiga cikin hanyar sadarwa ɗaya / 24 ba, kuma idan sun dace, guguwar watsa shirye-shirye na haifar da gazawa akai-akai (musamman idan masu amfani suna taimaka musu ta hanyar ƙirƙirar madaukai).
  • yana ba da sadarwa tsakanin sassan maɓalli na kusa (ta hanyoyin haɗi masu sauri)
  • yana ba da sadarwa tsakanin masu amfani da na'urorinsu da kuma gonar uwar garken, wanda a wannan lokacin kuma ya fara rabuwa zuwa wani yanki na cibiyar sadarwa daban - cibiyar bayanai.
  • fara samar da, tare da samun damar sauyawa, zuwa mataki ɗaya ko wani, manufofin tsaro da kamfani ya fara samu a wannan lokacin. Kamfanin yana girma, kuma haɗarin kasuwanci kuma yana girma (a nan ina nufin ba kawai tanadi akan sirrin kasuwanci ba, bambance-bambancen manufofin samun dama, da dai sauransu, amma har ma na asali na cibiyar sadarwa da ma'aikata).

  Don haka, hanyar sadarwar ba dade ko ba dade tana girma zuwa ƙirar matakai biyu:

  
  
  Wannan samfurin yana gabatar da buƙatu na musamman duka biyu don samun damar sauya matakin matakin, wanda ke haɗa haɗin haɗin kai daga masu amfani da na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa (masu bugawa, wuraren samun dama, na'urorin VoIP, wayoyin IP, kyamarori na IP, da sauransu) da kuma don sauyawa matakin rarrabawa da kernels.

  Dole ne masu sauya hanyar shiga su zama mafi wayo kuma mafi ƙarfi don saduwa da aikin cibiyar sadarwa, tsaro, da buƙatun sassauƙa kuma dole:

  • suna da nau'ikan tashoshin shiga daban-daban da tashar jiragen ruwa - zai fi dacewa tare da yuwuwar tanadi don haɓaka zirga-zirga da adadin tashoshin jiragen ruwa.
  • suna da isassun ƙarfin sauyawa da kayan aiki
  • suna da aikin tsaro da ake buƙata wanda zai gamsar da manufofin tsaro na yanzu (kuma daidai, haɓakar ƙarin buƙatunsa)
  • suna da ikon sarrafa na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa masu wuyar isa tare da ikon sake kunna su ta amfani da wuta (PoE, PoE+)
  • iya tanadin wutar lantarki don amfani da shi a wuraren da ake buƙata
  • suna da (idan zai yiwu) ƙarin yuwuwar haɓakawa cikin ayyuka - misali akai-akai lokacin da maɓallin samun dama ya juya ya zama canjin rarrabawa

  Maɓallan rarraba, bi da bi, suma suna ƙarƙashin buƙatu masu zuwa:

  • duka a cikin sharuddan gangar jikin tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa hanyar samun damar sauyawa, da kuma hanyoyin mu'amalar ƙwararru na maɓallan rarraba maƙwabta (kuma a nan gaba, yuwuwar hanyoyin haɗin kai zuwa kernel)
  • dangane da aikin L2 da L3
  • dangane da aikin tsaro
  • dangane da tabbatar da haƙurin kuskure (raguwa, tari da rashin ƙarfi)
  • dangane da samar da sassauci lokacin daidaita zirga-zirga
  • suna da (idan zai yiwu) ƙarin yuwuwar haɓakawa cikin aiki (canza na'urar tarawa cikin ainihin kan lokaci)
  • a wasu lokuta, yana iya zama dacewa don amfani da PoE, PoE+ tashar jiragen ruwa akan maɓallan rarraba.

  Bugu da ari - ƙarin: idan gudanarwa ta bi manufofin haɓaka aiki da haɓaka kasuwancin, cibiyar sadarwar kuma za ta ci gaba da haɓakawa a nan gaba - kamfani na iya fara hayar gine-ginen makwabta, gina gine-ginen nasa ko shayar da ƙananan fafatawa, ta haka za ta haɓaka. yawan ayyukan yi ga ma'aikata. A lokaci guda kuma, hanyar sadarwar tana haɓaka, wanda ke buƙatar:

  • samar da ma'aikata tare da wuraren aiki - ana buƙatar sababbin maɓalli masu amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa
  • samuwar sabbin maɓallan rarraba don haɗa hanyoyin haɗin kai daga maɓallan samun dama
  • gina sababbi, da kuma zamanantar da hanyoyin sadarwar da ake da su

  Sakamakon haka, zirga-zirga yana ƙaruwa saboda dalilai masu zuwa:

  • saboda karuwar masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa da kuma, bisa ga haka, masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa
  • saboda karuwar zirga-zirga daga ƙananan tsarin da ke kusa da ke zabar cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci a matsayin sufuri - wayar tarho, tsaro, tsarin injiniya, da sauransu.
  • saboda gabatarwar ƙarin ayyuka - tare da haɓakar ma'aikata, sababbin sassan sun bayyana waɗanda ke buƙatar wasu software
  • Ƙarfin ƙididdiga na cibiyar bayanai yana ƙaruwa don saduwa da kayan aiki da bukatun aikace-aikace
  • Bukatun tsaro don hanyar sadarwa da bayanai suna girma - sanannen CIA triad (barkwanci), amma da gaske, CIA - Sirri, Mutunci da Samun:
    • A wannan batun, ƙarin buƙatun don haƙuri da rashin kuskure sun bayyana don matakan mahimmanci na cibiyar sadarwa - rarrabawa da cibiyoyin bayanai.
    • sake, akwai karuwa a cikin zirga-zirga saboda ƙaddamar da sababbin tsarin tsaro - misali, RKVI, da dai sauransu.

  Ba da daɗewa ba, haɓakar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyuka da adadin masu amfani za su haifar da buƙatar gabatar da ƙarin Layer na cibiyar sadarwa - ainihin, wanda zai yi babban saurin sauyawa / sarrafa fakiti ta amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa mai sauri.

  A wannan gaba, kasuwancin na iya matsawa zuwa ƙirar hanyar sadarwa mai matakan 3:

  
  
  Kamar yadda kake gani a cikin hoton da ke sama, a cikin irin wannan hanyar sadarwa akwai matakan mahimmanci, wanda ke tara manyan hanyoyin haɗin kai daga masu rarraba rarraba. Don haka, kernel ɗin yana fuskantar buƙatu don:

  • interface bandwidth - 1GE, 2.5GE,10GE, 40GE, 100GE
  • canza aikin (ƙarar canzawa da aikin turawa)
  • nau'ikan dubawa - 1000BASE-T, SFP, SFP+, QSFP, QSFP+
  • lamba da saitin musaya
  • damar sakewa (stacking, clustering, redundancy of control panels (masu dacewa da na'urori masu canzawa), sake kunna wutar lantarki, da sauransu.)
  • ayyuka

  A wannan matakin na hanyar sadarwa, babu shakka ana buƙatar gyara fasaha:

  • redundancy na kernel nodes da links (sosai, sosai, sosai kyawawa)
  • redundancy na rarraba matakin nodes da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa (dangane da mahimmanci)
  • sake fasalin hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin maɓallan samun dama da matakin rarraba (idan ya cancanta)
  • Gabatar da ka'idojin zirga-zirga masu ƙarfi
  • daidaita zirga-zirga duka a cikin ainihin kuma a rarrabawa da matakan samun dama (idan ya cancanta)
  • aiwatar da ƙarin ayyuka - duka sufuri da sabis na tsaro (idan ya cancanta)

  da shari'a, ma'anar tsarin tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa na kamfani, wanda ya dace da manufofin tsaro na gabaɗaya dangane da:

  • buƙatun don aiwatarwa da daidaitawa na wasu ayyukan tsaro akan samun dama da maɓallan rarraba
  • bukatu don samun dama, saka idanu da sarrafa kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa (ka'idojin shiga nesa, sassan cibiyar sadarwa da aka yarda don gudanarwa, saitunan shiga, da sauransu)
  • bukatun ajiya
  • buƙatun don samar da mafi ƙarancin kayan kayan gyara da ake buƙata

  A cikin wannan sashe, na yi bayani a taƙaice juyin halittar hanyar sadarwa da masana'antar daga ƴan canji da ma'aikatan dozin biyu zuwa dozin da yawa (kuma wataƙila ɗaruruwan masu sauyawa) da ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwa (ko ma dubbai) na waɗannan ma'aikatan da ke aiki kai tsaye. a cikin cibiyar sadarwa na kasuwanci (kuma bayan duk Akwai kuma sassan samarwa da cibiyoyin sadarwa na injiniya).
  A bayyane yake cewa a gaskiya irin wannan "abin al'ajabi" da saurin ci gaban kasuwancin ba ya faruwa.
  Yawancin lokaci yana ɗaukar shekaru don kamfani da hanyar sadarwa don haɓaka daga matakin farko na farko zuwa matakin na 1 da nake kwatantawa.

  Me yasa nake rubuta duk waɗannan gaskiyar? Sa'an nan, Ina so in ambaci a nan irin wannan lokaci kamar ROI - dawowa-kan-zuba jari (dawowa / dawowa kan zuba jari) kuma la'akari da wannan gefen shi wanda ya shafi zaɓin kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa kai tsaye.

  Lokacin zabar kayan aiki, injiniyoyin cibiyar sadarwa da manajoji sukan zaɓi kayan aiki bisa dalilai 2 - farashin kayan aiki na yanzu da ƙaramin aikin fasaha wanda a halin yanzu ake buƙata don magance takamaiman aiki ko ayyuka (Zan yi magana game da siyan kayan aiki don sake sakewa daga baya. ).

  A lokaci guda kuma, ba a yi la'akari da yiwuwar ƙarin "girma" na kayan aiki ba. Idan wani yanayi ya taso lokacin da kayan aiki sun ƙare da kansu ta fuskar aiki ko aiki, to za a sayi mafi ƙarfi da aiki a nan gaba, kuma an mika tsohuwar zuwa ɗakin ajiya ko wani wuri a kan hanyar sadarwa bisa ka'idar "zuwa". tsaya” (wannan, ta hanya, kuma yana haifar da bayyanar wani babban gidan namun daji na kayan aiki da siyan gungun tsarin bayanai da ke aiki da shi).

  Don haka, maimakon siyan ɓangaren ƙarin lasisi. ayyuka da aiki, waɗanda suke da arha da yawa fiye da sababbi, kayan aiki mafi girma, dole ne ku sayi sabbin kayan masarufi da ƙarin biya saboda dalilai masu zuwa:

  • cibiyar sadarwa sau da yawa girma a hankali kuma fadada ayyuka ko aikin mai sauyawa a cikin hanyar sadarwar ku na iya isa na dogon lokaci.
  • Ba asiri ba ne cewa kayan aiki daga masu sayar da kasashen waje suna daura da kudin waje (dala ko Yuro). A gaskiya, da girma da dala ko Yuro (ko lokaci-lokaci mini-devaluation na ruble, dangane da yadda kuke kallon shi) ya kai ga gaskiyar cewa dala 10 da suka wuce da dala a yanzu sun bambanta da abubuwa daga ra'ayi na ruble

  Taƙaice duk abubuwan da ke sama, Ina so in lura cewa siyan kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa tare da ayyuka masu yawa a yanzu na iya haifar da tanadi a nan gaba.
  Anan na yi la'akari da farashin siyan kayan aiki a cikin mahallin saka hannun jari a cikin hanyar sadarwa da kayan aikina.

  Don haka, yawancin dillalai (ba kawai Extreme) suna bin ka'idar biyan kuɗi kamar yadda kuke girma ba, suna tattara ayyuka da yawa a cikin kayan aiki da damar haɓaka aikin mu'amala, waɗanda daga baya ana kunna su ta hanyar siyan lasisi daban-daban. Hakanan suna ba da maɓalli na zamani tare da kewayon kewayon dubawa da katunan sarrafawa, da kuma ikon ƙara yawan adadin su da aikin su akai-akai.

  Redundancy na m nodes

  A cikin wannan ɓangaren labarin, Ina so in taƙaita ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin sakewa na irin waɗannan mahimman hanyoyin sadarwa kamar ainihin, cibiyar bayanai ko maɓallan rarrabawa. Kuma ina so in fara da duba nau'ikan wuraren ajiya na gama-gari - tari da tari.

  Kowace hanya tana da ribobi da fursunoni, wanda zan so in yi magana akai.

  A ƙasa akwai tebur ɗin taƙaitaccen bayani wanda ke kwatanta hanyoyin guda biyu:

  
  

  • gudanarwa - kamar yadda ake iya gani daga tebur, a wannan batun, stacking yana da fa'ida, tun daga ra'ayi na gudanarwa, tarin sauye-sauye da yawa yana bayyana a matsayin sauyawa ɗaya tare da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Maimakon sarrafa, ka ce, 8 daban-daban masu sauyawa tare da tari, za ku iya sarrafa ɗaya kawai tare da tari.
  • nesa - a halin yanzu, magana mai ƙarfi, fa'idar tari ba ta fito fili ba, tunda fasahar tattara maɓalli ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ko tashoshi biyu masu manufa sun bayyana (misali SummitStack-V don Extreme, VSS don Cisco, da sauransu). wanda kuma ya dogara da nau'ikan transceivers. Anan, an ba da fa'ida ga gungu bisa ka'idar cewa lokacin tarawa, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka waɗanda dole ne ku yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun, waɗanda galibi ana haɗa su tare da igiyoyi na musamman na iyaka - 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3 ko 5 mita.
  • Sabunta software - a nan mun ga cewa clustering yana da fa'ida fiye da tarawa kuma abin lura shine kamar haka - lokacin da ake sabunta nau'in software na kayan aiki yayin tattarawa, kuna sabunta software a kan maɓalli mai mahimmanci, wanda daga baya ya ɗauki nauyin sanya sabbin software a kan. maɓallan jiran aiki na tari. A gefe guda, wannan yana sauƙaƙa aikin ku, amma sabunta software yakan buƙaci sake kunna kayan aikin na'urar, wanda ke haifar da sake kunnawa gabaɗayan tulin kuma ta haka ya sami katsewa a cikin aikinsa da duk ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da shi na ɗan lokaci. lokaci = lokacin sake yi. Wannan yawanci yana da matukar mahimmanci ga cibiya da cibiyar bayanai. Tare da tari, kuna da na'urori 2 masu zaman kansu ba tare da juna ba, waɗanda zaku iya sabunta software bi da bi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A wannan yanayin, ana iya kauce wa katsewa a cikin sabis.
  • saituna sanyi - a nan, ba shakka, stacking yana da fa'ida, tunda a cikin yanayin gudanarwa, kawai kuna buƙatar gyara saitunan na'ura ɗaya da fayil ɗin sanyi. Tare da tari, adadin fayilolin sanyi zai zama daidai da adadin nodes ɗin tari.
  • hakuri da laifi - a nan duka fasahohin biyu kusan daidai suke, amma har yanzu tari yana da ɗan fa'ida. Dalilin anan ya ta'allaka ne a cikin mai zuwa - idan muka yi la'akari da tari daga mahangar tafiyar matakai da ka'idoji, za mu ga masu zuwa:
    • akwai mai sarrafa-canji wanda duk manyan matakai da ka'idoji suke gudana (misali, ka'idar routing mai ƙarfi - OSPF)
    • akwai wasu na'urori masu sauyawa bayi da ke tafiyar da manyan hanyoyin da ake buƙata don aiki a cikin tari da kuma hidimar zirga-zirgar da ke wucewa ta cikin su
    • Lokacin da mai sarrafa-canji ya gaza, madaidaicin bawa-canji na gaba yana gano babban gazawar
    • tana farawa da kanta a matsayin maigida kuma ta fara duk matakan da ke gudana akan maigidan (ciki har da ka'idar OSPF da muka lura)
    • bayan wani lokaci don farawa (yawanci gajere), ka'idar OSPF kanta ta fara aiki
    • Don haka, idan ɗaya daga cikin nodes ya gaza, OSPF zai yi aiki kaɗan da sauri yayin tari fiye da lokacin da ake tarawa (don lokacin da ake buƙata don ƙaddamarwa da fara aiwatarwa da ƙa'idodi akan canjin bawa na tari). Ko da yake ya kamata in lura cewa ka'idojin stacking na zamani da na'urar sauya sheka suna aiki cikin sauri, galibi tsawon lokacin katsewar zirga-zirgar lokacin da ake canza tari yana ɗaukar ƙasa da daƙiƙa ɗaya, amma har yanzu tari tari a cikin wannan sigar.

  • hadaddun - kamar yadda ake iya gani daga tebur, stacking wins dangane da rikitarwa. Wannan sakamakon kai tsaye ne na abubuwan "sarrafawa" da "tsarin saiti". Kulli ɗaya yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan don daidaitawa da sarrafawa. Hakanan, lokacin tari, sau da yawa dole ne ku saita ƙarin ka'idojin zirga-zirga ko ka'idojin ajiyar ƙofa - VRRP, HSRP da sauransu.
  • maye gurbin raka'a - stacking yana da fa'ida bayyananne a nan. Sau da yawa, don maye gurbin mai canzawa a cikin tari, ya zama dole don aiwatar da mafi ƙarancin saitunan kayan aikin da ake buƙata, misali:
    • sabunta software na sabon sauyawa zuwa nau'in software na stack (kuma ana iya yin wannan nan da nan lokacin da masu sauyawa suka shigo cikin kunshin kayan gyara)
    • saita wasu 'yan asali umarni don tarawa (kuma don wasu nau'ikan masu sauyawa ko da wannan ƙila ba za a buƙaci ba)
    • cire gazawar tari mai sauya kuma haɗa wani sabo
    • haɗa wutar lantarki da igiyoyin faci

  • elasticity - Na yi la'akari da kaina daya daga cikin manyan sigogi. Gabaɗaya, elasticity wani abu ne mai rikitarwa, wanda ke nufin dukiyar wani abu da zai canza a ƙarƙashin rinjayar kaya kuma ya koma ainihin siffarsa bayan bacewarsa. Abin ban mamaki, don tari zai kasance mafi girma har ma da la'akari da maki 4:3 cikin sharuddan halaye don ni'imar tarawa. Yana da game da mutum factor. Ee, a, kada ka yi mamaki - ƙarfin irin waɗannan sigogin tari kamar sarrafawa ɗaya, daidaitawar saiti da rikitaccen nauyi shima ya ta'allaka ne a cikin raunin tarawa lokacin da yanayin ɗan adam ya shigo cikin wasa.

  A cikin aikina a fannin IT, na fuskanci yanayi da yawa (kuma, a gaskiya ma, na ma yi irin wannan kuskuren da kaina, musamman tun da wuri) inda, yayin da nake saita tari, injiniya zai yi kuskure wajen shigar da umarni ko kunna/kashe wani fasali akan kayan aikin, wanda hakan zai haifar da faɗuwar dukkan tari kuma yana buƙatar sake kunnawa da hannu. Ya kamata a ambaci magoya bayan manhajar Putty don Windows (oh, wannan kwafin dannawa ta dama).

  A gaskiya ma, duka fasahohin biyu suna da kyau sosai (musamman idan aka kwatanta da babu sakewa) kuma kowannensu yana da ƙarfinsa da rauninsa, amma ga matakin mahimmanci da kuma cibiyar bayanai mai girma, har yanzu zan fi son yin amfani da tari.

  Ko da yake wannan ra'ayi ne kawai. Yawancin ƙwararrun injiniyoyi waɗanda suka shiga cikin tallafin cibiyar sadarwa na shekaru da yawa a matakin ƙwararru na iya daidai da amfani da fasahohin biyu - duk ya dogara da gogewa da cancanta.

  Baya ga fasahohin don tarawa da adana nodes na cibiyar sadarwa, akwai kuma ƙa'idodi na gabaɗaya don ajiyar sassan kullin cibiyar sadarwar kanta da haɗin kai tsakanin nodes:

  Ta wurin ajiyar wuri a cikin kullin hanyar sadarwa ina nufin:

  • sake yin amfani da wutar lantarki - shigar da kayan wuta guda 2 waɗanda ke kwafin juna (kuma zai fi dacewa a haɗa su da nau'in samar da wutar lantarki na farko) na iya sauƙaƙe rayuwar ku.
  • redundancy of control panels - zuwa mafi girma ya shafi na'ura mai canzawa, wanda ke ba da haɗin kai na allon sarrafawa da yawa waɗanda ke yin kwafin juna.
  • redundancy na dubawa katunan - kuma ya shafi mafi yawa ga modular sauyawa.

  Ajiye haɗin kai/hanyoyi a zahiri yana nufin kasancewar hanyoyin haɗin kebul masu ruɓani (ko hanyoyin haɗin rediyo a yanayin buɗe sarari) tare da:

  • rarraba a kan daban-daban igiyoyi na USB da tashoshi a cikin ginin
  • Rarraba yanki akan yanki a matakin gine-gine 2 ko fiye, birni, yanki ko ƙasa (wanda ake kira zoben volumetric)

  A lokaci guda, lokacin gina hanyoyin sadarwa na madadin, wajibi ne a bi shawarwari da yawa don kayan aiki:

  • idan akwai kwafi na katunan dubawa na na'ura mai canzawa, ko kuma a gaban tari, ya zama dole don rarraba hanyoyin haɗin kai tsakanin raka'a - katunan dubawa a cikin yanayin sauyawa da sauyawa a yanayin tari.
  • Yana da kyau a yi amfani da ka'idojin tattara bayanan sadarwa (LACP, MLT, PAgP, da dai sauransu) don haɗa hanyoyin haɗin kai zuwa ƙungiyoyi da daidaita nauyin da ke tsakanin su.
  • Yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa waɗanda ke goyan bayan ka'idojin ECMP (Equal-Cost-Multi-Path) - lokacin da, lokacin da aka isar da fakiti da yawa ta hanya ɗaya, waɗannan fakitin ba sa tafiya ta hanya mafi kyau (da dubawa) amma ana rarraba su akan mafi kyawun hanyoyin (kuma musaya da yawa), waɗanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar daidaiton ma'auni na ƙa'ida, wanda kuma ke da alhakin cika tebur na ƙarshe.

