No ke aha ka cryptography? Ua loaʻa iaʻu ka ʻike pāpaʻu e pili ana i ia mea. ʻAe, heluhelu au i ka hana maʻamau , aka, he manawa loihi loa aku nei; ʻAe, maopopo iaʻu ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka symmetric asymmetric encryption, maopopo iaʻu ke ʻano o nā pihi elliptic, akā ʻo ia nō. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hale waihona puke cryptographic i loaʻa, me kā lākou hana maʻamau o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka inoa piha o ka algorithm i ka inoa o kēlā me kēia hana a me kahi pūʻulu o nā mea hoʻomaka e kū mai, hāʻawi iaʻu i kahi butthurt weliweli ma ke ʻano he polokalamu.
No ke aha? Ma muli paha o ka heluhelu ʻana i ka nalu o nā puke e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻikepili, ka ʻike huna, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, loaʻa iaʻu ka manaʻo ke ʻeli nei mākou i kahi ma kahi kūpono ʻole, a ʻoi aku paha, ke hoʻāʻo nei mākou e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia pilikino me ke kōkua o ka ʻenehana. ʻo ia hoʻi (cryptography) . E kamaʻilio kāua e pili ana i kēia, ʻaʻole wau e hoʻohiki i nā ʻike epoch-making, a me nā manaʻo paʻa, ʻo nā manaʻo palaka wale nō ia: hana ʻole.
He wahi moʻolelo liʻiliʻi, he wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō
I ka makahiki 1976, ua ʻae ʻo ʻAmelika i kahi kūlana federal no nā algorithm encryption symmetric - DES. ʻO ia ka mua o ka lehulehu a me ka helu helu cryptographic algorithm i hana ʻia i pane i ka ulu ʻana o nā koi ʻoihana no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻikepili.
ʻUmi ʻumiʻumi
Ua paʻi hewa ʻia ka algorithm. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka lako polokalamu a ua manaʻo ʻia he paʻakikī loa a ʻaʻole pono no ka hoʻokō polokalamu. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokomo koke ke kānāwai o Moore i nā mea a pau ma kona wahi.
Me he mea lā - i ka hopena o ka moʻolelo, lawe ia, hoʻopili, decrypt, inā pono, e hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o ke kī. Ua ʻike maopopo paha ʻoe ua waiho nā ʻAmelika i nā bookmark i loko, a laila aia kahi analogue Lūkini iā ʻoe - , i hilinaʻi liʻiliʻi paha ʻoe. A laila e hoʻohana i nā mea ʻelua, hoʻokahi ma luna o kekahi. Inā manaʻo ʻoe ua hui pū ka FBI a me FSB no ʻoe a hoʻololi i kā lākou mau bookmark, a laila loaʻa iaʻu ka nūhou maikaʻi iā ʻoe - ʻaʻole ʻoe he paranoid, loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hoʻopunipuni banal o ka hanohano.
Pehea ka hana ʻana o ka symmetric encryption? Ua ʻike nā mea ʻelua i ke kī like, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka ʻōlelo huna, a ʻo ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia me ia hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ia. Hana maikaʻi ka papahana no nā kiu, akā ʻaʻole kūpono no ka Pūnaewele hou, no ka mea, pono e hoʻouna ʻia kēia kī i kēlā me kēia interlocutors ma mua. No kekahi manawa, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi nā ʻoihana i mālama i kā lākou ʻikepili i ka wā e kamaʻilio ai me kahi hoa i ʻike mua ʻia, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka pilikia me ke kōkua o nā ʻelele a me nā leka uila, akā ua laha ka Pūnaewele a hele mai i ke kiʻi.
ʻO ka palapala kiʻi kiʻi like ʻole
kahi e komo ai nā kī ʻelua: lehulehu, ʻaʻole i hūnā ʻia a haʻi ʻia i kekahi; A pilikino, ka mea nona wale no ka ike. ʻO ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi kī ākea hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale wale ʻia me kahi pilikino, a ʻo ia hoʻi. No laila, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i ke kī ākea o ka mea i loaʻa a hoʻouna iā ia i kahi leka, ʻo ka mea wale nō e heluhelu. Me he mea lā ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka pilikia?
aka, ʻAʻole hana ka pūnaewele i kēlā ala, puka mai ka pilikia me ka ikaika piha hōʻoia a oi loa aku, hōʻoia mua, a ma kekahi ano ka pilikia ku e inoa ʻole. I ka pōkole, pehea wau e maopopo ai ʻo ka mea aʻu e kamaʻilio nei ʻo ia ka mea aʻu i manaʻo ai e kamaʻilio me? a ʻo ke kī ākea aʻu e hoʻohana nei no ka mea aʻu e kamaʻilio ai? ʻOi loa inā ʻo kēia kaʻu manawa mua e kamaʻilio pū me ia? A pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻokomo i ka hilinaʻi i kāu hoa me ka mālama ʻana i ka inoa ʻole? Aia ma ʻaneʻi, inā ʻoe e nānā pono, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi kūʻē kūloko.
E nānā ma ke ʻano maʻamau i ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā mea komo a hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana:
- server - server (a i ʻole ʻoihana - ʻoihana, ma kēia ʻano ʻano like lākou): ʻo ia ka papa hana maʻalahi maʻalahi, no ka lawa ʻana o ka cryptography symmetric, ʻike nā mea komo i nā mea āpau e pili ana i kekahi, me nā pilina ma waho o ka pūnaewele. Eia naʻe, e ʻoluʻolu e ʻoluʻolu ʻaʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi inoa ʻole ma aneʻi, a ua kaupalena ʻia ka helu o nā mea komo i ʻelua. ʻO ia hoʻi, he hoʻolālā maikaʻi loa kēia no ka helu palena ʻole o nā kamaʻilio a, ma ka hihia maʻamau, maopopo ʻole ka hoʻohana liʻiliʻi.
