Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei kekahi iā Erwise? Viola? Aloha? E hoomanao kakou.
I ka hōʻea ʻana o Tim Berners-Lee i CERN, ke keʻena hoʻokolohua lāʻau physics kaulana o ʻEulopa, i ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ʻo ia e hōʻano hou i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele o kekahi mau mea hoʻokele particle. Akā ʻo ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ʻaoʻao pūnaewele hou i ʻike i kahi pilikia kokoke koke: e hele mau ana nā tausani o ka poʻe a hele i ke keʻena noiʻi, a nui ka poʻe e hana ana ma laila no ka manawa pōkole.
"He mea paʻakikī loa ia no ka poʻe papahana papahana e ho'āʻo e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻōnaehana, ke kanaka a me ka computational, i holo i kēia kahua pāʻani maikaʻi loa," kākau ʻo Berners-Lee ma hope. "ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻike koʻikoʻi i noho wale ma nā poʻo o nā kānaka."
No laila i kona manawa kaʻawale, ua kākau ʻo ia i kekahi polokalamu e hoʻoponopono i kēia hemahema: kahi polokalamu liʻiliʻi āna i kapa ai ʻo Enquire. Ua ʻae ia i nā mea hoʻohana e hana i nā "nodes" - nā ʻaoʻao e like me ke kāleka kuhikuhi i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka ʻike a me nā loulou i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua holo kēia noi, i kākau ʻia ma Pascal, ma ka OS proprietary o CERN. "Ua manaʻo kekahi poʻe liʻiliʻi i ʻike i kēia papahana he manaʻo maikaʻi, akā ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻohana. ʻO ka hopena, ua nalowale ka disc, a me ia ka Enquire kumu.
I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻi ʻo Berners-Lee i CERN. I kēia manawa ua hoʻomaka hou ʻo ia i kāna papahana World Wide Web ma ke ʻano e hoʻonui ai i ka hiki ke holomua. Ma ʻAukake 6, 1991, ua paʻi ʻo ia i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka WWW ma ka hui alt.hypertext usenet. Ua hoʻokuʻu pū ʻo ia i ke code no ka waihona libWWW, āna i kākau ai me kāna mea kōkua ʻo Jean-François Groff. Ua ʻae ka hale waihona puke i nā mea komo e hana i kā lākou mau polokalamu kele pūnaewele.
"ʻO kā lākou hana-ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelima mau polokalamu kele pūnaewele ʻokoʻa i loko o 18 mau mahina-ua hoʻopakele i kahi papahana pūnaewele hoʻopiʻi kālā a hoʻokumu i kahi kaiāulu o nā mea hoʻomohala pūnaewele," i ʻike ai i kahi hoʻolauleʻa makahiki ma ka Computer History Museum ma Mountain View, Kaleponi. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o nā polokalamu kele mua ʻo Mosaic, i kākau ʻia e Marc Andreessen a me Eric Bina o ka National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).
Ua lilo koke ʻo Mosaic i Netscape, akā ʻaʻole ia ka polokalamu kele mua. Hāʻawi ka palapala ʻāina i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka hale hōʻikeʻike i ka manaʻo o ka pae honua o ka papahana mua. ʻO ka mea kupaianaha e pili ana i kēia mau noi mua, aia i loko o lākou nā hiʻohiʻona he nui o nā polokalamu kele hou. A eia kahi mākaʻikaʻi o nā polokalamu kele pūnaewele e like me ia ma mua o ka lilo ʻana i mea kaulana.
Nā polokalamu kele pūnaewele mai CERN
ʻO ka polokalamu kele mua a Tim Berners-Lee, WorldWideWeb mai 1990, he polokalamu kele pūnaewele a he mea hoʻoponopono. Manaʻolana ʻo ia e hele ana nā papahana polokalamu kele pūnaewele i kēia ala. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo CERN i kahi kope o kāna mau mea. Hōʻike ka paʻi kiʻi i ka makahiki 1993 ua nui nā hiʻohiʻona o nā polokalamu kele hou i laila.
ʻO ka palena nui o ka polokalamu ua holo ia ma ka NeXTStep OS. Akā ma hope koke iho o WorldWideWeb, ua kākau ʻo CERN mathematics intern Nicola Pellow i kahi polokalamu kele e hiki ke holo ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, me nā pūnaewele ma UNIX a me MS-DOS. ʻO kēlā ala, "hiki i nā mea āpau ke loaʻa i ka pūnaewele," wehewehe ʻo Bill Stewart, ka mea kākau moʻolelo Internet, "ʻo ia ka puke kelepona CERN i kēlā manawa."
ʻO ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele mua o CERN, ca. 1990
ʻO Erwise
A laila hele maila ʻo Erwise. Ua kākau ʻia e ʻehā mau haumāna kulanui ʻo Finnish i ka makahiki 1991, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 1992. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Erwise ʻo ia ka polokalamu kele mua me kahi kiʻi kiʻi. Ua ʻike pū ʻo ia i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo ma kahi ʻaoʻao.
Ua nānā ʻo Berners-Lee iā Erwise i ka makahiki 1992. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i kona hiki ke mālama i nā font like ʻole, underline links, hiki iā ʻoe ke kaomi pālua i kahi loulou e lele i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, a kākoʻo i nā puka makani he nui.
"He naʻauao maikaʻi ʻo Erwise," i hoʻolaha ai ʻo ia, ʻoiai he mea pohihihi kēia, "he pahu ʻano ʻē a puni hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo i loko o kahi palapala, e like me ke pihi a i ʻole kahi palapala koho. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia he hoʻokahi a ʻaʻole ʻo ia - he mea paha kēia no nā mana e hiki mai ana. "
No ke aha i wehe ʻole ai ka palapala noi? Ma kahi ninaninau ma hope aku, ua ʻike kekahi o nā mea hana o Erwise aia ʻo Finland i kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa hohonu i kēlā manawa. ʻAʻohe ʻānela mea hoʻopukapuka kālā ma ka ʻāina.
"I kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hana i kahi ʻoihana e pili ana iā Erwise," wehewehe ʻo ia. "ʻO ke ala wale nō e loaʻa ai ke kālā ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i hiki ai iā Netscape ke kūʻai mai iā mākou." Eia naʻe, hiki iā mākou ke hōʻea i ka pae o ka Mosaic mua me kahi hana liʻiliʻi. Pono mākou e hoʻopau iā Erwise a hoʻokuʻu iā ia ma nā kahua he nui. "
polokalamu kele pūnaewele Erwise
ViolaWWW
i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ʻApelila 1992. Ua kākau ka mea hoʻomohala ʻo Pei-Yuan Wei ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Berkeley, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōlelo kākau Viola e holo ana ma lalo o UNIX. ʻAʻole ʻo Wei i pāʻani i ka cello, "ʻo ia wale nō ma muli o ka acronym catchy" Visually Interactive Object-oriented Language and Application, e like me kā James Gillies a me Robert Caillou i kākau ai i kā lākou moʻolelo WWW.
ʻIke ʻia ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo Wei e kahi papahana Mac mua i kapa ʻia , ka mea i ʻae i nā mea hoʻohana e hana i nā matrices mai nā palapala i hoʻopili ʻia me nā loulou. "A laila he papahana hoihoi loa ʻo HyperCard, kiʻi, a me kēia mau loulou," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo ia ma hope. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole honua ka papahana a ua hana wale ma ka Mac. A ʻaʻohe aʻu Mac ponoʻī. "
Akā, ua loaʻa iā ia ke komo i nā kikowaena UNIX X ma Berkeley Experimental Computing Center. "Ua loaʻa iaʻu nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no HyperCard, ua aʻo wau iā ia a hoʻohana wale i nā manaʻo e hoʻokō iā lākou ma nā puka makani X." ʻO ka mea kupaianaha wale nō, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia iā lākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Viola.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi a hou o ViolaWWW ʻo ia ka hiki i ka mea hoʻomohala ke hoʻokomo i nā palapala a me nā "applets" ma ka ʻaoʻao. Hōʻike mua kēia i ka nalu nui o Java applets i ʻike ʻia ma nā pūnaewele i ka hopena o 90s.
В Ua ʻike pū ʻo Wei i nā hemahema like ʻole o ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele, ʻo ka mea nui ka nele o kahi PC PC.
- ʻAʻole i lawe ʻia i ka PC platform.
- ʻAʻole kākoʻo ʻia ka paʻi HTML.
- ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ʻo HTTP a ʻaʻole hiki ke heluhelu ʻia.
- ʻAʻole kākoʻo ʻia ka proxy.
- ʻAʻole ʻo ka unuhi ʻōlelo ʻōlelo he nui nā loina.
"Ke hana nei ka mea kākau i kēia mau pilikia, etc.," kākau ʻo Wei i kēlā manawa. Eia nō naʻe, "he polokalamu maʻemaʻe loa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kekahi, intuitive a pololei," i hoʻopau ai ʻo Berners-Lee i kāna . "ʻAʻole e hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona hou e 90% o nā mea hoʻohana maoli, akā he mau hiʻohiʻona ia e pono ai nā mea hoʻohana."
ViolaWWW Hypermedia Browser
ʻO Midas a me Samba
I Kepakemapa 1991, ua kipa ʻo physicist Paul Kunz mai ka Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) i CERN. Ua hoʻi mai ʻo ia me ke code e pono ai e holo i ka pūnaewele pūnaewele ʻAmelika ʻAmelika mua ma SLAC. "Aia wau ma CERN," i ʻōlelo aku ai ʻo Kunz i ka luna waihona puke ʻo Louis Addis, "a ua ʻike au i kēia mea kupanaha a kahi hoaaloha, ʻo Tim Berners-Lee, e hoʻomohala nei. ʻO kēia ka mea āu e pono ai no kāu waihona. "
Ua ʻae ʻo Addis. Ua hoʻopuka ka luna waihona puke i nā noiʻi koʻikoʻi ma ka pūnaewele. Ua hana like nā physicists mai Fermilab ma hope iki.
A laila i ke kauwela o 1992, he physicist mai SLAC i kākau iā Midas, he polokalamu kele kiʻi no nā physicists Stanford. Nui ʻO ka mea haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka hiki ke hōʻike i nā palapala ma ke ʻano postscript, i makemake ʻia e nā physicists no kona hiki ke hoʻopuka pololei i nā ʻano ʻepekema.
"Me kēia mau pōmaikaʻi nui, ua hoʻohana ikaika ka pūnaewele i ke kaiāulu kino," i pau ai. ʻO ka US Department of Energy Progress SLAC i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 2001.
I kēia manawa, ma CERN, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Pellow lāua ʻo Robert Caillau i ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele mua no ka kamepiula Macintosh. Hōʻike ʻo Gillies lāua ʻo Caillau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Samba ma kēia ʻano.
No Pellow, ua lohi ka holomua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka papahana Samba no ka mea e hāʻule ana nā loulou liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike i ke kumu. "Ua piha ka polokalamu kele Mac i nā pōpoki," wahi a Tim Berners-Lee i loko o kahi nūhou mai '92. "Ke hāʻawi nei au i kahi T-shirt me ka palapala W3 i ka mea hiki ke hoʻoponopono!" - ua hoʻolaha ʻo ia. Ua hele ka T-shirt i John Streets ma Fermilab, nāna i hahai i ka pahu, e ʻae iā Nicola Pellow e hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mana hana o Samba.
ʻO Samba "he hoʻāʻo e hoʻokomo i ka hoʻolālā polokalamu kele mua aʻu i kākau ai ma kahi mīkini NeXT i ka pae Mac," Berners-Lee, akā ʻaʻole i pau a hiki i ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ai ʻo NCSA i kahi mana Mac o Mosaic i uhi iā ia.
ʻO Samba
Mosaic
ʻO Mosaic "ke ahi i hoʻāla i ka ulu pahū o ka pūnaewele i ka makahiki 1993," wehewehe nā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Gillies lāua ʻo Caillou. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kūkulu ʻia me ka ʻole o kona mau mua, a me ka ʻole o nā keʻena NCSA ma ke Kulanui o Illinois, i lako me nā mīkini UNIX maikaʻi loa. Ua loaʻa pū iā NCSA ʻo Kauka Ping Fu, he kauka kiʻi kamepiula a he kupua i hana i nā hopena morphing no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni Terminator 2. A ua hoʻolimalima hou ʻo ia i kahi mea kōkua i kapa ʻia ʻo Marc Andreessen.
"He aha kou manaʻo e pili ana i ke kākau ʻana i kahi GUI no ka polokalamu kele?" - Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Fu i kāna kōkua hou. “He aha ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele?” – i ninau aku ai o Andreessen. Akā i kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, hāʻawi kekahi o nā limahana NCSA, ʻo Dave Thompson, i kahi hōʻike ma ka polokalamu kele mua a Nicola Pellow a me ka polokalamu ViolaWWW a Pei Wei. A ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Tony Johnson i ka mana mua o Midas.
Ua kāhāhā ka papahana hope iā Andreessen. “Kupaianaha! Mahalo! Kupanaha! Aloha ino! - ua kākau ʻo ia iā Johnson. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻo Andreessen i ka loea UNIX o NCSA, ʻo Eric Bina, e kōkua iā ia e kākau i kāna polokalamu ponoʻī no X.
Nui nā hiʻohiʻona hou i kūkulu ʻia i loko o Mosaic no ka pūnaewele, e like me ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā wikiō, nā leo, nā palapala, nā kaha puke, a me ka mōʻaukala. "A ʻo ka mea kupaianaha ʻo ia, ʻaʻole like me nā mākaʻikaʻi mua no X, aia nā mea āpau i loko o kahi faila hoʻokahi," wehewehe ʻo Gillies lāua ʻo Caillau:
He maʻalahi ke kaʻina hana - hoʻoiho wale ʻoe a holo. Ua kaulana ʻo Mosaic ma hope no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka tag , ka mea no ka manawa mua i ʻae i nā kiʻi e hoʻokomo pololei ʻia i loko o ka kikokikona, ma kahi o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana ma kahi puka aniani ʻokoʻa, e like me ka polokalamu kele mua a Tim no NeXT. Ua ʻae kēia i ka poʻe e hana i nā ʻaoʻao pūnaewele e like me nā mea paʻi paʻi a lākou i kamaʻāina ai; ʻAʻole makemake nā mea hou a pau i ka manaʻo, akā ua kaulana ʻo Mosaic.