  Kuma yanzu, kamar yadda aka alkawarta, zan bayyana wani lamari na gaske daga aikina da ka'idar ceto lokacin da ake tanadin nodes masu mahimmanci, wanda ya faru shekaru da yawa da suka gabata:

  • Ɗaya daga cikin kamfani, zan kira shi X, yana da daidaitaccen ƙirar hanyar sadarwa mai lamba 3:
    • tare da nau'i-nau'i masu yawa
    • da yawa dozin aggregations
    • dubu da yawa damar sauyawa
    • dubun dubatar masu amfani

  • cibiyar sadarwa an gina ta sosai.
    • tare da ɗimbin ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi da ƙa'idodi - OSPF, MP-BGP, MPLS, PIM, IGMP, IPv6, da sauransu.
    • tarin ayyuka - damar Intanet, L2 da L3 VPN, VoIP, IPTV, layin haya, da sauransu.

  • amma akwai matsala guda ɗaya a cikin hanyar sadarwa - na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa wanda ya haɗu da ayyukan na BGP mai iyaka kuma ya ƙare wasu sabis na mai amfani.
  • Ee, farashinsa ya kai adadin reshen jirgin sama (miliyan da yawa rubles)
  • a, a wancan lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan na'urori a cikin layin shahararrun mai siyar da hanyar sadarwa
  • Ee, dole ne ya zama abin dogaro sosai - tare da ingantaccen ƙimar MTBF
  • Ee, yana da kayan wuta guda 4, waɗanda aka haɗa bisa ga tsarin 2x2 kuma an haɗa su daga UEPS daban-daban da abubuwan shigarwa.

  Amma duk wannan bai canza gaskiyar cewa ya kasance maki ɗaya na gazawar cibiyar sadarwa ba.

  Kuma wata rana, da nisa daga ban mamaki a gare ni da abokan aiki na, wannan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya mutu na dogon lokaci (daga baya mun gano cewa akwai wani nau'i na rashin nasara akan layin wutar lantarki ta hanyar UEPS, wanda ya haifar da fitar da kayan wuta na 2 a). lokaci guda da kuma lokacin A wannan yanayin, ɗaya daga cikin tubalan ya ƙone RP na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa da katin dubawa, waɗanda aka haɗa zuwa bas ɗin bayanan gama gari na na'urar).

  Ba mu da allunan ajiya - RP da katin dubawa, amma akwai kwangila don maye gurbin kayan aiki ko abubuwan da ke tattare da su tare da ɗaya daga cikin abokan haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin NBD.

  Abin takaici, a wancan lokacin abokan haɗin gwiwar kawai suna da katin dubawa a hannun jari, amma babu hukumar RP; ya zo ne kawai bayan 'yan kwanaki (bayan kwanaki 3).

  A sakamakon haka, kasancewar maki guda na gazawar a cikin hanyar sadarwa (har ma tare da kwangilar tallafi da maye gurbin kayan aiki) ya haifar da farashin kuɗi masu zuwa:

  • rabon ayyukan kamfanin da ke da alaƙa da wannan iyakar ya kasance kusan 60-70%
  • Kamar yadda aka ƙididdige shi daga baya, ribar yau da kullun ta kai kusan 900 rubles (kimanin) a wancan lokacin.
  • Saboda haka, a cikin kwanaki 3 na raguwa, a ka'idar, an rasa riba a cikin adadin 1 miliyan 620 dubu rubles zuwa 1 miliyan 890 dubu rubles.

  Tabbas, asarar da aka samu sun kasance karami, tun lokacin da aka mayar da diyya ga yawancin masu amfani ba ta hanyar kudi ba, amma a cikin nau'i na ayyuka, amma har yanzu suna can:

  • wani ɓangare na diyya ga masu amfani da kamfanoni
  • ƙarin farashi ga ma'aikatan kamfanin waɗanda suka yi aiki duka waɗannan kwanaki 3-4 a cikin cikakken ƙarfi - karin lokaci, canjin dare, haɓaka canje-canje, da sauransu.
  • hasarar suna, wanda kuma yana da mahimmanci
  • kuma mafi mahimmanci - jijiyoyi na gudanarwa da ma'aikata, da abokan ciniki

  Sakamakon haka, an sake duba manufofin kamfanin:

  • ya ƙi kwangilar maye gurbin a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan NBD
  • bar kwangilar sabis na yau da kullun
  • sayi na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa wanda ke kashe kusan 1 - 1.3 miliyan rubles don adana 90% na aikin babban ɗayan.

  Bayan haka, siyan ƙarin kayan aiki da ajiyar babban wanda ya ba da damar daidaita nauyi a kan hanyoyin sadarwa na waje, zirga-zirga da masu amfani da su a tsakanin su, tare da ba da kariya ga kamfanin a cikin ƙarin hadura.

  Misalin Ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa na Kasuwanci

  A cikin wannan ɓangaren labarin zan yi ƙoƙarin bayyana mahimman abubuwan yayin ƙididdige cibiyar sadarwar kashin bayan kasuwanci. Ba zan yi lodin ku da dukan dabarar PPDIOO (Shirye-Shirye-Shirya-tsara- Aiwatar da-Aiki-Inganta) ba, amma kawai zan zayyana mahimman abubuwan ta:

  • Shiri/Shiri - kuna buƙatar yanke shawara tare da masu gudanar da ku game da manufofin sabunta hanyar sadarwar da kuke son cimmawa - ƙara yawan haƙuri, gabatar da sabbin ayyuka ko fasaha. Zan tsallake ma'anar ƙuntatawa - fasaha da ƙungiya - a nan, tun lokacin da na ɗauka cewa kai ma'aikaci ne na kungiyar kuma yana da isasshen lokaci don shawo kan su. Zan koma kan batun kasafin kudi a kasa.
  • Tsare-tsare - a nan za ku gina cikakken bayanin hanyar sadarwar ku ta yanzu (idan ba ku san ta ba), watau. bayyana hanyar sadarwa kamar yadda yake a yanzu:
    • yawa da nau'in kayan aiki
    • lamba da nau'ikan tashoshin jiragen ruwa
    • hanyoyin kebul da ke akwai da tsarin sauya tsarin ciki da tsakanin gine-gine
    • wutar lantarki da'irori
    • Bayanan L2 da L3
    • gina taswirorin hanyoyin sadarwar Wi-Fi masu nuna wuraren shiga da masu sarrafawa
    • kwatanta gonar uwar garken ku
    • Yana da kyau a bayyana duk ayyukanku da haɗin kai tsakanin su
    • idan kun riga kun aiwatar da manufofin tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa da manufofin sarrafa hanyar shiga hanyar sadarwa a cikin nau'i ɗaya ko wata, tabbatar da yin la'akari da shi lokacin zayyana.
    • Nan da nan zan lura cewa mataki na biyu shine ainihin cikakken ƙididdiga na cibiyar sadarwa, farawa daga kayan aikin USB da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki, kuma yana ƙarewa tare da ayyuka ( aikace-aikace da tashar jiragen ruwa). Wannan mataki yana da matukar daukar lokaci da kuma gajiya a wasu lokuta. Idan ku ko wanda ya riga ku ba ku kula da takardu ko ma tsarin sa ido na asali ba, to lokaci ya yi da za ku yi tunani akai. Cibiyar sadarwa tana ƙoƙarin canzawa a tsawon lokaci a cikin maɓalli daban-daban, kuma kawai kiyaye takaddun zamani ko tsarin sa ido zai iya taimaka maka ci gaba da lura da yanayinta da sauƙaƙe gudanarwarta. Amma wannan tuni ya shafi matakin aiki.