- server - inoa ʻole (a i ʻole ʻoihana - mea kūʻai aku): aia kekahi asymmetry ma aneʻi, i lawelawe maikaʻi ʻia e ka asymmetric cryptography. ʻO ka mea nui ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ka nele o ka hōʻoia o ka mea kūʻai aku, ʻaʻole mālama ke kikowaena me ka mea e hoʻololi pono ai i ka ʻikepili; inā pono koke, e alakaʻi ke kikowaena hōʻoia lua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōlelo huna i ʻaelike mua ʻia, a laila hele mai nā mea a pau i ka hihia mua. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao,ʻo ka mea kūʻai mea nui loa server authentication, makemake ʻo ia e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa pololei ʻana o kāna ʻikepili i ka mea āna i hoʻouna aku ai, ʻo kēia ʻaoʻao i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa e pili ana i kahi ʻōnaehana palapala. Ma keʻano laulā, ua maʻalahi a uhi ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo e ka https:// protocol, akā aia kekahi mau mea hoihoi i ke kikowaena o ka cryptography a me ka sociology.
- hilinaʻi i ke kikowaena: ʻoiai inā hoʻouna wau i kekahi ʻike i ka ʻākau ma kahi ala palekana loa, hiki i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ke komo i laila. Aia kēia pilikia ma waho o ke ʻano o ka hoʻopunipuni, akā ke noi aku nei au iā ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo i kēia wahi, e hiki mai ana ma hope.
- hilinaʻi i ka palapala kikowaena: ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hierarchy o nā palapala hōʻoia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aia kekahi moʻa palapala kupono paa loa hilinaʻi. Ma keʻano loea, hiki i ka mea hoʻouka koʻikoʻi [e noʻonoʻo i ka huaʻōlelo attacker ma ke ʻano he ʻōlelo loea, ʻaʻole he ʻōlelo hōʻino a hōʻino paha i ke aupuni e kū nei] hiki ke hoʻololi i kahi palapala hōʻoia o kēlā me kēia pae haʻahaʻa, akā ua manaʻo ʻia e pono ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia e nā mea a pau. like, i.e. e hoʻopau koke ʻia kēia mea hōʻoia a hoʻopau ʻia kāna mau palapala hōʻoia a pau. Pēlā nō, akā e hoʻomanaʻo mau ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana ma nā ʻano loea, akā ma kekahi ʻano ʻaelike pilikanaka. Ma ke ala, e pili ana i ka welaMa ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka pupation doomsday i manaʻo ʻia o ka RuNet, ua loiloi kekahi i ka pupation hiki o ka palapala aʻa Lūkini a me nā hopena? Inā heluhelu a kākau kekahi ma kēia kumuhana, e hoʻouna mai iaʻu i nā loulou, e hoʻohui wau iā lākou, manaʻo wau he mea hoihoi ke kumuhana.
- de-anonymization indirect ma ke kikowaena: he kumuhana ʻeha hoʻi, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka server / hōʻoia, nui nā ala e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka mea kūʻai aku a ʻike hope iā ia. Me he mea lā iaʻu ke kumu o ka pilikia i loko o ka http:// protocol a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ia, ka mea, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike mua i kēlā huhū; a he mea hiki loa ke hana i kahi protocol like me ka ʻole o kēia mau punctures. Eia nō naʻe, kūʻē kēia i nā hana monetization āpau a no laila ʻaʻole paha. Ke noʻonoʻo nei, ua hoʻāʻo paha kekahi?
- inoa ʻole - inoa ʻole: hui nā kānaka ʻelua ma ka pūnaewele, (koho - hui wale ʻia), (koho - ʻaʻole ʻelua akā ʻelua tausani), a makemake e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kā lākou mau mea ponoʻī, akā ma ke ʻano e Kaikuaana ʻaʻole i lohe (koho: ʻaʻole ʻike ʻo mama, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka kā lākou mau mea ponoʻī). Lohe paha ʻoe i ka hoʻohenehene i koʻu leo, akā no ka mea ʻo ia ka mea. E hoʻopili kākou i kā Schneier postulate i ka pilikia (hiki ke haki kekahi algorithm inā lawa nā kumu waiwai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kālā a me ka manawa). Mai kēia manaʻo, ʻo ke komo ʻana i loko o ia pūʻulu e nā ʻano pilikanaka ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i kahi pilikia, ʻaʻole e haʻi i ke kālā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ikaika cryptographic o ka algorithm. ʻole me nā ʻano hoʻopāpā ʻoi loa.
Eia naʻe, no kēia hihia, loaʻa iā mākou kahi bastion lua - inoa ʻole, a ke kau nei makou i ko makou manao a pau maluna ona, ina paha e ike mai na mea a pau ia makou, aole nae e loaa ia makou. Eia nō naʻe, me nā ʻano hana ʻenehana hou o ka pale, ke manaʻo nui nei ʻoe he manawa kūpono? E hoʻomanaʻo wau iā ʻoe ke kamaʻilio nei wau e pili ana i ka inoa ʻole; me he mea lā ua hoʻopau mākou i ka pale ʻikepili. No ka maopopo, e ʻae kāua inā e ʻike ʻia kou inoa ai ole ia, home home ai ole ia, Helu IP, hāʻule loa ka poʻe koho.
Ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka ip, ʻo ia kahi e komo ai ka mea i luna hilinaʻi i ke kikowaena, ʻike ʻo ia i kāu IP me ke kānalua ