Alan Kay, mahaliccin OOP, game da ci gaba, Lisp da OOP

Idan baku taɓa jin labarin Alan Kay ba, aƙalla kun ji sanannun maganganunsa. Misali, wannan magana daga 1971:

Hanya mafi kyau don tsinkayar nan gaba ita ce ƙirƙira ta.
Hanya mafi kyau don tsinkayar nan gaba ita ce ƙirƙira ta.

Alan yana da kyakkyawan aiki a kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ya karba Kyoto Prize и Kyautar Turing don aikinsa akan tsarin shirye-shiryen da ya dace da abu. Ya kasance daya daga cikin majagaba a fannin na'ura mai kwakwalwa da na'ura mai kwakwalwa, ya ci gaba Smalltalk yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yarukan shirye-shirye na farko na kowane lokaci.

A cikin mu Hexlete, musamman a cikin hira, Tambayar "menene OOP" da "menene ma'anar Alan Kay da gaske" ana tadawa akai-akai. Wannan sakon ya ƙunshi maganganu masu ban sha'awa daga Alan game da yanayin ci gaban zamani, OOP da harshen Lisp.

Game da ci gaban software

Alan Kay ya yi imanin cewa har yanzu juyin juya halin kwamfuta yana zuwa (Juyin Juyin Kwamfuta na Gaskiya Har yanzu bai Faru ba), kuma ci gaban software yana haɓaka cikin juzu'i ga Dokar Moore: hardware yana inganta kowace shekara, amma software yana kumbura ba dole ba:

matsalar tana da rauni, ra'ayoyi da kayan aiki mara kyau, kasala, rashin ilimi, da sauransu.

Ya bayyana wannan yanayin da kyau gajeren wargi:

Abin da Andy ya bayar, Bill ya ɗauka
Andy ya ba, Bill ya dauka

Andy Grove, Shugaba na Intel, da Bill Gates, a lokacin Shugaba na Microsoft.

Inganta yanayin ci gaba na yanzu shine makasudin aikin bincike MATAKAI ZUWA GA ƘARFAFA Shirye-shiryen (pdf). Manufar ita ce cimma "Dokar Moore" a cikin bayyanawa ta hanyar "rage adadin da ake buƙata ta hanyar 100, 1000, 10000 ko fiye."

A cikin rahotonsa na bude ido Shirye-shirye da Sikeli (bidiyo) An tattauna wannan batu dalla-dalla. A cewar Alan, aikin injiniyan software ya tsaya cak, kuma ya zama kimiyyar da aka manta da ita wadda ba za ta iya ci gaba da aiki da kayan aiki da sauran fannonin kimiyya da injiniyanci ba. Manya-manyan ayyuka sun zama juji na lamba kuma sun kai matsayin da babu kowa kasa fahimtar layin miliyan 100 na MS Vista ko lambar MS Word. Amma a zahiri, ya kamata a sami tsari na ƙarancin ƙima a cikin irin waɗannan ayyukan.

Alan yayi la'akari da Intanet, ƙa'idodin TCP/IP, masu fassarar LISP, Nile (Math DSL don Vector Graphics) da OMeta (OO PEG) (PDF) misalan kyawawan software tare da ƙaramin lamba.

Ya kira Intanet (TCP/IP) ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ayyukan software masu girma waɗanda aka tsara daidai, kuma matakin da ya dace ya kasance daidai da matakin ƙaddamarwa (complication vs. complexity). Tare da ƙasa da layukan layukan 20, aikin yana aiki azaman mai rai, tsari mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya tallafawa biliyoyin nodes, kuma bai taɓa yin layi ba tun farkon ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Satumba 1969. Mun daina ɗaukar Intanet a matsayin aikin software na yau da kullun da mutane suka ƙirƙira:

Yanar gizo ta bunkasa sosai ta yadda mutane da yawa suka dauke ta kamar albarkatun kasa, kamar Tekun Fasifik, maimakon wani abin da mutum ya samar. Yaushe ne karo na ƙarshe da muka ga irin wannan tsayayye, bayyananne, fasaha mara kuskure? Idan aka kwatanta, Gidan Yanar Gizon banza ne. Masoyan sha'awa ne suka kirkiro gidan yanar gizon.

Game da shirye-shirye-daidaitacce

Abu na farko da ya fara bani sha'awa shine nasa asali OOP hangen nesa. Kwarewarsa a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ya taka muhimmiyar rawa:

Na yi tunanin abubuwa a matsayin wani abu kamar ƙwayoyin halitta, da/ko kwamfutoci guda ɗaya akan hanyar sadarwa waɗanda ke iya sadarwa ta hanyar saƙonni kawai.

da gogewa a fannin lissafi:

Kwarewata a fannin lissafi ta sa na gane cewa kowane abu na iya samun algebras da yawa, ana iya haɗa su cikin iyalai, kuma wannan na iya zama da amfani sosai.

Ra'ayoyi don ɗaurin ƙarshen ɗaure da ƙaƙƙarfan fasali na LISPA:

Mataki na biyu shine fahimtar LISPA da amfani da wannan fahimtar don ƙirƙirar sauƙi, ƙarami, mafi ƙarfi da kuma ɗaure daga baya.

Kuma nan da nan Alan ya fara tallafa wa ra'ayin cewa m harsuna ne makomar ci gaban software (pdf). Musamman sauƙaƙan canji yana da mahimmanci a gare shi:

Late ɗaurin yana ba da damar ra'ayoyin da suka zo daga baya a cikin tsarin haɓakawa don haɗawa cikin aikin tare da ƙarancin ƙoƙari (idan aka kwatanta da tsarin da aka ɗaure a baya kamar C, C++, Java, da sauransu.)

Kuma yuwuwar canje-canje a kan tashi da kuma saurin maimaitawa:

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ra'ayoyin shine tsarin ya kamata ya ci gaba da aiki yayin gwaji, musamman yayin da ake yin canje-canje. Hatta manyan canje-canje ya kamata su kasance a hankali kuma ba su wuce daƙiƙa guda ba.

wanda ya bace a ciki harsunan da aka buga a tsaye:

Idan kuna amfani da yarukan ɗaure da wuri, kamar yadda yawancin mutane suke yi, to kun kulle kanku cikin abin da kuka riga kuka rubuta. Ba zai ƙara yiwuwa a sake fasalin shi cikin sauƙi ba.

Abin mamaki, tunaninsa game da OOP ya takaitu ga wannan:

OOP a gareni shine saƙonni, riƙewa da kariyar gida, ɓoyayyiyar jiha da ɗaure komai a makare. Ana iya yin wannan a cikin Smalltalk da LISP.

Kuma ba komai game da gado. Wannan ba shine OOP ba wanda muka sani a yau:

Da ma na yi amfani da kalmar "abu" don wannan batu tun da dadewa saboda yana sa mutane da yawa su mai da hankali kan ƙananan ra'ayoyin.

Babban ra'ayin cewa na zamani ba a buga harsunan OO ba:

Babban ra'ayin shine "saƙonni"

Ya yi imani da mai da hankali kan saƙon, saƙon haɗin kai, da ma'amalar ma'auni maimakon kan abubuwan ciki na wani abu:

Makullin ƙirƙirar tsarin daidaitawa mai kyau shine aiki da hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin kayayyaki, da rashin aiwatar da kaddarorinsu da halayensu na ciki.

Harsunan da aka buga a tsaye suna kama da shi m:

Ba na adawa da nau'ikan, amma ban san kowane nau'in tsarin da ba ya haifar da ciwo. Don haka har yanzu ina son bugawa mai ƙarfi.

Wasu mashahuran harsuna a yau suna amfani da ra'ayoyin isar da saƙon Smalltalk, ɗaure marigayi, da Ban gane ba: Kiran gaba в Manufar-C, hanya_bace в Ruby и noSuchMethod a cikin Google Dart.

Rushe komai kuma ƙirƙirar wani abu mafi kyau

Alan yana da ka'ida mai ban sha'awa game da ci gaban kimiyyar kwamfuta:

Ni a ganina akwai nau'in kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa guda daya ne, kuma kimiyyar kamar gina gadoji ce. Wani ya gina gadoji, wani kuma ya lalata su kuma ya haifar da sababbin ra'ayoyin. Kuma muna bukatar mu ci gaba da gina gadoji.

Game da LISP

Alan Kay ya gaskanta Lisp

mafi kyawun yaren shirye-shirye na kowane lokaci

Kuma ya kamata duk wanda ya kammala karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta ya yi karatun ta:

Yawancin mutanen da ke neman digiri a CS ba su fahimci mahimmancin Lisp ba. Lisp shine mafi mahimmancin ra'ayi a kimiyyar kwamfuta.

Game da madaidaicin yanayi da mahallin

Yakan tuna da yanayi na musamman a ciki Farashin Xerox и Harka, inda "hangen nesa ya fi mahimmanci" da "ba da kuɗin mutane, ba ayyuka ba."

Matsayin ra'ayi yana da darajar maki 80 IQ.

Alan Kay ya ce:

Labarin ARPA/PARC yana nuna yadda haɗin hangen nesa, matsakaicin kuɗi, madaidaicin mahallin da tsari zai iya haifar da sabbin fasahohi da sihiri waɗanda ba kawai tasirin wayewa ba amma kuma suna haifar da ƙima mai yawa ga al'umma.

Kuma gaskiya ne. Dubi jerin abubuwan ƙirƙira masu ban sha'awa na PARC, da yawa daga cikinsu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban duniyarmu. Misali:

• Laser printers
• Shirye-shiryen Madaidaitan Abu / Smalltalk
• Kwamfutoci na sirri
• Ethernet / rarraba kwamfuta
• GUI / linzamin kwamfuta / WYSIWYG

Kuma a cikin Harka halitta KYAUTA, wanda ya zama tushen Intanet.

PS Alan Kay yana amsa tambayoyi daga al'ummar Hacker News.

source: www.habr.com