  • Zane - Tare da cikakken ilimin hanyar sadarwar ku da aka samu a matakin da ya gabata, a ƙarshe kun zauna kuna tunanin yadda zaku sabunta hanyar sadarwar ku. A ƙasa zan yi ƙoƙarin nuna ƙaramin misali na lissafin cibiyar sadarwa.

  Don kaina, na tattara ƙaramin jeri tare da bayanan farko waɗanda za su jagorance ni lokacin ƙididdigewa da zayyana cibiyar sadarwar.

  Bari mu yi tunanin matakin Shirya azaman jerin abubuwan da muke da su da abin da muke shirin yi:

  • Akwai babban kamfani mai girman gaske tare da kimanin adadin ayyukan yi, kusan 700-800 (a nan ina nufin waɗancan ma'aikatan da ke buƙatar samun damar shiga cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci)
  • Akwai daban-daban gine-gine a cikin yankin na kamfanin:
  • Manyan gine-gine:
    • adadin gine-gine - 2 inji mai kwakwalwa.
    • adadin benaye a cikin ginin - 7 inji mai kwakwalwa.
    • adadin kabad ɗin sadarwa a kowane bene a cikin gini ɗaya - guda 3 ( jimlar 21).
    • yawan ma'aikata a cikin ginin =~ 250 mutane

  • Ƙarin abubuwan rufewa:
    • adadin gine-gine - 10 inji mai kwakwalwa.
    • adadin benaye a cikin ginin / bita - 2 pcs.
    • adadin kabad na sadarwa a cikin ginin - 3 inji mai kwakwalwa.
    • yawan ma'aikata a cikin ginin =~ 20 mutane

  • Babban matakin cibiyar sadarwa na yanzu (a hanya, tsarin gama gari wanda na ci karo da shi fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin nau'i ɗaya ko wani da abun da ke ciki na tashar jiragen ruwa) an gabatar da shi:
    • 2 L2 masu juyawa:
      • 1Gb RJ-45 tashar jiragen ruwa - 24 inji mai kwakwalwa.
      • 1Gb SFP tashar jiragen ruwa - 4 inji mai kwakwalwa.
    • Canji na 1 L2:
      • 1Gb SFP tashar jiragen ruwa - 24 inji mai kwakwalwa.
    • core topology - zobe
    • Ana kunna hanyoyin haɗin kai-da-tsara tsakanin maɓalli ta amfani da filaye masu gani
    • masu sauyawa suna cikin ƙananan ɗakunan uwar garke tare da kabad
  • Matsayin rarraba na yanzu:
    • haɗe tare da matakin ginshiƙi na cibiyar sadarwa dangane da tara hanyoyin haɗin kai daga masu sauyawa masu shiga
    • Ana sanya adireshin L3 akan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa da/ko Tacewar zaɓi
  • Matsayin shiga na yanzu:
    • L2 yana sauyawa tare da 16 x 100 Mb RJ-45 tashar jiragen ruwa da 2 Gigabit uplink combo tashar jiragen ruwa RJ-45/SFP
    • maɓalli suna samuwa a cikin kabad a kan benaye
    • samun damar canza topology:
      • tauraro (hub-and-spoke - hub and spokes) tare da maɓalli / rarrabawa a tsakiya
      • katako/magana reshe ne na masu sauyawa ta kasa - guda 3 a cikin sarkar
    • akwai maɓallan shiga mara sarrafa
    • masu sauyawa a cikin ƙarin lokuta 9 ana haɗa su ta hanyar masu canza siginar lantarki (na gani zuwa masu sauya siginar lantarki)
  • Kayan aikin kebul na yanzu:
    • Tsarin igiyoyi tsakanin gine-gine:
      • akwai kebul na gani a tsakanin manyan gine-gine guda 2 tare da karfin fiber 8
      • akwai kebul na gani guda 1 tsakanin ɗaya daga cikin ƙarin gine-gine (inda aka shigar da maɓalli mai mahimmanci) da kowane ɗayan manyan gine-ginen da ke da ƙarfin fiber 8 kowanne.
      • Akwai kebul na gani guda 1 tsakanin ƙarawa. lokuta da shari'o'i tare da shigar da maɓallin maɓallin da aka shigar tare da ƙarfin fibers 4 (an nuna rarraba su a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa)
      • nau'in fiber a cikin duk igiyoyi - yanayin guda ɗaya/SMF
      • 2-fiber guda-yanayin SFP transceivers Ana amfani da
      • Wasu igiyoyin suna ƙarewa a haɗin haɗin kai na gani (ODF) a cikin ɗakuna daban-daban ( ɗakunan giciye / ɗakunan uwar garken), kuma an ƙare wasu daga cikin igiyoyin a matakin SHTOs.