"ʻO ka mea a Mark i hana maikaʻi ai, i koʻu manaʻo," i kākau ai ʻo Tim Berners-Lee ma hope aku, "ʻo ia ka hana maʻalahi o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, a me ke kākoʻo me ka hoʻoponopono hewa ʻana ma ka leka uila, i kēlā me kēia manawa o ke ao a i ka pō. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻouna iā ia i kahi leka e pili ana i ka hewa, a he mau hola ma hope mai e hoʻouna ʻo ia iā ʻoe i kahi hoʻoponopono.
ʻO ka holomua nui loa o Mosaic, mai ka manaʻo o kēia lā, ʻo ia kāna hana cross-platform. "Me ka mana, ma ke kumu, ʻaʻohe mea i hāʻawi mai iaʻu, ke haʻi aku nei au ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo X-Mosaic," i kākau haʻaheo ʻo Andreessen ma ka hui www-talk ma Ianuali 23, 1993. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Alex Totik i kāna mana no Mac i kekahi mau mahina ma hope. Ua hana ʻia ka mana PC e Chris Wilson lāua ʻo John Mittelhauser.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele ʻo Mosaic ma Viola a me Midas, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hale hōʻikeʻike kamepiula. A ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi waihona mai CERN. "Akā ʻaʻole like me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia, hiki i nā poʻe ʻoihana ʻole ke hoʻokomo iā ia, a ua hoʻohui koke ia i ke kākoʻo no nā kiʻi kala i nā ʻaoʻao ma mua o kēlā me kēia puka makani."
Ua loaʻa ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele Mosaic no X Windows, Mac a me Microsoft Windows
Kanaka mai Iapana
Akā ʻaʻole ʻo Mosaic wale nō ka huahana hou i puka mai i kēlā manawa. Haumāna kulanui ʻo Kansas Ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i kāna polokalamu kele pūnaewele hypertext no ka Pūnaewele a me ka pūnaewele. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia i Malaki 1993. "Ua lilo ʻo Lynx i mea hoʻokele i koho ʻia no nā terminals e pili ana i ke ʻano me nā kiʻi ʻole, a hoʻohana mau ʻia i kēia lā," wahi a ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Stewart.
A ma Cornell Law School, ua kākau ʻo Tom Bruce i kahi palapala noi pūnaewele no nā PC, "no ka mea, ʻo ia nā loio lolouila i hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia," wahi a Gillies lāua ʻo Caillau. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Bruce i kāna polokalamu kelepona Cello ma Iune 8, 1993, "a ua hoʻoiho koke ʻia ʻo 500 mau manawa i ka lā."
ʻO Cello
ʻEono mahina ma hope mai, aia ʻo Andreessen ma Mountain View, Kaleponi. Ua hoʻolālā kāna hui e hoʻokuʻu iā Mosaic Netscape ma ʻOkakopa 13, 1994. Ua hoʻouka ʻo ia, Totik a me Mittelhauser i ka noi i kahi kikowaena FTP. Hoʻomanaʻo ka mea hoʻomohala hope i kēia manawa. “ʻElima mau minuke i hala a noho mākou a pau ma laila. ʻAʻohe mea i loaʻa. A hiki koke mai ka hoʻoiho mua ʻana. He kanaka no Iapana. Ua hoʻohiki mākou e hoʻouna aku mākou iā ia i T-shirt!
Hoʻomanaʻo mai kēia moʻolelo paʻakikī iā mākou ʻaʻohe mea hou i hana ʻia e ke kanaka hoʻokahi. Ua hele mai ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele i loko o ko mākou ola no ka poʻe ʻike maka mai nā wahi a pau o ka honua, nā poʻe i maopopo ʻole i ka mea a lākou e hana nei, akā ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka hoihoi, nā noʻonoʻo pono, a i ʻole ka makemake e pāʻani. ʻO kā lākou mau ʻōlinolino o ke akamai i hoʻomau i ka hana holoʻokoʻa. E like me ka manaʻo o Tim Berners-Lee e hoʻomau ka papahana i ka hui pū ʻana a, ʻo ka mea nui, wehe.
"ʻO nā lā mua o ka pūnaewele i noʻonoʻo nui i ke kālā," He. "He nui nā mea e hana ai, kahi lapalapa liʻiliʻi e ola ai."
Source: www.habr.com