    • Tsarin igiyoyi a cikin gine-gine:
      • Akwai tsarin kebul mai gauraya tsakanin ɗakunan uwar garken da kabad na farko akan benaye:
      • Cat5e igiyoyin jan karfe - 10 inji mai kwakwalwa (ko 100 biyu igiyoyi)
      • fiber optic multimode / MMF na USB don 4 ko 8 zaruruwa - 1 pc.
      • fiber na gani multimode / MMF na USB don 4 zaruruwa tsakanin bene kabad
      • jan karfe Cat5e igiyoyi tsakanin bene kabad da samun damar kwasfa
    • cibiyar bayanai na yanzu:
      • akwai sabobin da yawa, misali guda 6
      • sun haɗa da tashar jiragen ruwa 1Gb a cikin maɓalli mai mahimmanci a cikin babban gini na 1st
      • Ana shirya duk aikace-aikacen kasuwanci akan sabobin
    • L2, L3 adireshi da jagora:
      • hanyar sadarwa tana da VLANs da yawa - 2,3 kowane gini
      • ana keɓance sabar zuwa wata hanyar sadarwa daban/24
      • Don buƙatun ciki, ana amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwa na aji B, waɗanda aka haɗa cikin kewayon - 172.16.0.0/16
      • An ƙare adiresoshin L3 a kan iyaka da/ko Tacewar zaɓi
      • Ana amfani da hanyar kai tsaye
    • Ƙarin Bayani:
      • wayar tarho:
        • A cikin gine-gine da wasu gine-gine, ana tura wayar tarho ta gargajiya ta amfani da PBXs na zamani na zamani (ba IP-PBX ba)
        • wajibi ne a sanya wayoyi a cikin sabbin gine-gine, ba tare da tsadar shimfida layukan kebul na tagulla masu tsada na wani aiki ba da gina na'urar SCS mai kwafi don wayar a cikin gine-gine.
        • A tsawon lokaci, ana shirin gabatar da wayar tarho ta IP a cikin kamfani, haɗa shi da tsarin CRM da canja wurin duk ma'aikata zuwa gare ta.
      • karfin tashar jiragen ruwa:
        • yana da mahimmanci don nazarin ƙarfin halin yanzu na tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma a ajiye aƙalla 25-30% don bukatun gaba.
        • bincika isassun abubuwan da ake amfani da su na yanzu na tashar jiragen ruwa da hanyoyin haɗin ginin
        • samar da tashar jiragen ruwa na PoE/PoE + don na'urori daga tsarin da suka danganci - sa ido na bidiyo da wayar tarho
      • CCTV:
        • an shirya yin amfani da hanyar sadarwar kasuwanci azaman sufuri don hanyar sadarwar sa ido na bidiyo
        • wajibi ne don samar da tashoshin PoE don kyamarori na CCTV
      • tsarin mara waya:
        • A nan gaba, an shirya gabatar da kayan aikin mara waya don motsi na ma'aikata
        • wajibi ne don samar da tashar jiragen ruwa na PoE don samun damar shiga
      • kasafin kuɗi, lokaci da buƙatun kayan aiki:
        • yi amfani da mafi yawan kayan aiki
        • lokacin zayyana hanyar sadarwa, la'akari da yiwuwar faɗaɗa ƙarfin cibiyar sadarwa N shekaru gaba
        • lokacin zayyana hanyar sadarwa, la'akari da tallafi ga kowane nau'in ayyukan tsaro - anan akwai jerin ayyuka, farawa daga tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma ƙarewa tare da tabbaci da izini na masu amfani ta amfani da 802.1x.
        • Ajiye gwargwadon yiwuwar mahimmancin nodes na cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci na farko - jigon da cibiyar bayanai, da kuma samar da yuwuwar adana nodes na mahimmancin sakandare - nodes rarraba.
        • kasafin aikin dole ne ya samar da daidaiton kudade a matakai da yawa
        • adadin kasafin kuɗi - a nan kowane kamfani yana ƙayyade kansa, yana jagorantar ta hanyar alamun kuɗi
        • Ƙayyadaddun lokaci - a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin, ba za a sami kwanakin ƙarshe ba, tun da yake wannan aikin na cikin gida ne wanda ma'aikatansa ke aiwatarwa, ko kuma za su kasance masu jin dadi - misali, shekara 1 (ko fiye). A cikin mummunan yanayi, yana iya zama daga watanni 3 zuwa watanni shida.
      • warware matsalolin cibiyar sadarwa na yanzu:
        • asarar fakiti
        • Matsaloli tare da DHCP akan ƙarin ko žasa na'urorin samun damar shiga mai hankali da ke da alaƙa da amfani da dangin STP na ka'idoji don magance madaukai akan tashoshin shiga.
        • kawar da gaban cibiyar sadarwa ta DHCP a cikin kowane VLAN na ma'aikata
        • faruwar madaidaicin madaukai masu alaƙa da kunna mara izini na na'urori masu sarrafawa / marasa sarrafawa a cikin ofisoshi da haɗin na'urori daban-daban zuwa gare su.
        • lissafin yaci gaba da tafiya...

      Tsare-tsare Mataki - Haɓaka yanayin hanyar sadarwar ku ta yanzu, kamar yadda na riga na rubuta, ya dogara da kasancewar tsarin sa ido mai inganci da matakin takaddun sa. A cikin wannan mataki dole ne ku:

      • aƙalla, zana hanyar sadarwar da ke akwai don ƙarin bincike
      • tattara bayanai daga kayan aiki:
        • zirga-zirga a kan tashar jiragen ruwa
        • kurakurai akan tashoshin jiragen ruwa
        • Load ɗin CPU da amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akan maɓallai da masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa
        • bayyana makircin L2-L3 ta VLANs da adiresoshin IP
      • ɗaga zane-zanen hanyar kebul:
        • da'irori na fiber da zane-zanen wayoyi don haɗin giciye na gani
        • zane-zane na rarraba kebul na jan karfe tsakanin ɗakunan uwar garken da benaye
        • zane-zane na rarraba kebul na jan karfe tsakanin benaye da dakuna
        • duba gaban haɗin giciye na gani da faci a ɗakunan uwar garken da kabad
      • duba hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a cikin uwar garken da kabad ɗin bene
      • duba kasancewar UPS da baturi a kuɗaɗe masu mahimmanci
      • nazarin duk bayanai

      Dangane da bayanai daga mataki na shirye-shiryen, na fito da madaidaicin zane mai ma'ana:

      
      
      Bayan haka, bin tsarin na yau da kullun, ya zama dole don haskaka matakan da tsarin kasuwancin:

      
      
      Ba zan taɓa Edge a cikin wannan labarin ba, amma a taƙaice zan tuna da mahimman ka'idodin ga kowane nau'ikan harabar:

      • Samun shiga - a wannan matakin yakamata ya samar da:
        • adadin da ake buƙata na tashar jiragen ruwa don samun damar mai amfani zuwa hanyar sadarwar
        • aiwatar da manufofin tsaro - tace zirga-zirga da ka'idoji
        • matsawa yankin watsa shirye-shirye da rarrabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta amfani da VLANs
        • aiwatar da VLAN daban-daban don zirga-zirgar murya
        • QoS goyon baya
        • goyon bayan PoE damar tashar jiragen ruwa
        • IP multicast goyon bayan
        • rashin haƙuri na hanyoyin sadarwa na sama tare da matakin rarraba (na so)
      • Rarraba - a wannan matakin ya kamata a tabbatar da waɗannan abubuwa:
        • adadin da ake buƙata na tashar jiragen ruwa don haɗa maɓallan shiga
        • tarawa da sakewa na hanyoyin canza hanyar shiga
        • Hanyar IP
        • fakiti tace
        • QoS goyon baya
        • haƙurin kuskure a matakin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa, kayan aiki da samar da wutar lantarki (wanda ake so sosai)
      • Babban ya kamata ya samar da:
        • babban saurin sauyawa da kuma sarrafa fakiti
        • adadin da ake buƙata na tashar jiragen ruwa don haɗa maɓallan rarrabawa
        • goyan bayan hanyar IP da ka'idojin zirga-zirga masu ƙarfi tare da haɗin cibiyar sadarwa mai sauri
        • QoS goyon baya
        • ayyukan tsaro don kare damar zuwa kayan aiki da jirgin sama mai sarrafawa
        • Hakuri na kuskure a matakin hardware da samar da wutar lantarki (an buƙata)
      • Cibiyar bayanai - Layer cibiyar sadarwa na wannan module dole ne ya samar da:
        • hanyoyin sadarwa masu sauri
        • adadin da ake buƙata na tashar jiragen ruwa don haɗa sabobin
        • sake fasalin sadarwa yana haɗa duka tsakanin uwar garken da maɓalli na cibiyar bayanai, da kuma tsakanin maɓallan cibiyar bayanai da ainihin cibiyar sadarwa (da ake buƙata)
        • redundancy of kayan aiki da samar da wutar lantarki (da ake bukata)
        • QoS goyon baya

      Na gaba, muna buƙatar ƙidaya tashoshin jiragen ruwa da hanyoyin sadarwa kuma mu ƙayyade abubuwan da ake buƙata.
      Matsayin shiga - tebur lissafin tashar jiragen ruwa

      Don haka, mun sami bayanai game da rarraba hanyoyin shiga cikin gine-gine. Yanzu kuna buƙatar bincika buƙatun matakin samun dama da sharhi da zayyana zaɓuɓɓukan mafita.
      Matsayin shiga - buƙatun da zaɓuɓɓukan mafita

      Bayan haka, za mu ƙidaya tashoshin jiragen ruwa da hanyoyin sadarwa don matakai masu zuwa:

      Matsayin rarrabawa

      Matsayin kernel

      Matsayin cibiyar bayanai

      Lokacin yin lissafin, mun sami abubuwa masu zuwa:

      • matakin shiga - 24- da 48-masu sauya tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ana buƙatar, zai fi dacewa tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na 1Gb da tashoshin SFP masu haɗin kai tare da goyon bayan PoE da ayyuka masu yawa:
        • a cikin duka za su samar da tashar jiragen ruwa na 504, wanda, bisa ga ka'ida, za su rufe abubuwan da ake bukata don tashar jiragen ruwa idan an yanke shawarar yin amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa 2 a kowane wurin aiki - wayar IP da tashar bayanai.
        • Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa 48 guda ɗaya tare da aikin PoE akan kowane bene, samar da tashar jiragen ruwa don buƙatun:
          • ajiya - kusan 102 spare ports (22%) akan manyan gine-gine. Don ƙarin gine-gine kaɗan kaɗan - 25%.
          • sa ido kan bidiyo
          • cibiyar sadarwa mara waya
      • matakin rarraba - Ana buƙatar masu sauyawa tare da saitin tashar jiragen ruwa na SFP daga 12 zuwa 48 tashar jiragen ruwa tare da akalla 2 SFP + tashar jiragen ruwa, tare da iyakoki da aiki mai tsawo, da kuma kasancewar rashin wutar lantarki.
      • matakin kernel - Maɓalli mai sauri daga 12 zuwa 24 SFP / SFP + tashar jiragen ruwa tare da tallafi don duka stacking da clustering tare da tallafin MC-LAG ana buƙata. Ya kamata in lura cewa yana yiwuwa kuma a yi amfani da kayan aikin motsa jiki don daidaita zirga-zirga. Sabbin tsararraki na masu sauya L3 da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa suna tallafawa ECMP tare da daidaita zirga-zirga a cikin hanyoyi 4 ko sama da haka tare da ma'auni iri ɗaya.
      • matakin cibiyar bayanai - sauyawa tare da 8 zuwa 24 SFP / SFP + tashar jiragen ruwa tare da goyan bayan duka tari da tari tare da tallafin MC-LAG ana buƙata.

      Tsarin hanyar sadarwa da aka yi niyya ya ƙare irin wannan

      Zaɓan Maɓallin Maɓalli don aiwatar da ayyuka

      To, yanzu mun zo babban abu - lokacin zabar masu sauyawa don aiwatar da aikinmu. Maɓallai masu zuwa sun dace da da'irar da aka yi niyya:

      Mataki
      Samfurin
      Jirgin ruwa
      Description

      ainihin
      x620-16x-Base*

      x670-G2-48x-4q-Base*
      16 x 10GE SFP+
       
       
       
      48x10GE SFP+ da 4x40GE QSFP+
      Don ainihin buƙatun kwaya:

      • high gudun links
      • ci-gaba da zirga-zirga da ayyukan tsaro
      • ƙarin madadin wutar lantarki kayan wuta
      • stacking and clustering support

      Tare da ƙananan buƙatun, maɓallin x620 zai yi.
      Idan kuna da buƙatun faɗaɗa don adadin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ayyuka masu faɗi, yakamata kuyi la'akari da maɓallin x670-G2.

      Cibiyar bayanai

      x620-16x-Base*

      x590-24x-1q-2c*

      x670-G2-48x-4q-Base*

      16 x 10GE SFP+
       
       
       
      24x10GE SFP, 1xQSFP+, 2xQSFP28
       
       
      48x10GE SFP+ da 4x40GE QSFP+

      Don ainihin buƙatun cibiyar bayanai:

      • high gudun links
      • ƙarin madadin wutar lantarki kayan wuta
      • stacking and clustering support

      Tare da ƙananan buƙatun, maɓallin x620 zai yi.
      Idan akwai buƙatun faɗaɗa don adadin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ayyuka masu faɗi, yana da daraja la'akari da maɓallan jerin x670-G2 da x590-24x-1q-2c.

      rarrabawa

      X460-G2-24x-10GE4-Base*

      X460-G2-48x-10GE4-Base*

      24x1GE SFP, 8x1000 RJ-45, 4x10GE SFP+
       
       
       
      48x1GE SFP, 4x10GE SFP+

      Don ainihin buƙatun rarrabawa:

      • da ake bukata adadin tashoshin jiragen ruwa
      • ƙarin madadin wutar lantarki kayan wuta
      • stacking and clustering support
      • aikin L3 da ake buƙata

      Maɓallin jerin x460-G2 suna da kyau. Kasancewar ƙarancin wutar lantarki tare da ikon fadadawa da ƙara 10G, CX (don stacking) da tashar jiragen ruwa QSFP + ya sa su zama madaidaicin madaidaicin madaurin rarraba tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa har zuwa 1 Gb.

      shiga

      X440-G2-24p-10GE4*

      X440-G2-24t-10GE4*

      X440-G2-48t-10GE4*

      X440-G2-48p-10GE4*

      24x1000BASE-T(4 x SFP combo), 4x10GE SFP+ ( kasafin kudin PoE 380 W)
       
      24x1000BASE-T(4 x SFP haduwa), 4x10GE SFP+
       
       
      24x1000BASE-T(4 x SFP haduwa), 4x10GE SFP+ tashoshin jiragen ruwa
       
      48x1000BASE-T(4 x SFP combo),4x10GE SFP+ tashoshin jiragen ruwa (PoE kasafin kuɗi 740 W)

      Don samun buƙatun:

      • adadin da ake buƙata na tashoshin shiga
      • Goyan bayan PoE/PoE+
      • ayyuka da ikon fadada tashoshin jiragen ruwa
      • ƙarin kari a cikin nau'i na tallafi don tara tashar jiragen ruwa 10Gb daga cikin akwatin

      Ina ba da shawarar kula da wannan layin saboda sassaucin ra'ayi dangane da tashar jiragen ruwa, aiki da aiki.

      * ana iya samun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun maɓallan da aka zaɓa a cikin labarin farko na jerin - bita na Extreme switches

      Zan iya gama labarin anan, amma ina so in haskaka ƙarin abubuwa guda 2 waɗanda kowane injiniya zai ci karo da su yayin haɓaka ko haɓaka hanyar sadarwarsa:

      • aiki tare da hanyoyin kebul - fibers da layin jan karfe
      • Adireshin IP

      Yin aiki tare da fibers

      A sama na ba da tsarin da aka yi niyya wanda ya kamata a cimma. Don aiwatar da shi, ana buƙatar adadin haɗin haɗin don kayan aiki:

      adadin hanyoyin sadarwa

      Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga tebur, mafi ƙarancin adadin fibers da ake buƙata don tabbatar da rashin haƙuri na matakan cibiyar sadarwa (module na ainihi, cibiyoyin bayanai da rarrabawa a cikin gine-gine 2) shine guda 10.

      A matakin halayyar cibiyar sadarwa, mun gano cewa akwai kawai 8 fibers a cikin kebul tsakanin gine-gine. Me za a yi a irin wannan yanayi?

      Zan ba da ƴan mafita:

      • Mataki na farko a bayyane shine amfani da filaye masu kyauta a cikin kebul tsakanin Ginin 1 - Ginin 1 da Gina 1 - Gina 2 (kamar yadda kuke gani daga tebur - 2 kawai daga cikin filaye 8 a kowace na USB ana amfani da su). Don yin wannan, ya isa ya shigar da haɗin giciye tsakanin haɗin giciye a cikin yanayin 1 kuma, idan ya cancanta, yi amfani da kayayyaki na SFP tare da ajiyar kasafin kuɗi na gani.
      • mataki na biyu shine amfani da fasaha na CWDM - yawan yawan ma'auni mai tsayi a cikin fiber guda ɗaya. Wannan fasaha ta fi DWMD arha kuma tana da sauƙin aiwatarwa. Ainihin, abubuwan buƙatun sune don ingancin fibers na gani da SFP/SFP + masu karɓar wani tsayi da kasafin kuɗi. Kamar yadda na fada a cikin labarin da ya gabata, ikon sauyawa don gane masu rarraba na ɓangare na uku na iya sauƙaƙa rayuwarmu sosai kuma ya rage farashin jari don gina ƙarin kebul na gani.
      • Mataki na uku shine la'akari da yuwuwar haɓaka zaruruwa ta hanyar shimfiɗa ƙarin igiyoyi masu gani.

      Na gaba muna duban adadin zaruruwa tsakanin gine-gine tare da shigarwa na rarraba rarraba da ƙarin. gine-gine 2-10. Anan ma, ba komai ya fito fili ba:

      • da farko, babu isassun zaruruwa don aiwatar da makircinmu - fibers 2 a kowane canji (kamar yadda muke tunawa, muna da igiyoyi tare da 4 OBs a kowane hali)
      • na biyu, ko da akwai isasshen adadin zaruruwa tsakanin gine-gine, ana amfani da filaye na MMF a cikin gine-gine, wanda ba zai ƙyale mu mu haɗa SMF da MMF kawai ba (Ina magana ne game da nisa tsakanin gine-gine fiye da 300-400 mita).

      A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka masu zuwa:

      • samar da kowane SMF sauya tare da zaruruwa:
        • idan nisa ya ba da damar, za ka iya shimfiɗa ƙarin dogayen igiyoyin faci tsakanin maɓalli. A wani lokaci mun yi amfani da igiyoyin faci tsayin mita 30-50.
        • Sanya kebul na SMF mai ƙarancin ƙarfi mai arha tsakanin kabad
        • a matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe, yi amfani da masu canza SMF-MMF iri-iri
      • Don rage adadin fiber da ake amfani da shi tsakanin gine-gine, zaku iya:
        • yi amfani da aikin stacking na x440-G2 samun damar sauyawa - yayin amfani da 1 SMF fiber zuwa kowane canji a ƙasa, wanda zai ba ka damar amfani da filaye 6 da tashar jiragen ruwa a kowane gefe maimakon 3 fibers da tashar jiragen ruwa.
        • yi amfani da filaye 2 don haɗa maɓallin farko a cikin reshe da na ƙarshe. Haɗa hanyoyin haɗin kai a kan maɓallan samun damar gefen kuma yi amfani da ka'idojin STP a cikin zoben da aka samu.

      Adireshin IP

      Anan zan bada kimanin lissafin adireshi don da'irarmu.

      A halin yanzu muna da cibiyoyin sadarwa na aji B da yawa - 172.16.0.0/16. Lokacin ƙididdige sararin adireshin IP, za a jagorance ni ta hanyar la'akari masu zuwa:

      • 4 ragowa na octet na biyu zai nuna gine-gine - 172.16.0.0/12.
      • Octet 3 zai nuna lambar bene a cikin ginin.
      • Octet 3 = 255 za a keɓe don mahaɗin kayan aiki-zuwa-aya da cibiyar sadarwa mai sarrafawa.
      • VLAN guda ɗaya a kowane bene don sarrafa masu sauyawa.
      • VLAN mai amfani guda ɗaya a kowane canji (matsakaicin mashigai 24).
      • Muryar VLAN ɗaya a kowane canji (matsakaicin mashigai 24).
      • VLAN ɗaya don tsarin sa ido na bidiyo kowane bene.
      • vlan ɗaya don na'urorin Wi-Fi kowace bene.

      Na gama da tebura kamar haka:
      cibiyar sadarwa 172.16.0.0/14
      cibiyar sadarwa 172.20.0.0/14

      A cikin teburin da ke sama, na ba da kusan rarraba cibiyoyin sadarwa a fadin gine-gine da benaye a gefe guda, da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa (mai amfani, gudanarwa da sabis) a daya bangaren.

      A zahiri, zaɓin cibiyar sadarwar launin toka 172.16.0.0/12 ba shine mafi kyawun zaɓi ba, tunda yana iyakance mu a cikin adadin cibiyoyin sadarwa (daga 16 zuwa 31) don gine-gine, kuma akwai kuma ofisoshi masu nisa waɗanda ke buƙatar yanke shingen cibiyar sadarwa. , watakila mafi kyawun wanda za a sami zaɓi ta amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwa na 10.0.0.0/8, ko raba hanyoyin sadarwar 172.16.0.0/12 (misali, don buƙatun sabis da sabar) da 10.0.0.0/8 (don cibiyoyin sadarwar mai amfani).

      Gabaɗaya, hanyar da ake bi don rarraba cibiyoyin sadarwa na IP shima yana daidaitawa kuma yana da kyau a bi ka'idodin tattara bayanan subnets zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ta taƙaitawa a matakan rarrabawa, da kuma a kan hanyoyin sadarwa na kan iyaka a cikin rassan nesa. Ana yin hakan ne saboda dalilai da yawa:

      • don rage yawan allunan kwatance akan masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa
      • don rage zirga-zirgar sabis na ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida (kowane nau'ikan saƙon sabuntawa, lokacin da ba a samun gidajen yanar gizo)
      • don sauƙaƙe gudanarwa da ingantaccen karanta hanyoyin sadarwar L3

      Ko da yake, game da maki 2 na farko, yana da kyau a lura cewa ƙarfin hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani ya fi na shekaru 15-20 da suka wuce kuma suna ba su damar ƙunshe da manyan tebur na kewayawa a cikin RAM ɗin su, da kuma rabon farashi da ƙarfin tashar sadarwa. ya ragu idan aka kwatanta da farashin daga lokutan amfani da kogunan E1/T1 (G.703).

      ƙarshe

      Abokai, a cikin wannan labarin na yi ƙoƙarin yin magana a takaice kamar yadda zai yiwu game da ainihin ƙa'idodin zayyana hanyoyin sadarwar harabar. Ee, akwai abubuwa da yawa da yawa, kuma wannan duk da cewa ban taɓa batutuwa kamar:

      • kungiyar iyakoki na kasuwanci (kuma wannan labari ne daban tare da masu sauyawa, iyakoki, Tacewar zaɓi, tsarin IPS / IDS, DMZ, VPN da sauran abubuwa)
      • tsarin cibiyoyin sadarwar Wi-Fi
      • tsarin sadarwar VoIP
      • tsarin cibiyoyin bayanai
      • tsaro (kuma wannan ita ma duniyarta ce ta daban, wacce ta fuskar girma da buƙatu ba ta ƙasa da ƙira na tsaftataccen kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa, wani lokacin ma ta wuce ta).
      • injin lantarki
      • jerin suna ci gaba da tafiya

      A haƙiƙa, ƙira da gina cibiyar sadarwar masana'antu aiki ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ke buƙatar lokaci da albarkatu mai yawa.

      Amma ina fatan labarina zai taimaka muku kimantawa da fahimta a matakin farko yadda zaku kusanci wannan aikin.

      Wannan ba labarin karshe bane akansa Ƙananan Cibiyoyin sadarwa, don haka ku kasance tare (sakon waya, Facebook, VK, TS Magani Blog)!

source: www.habr.com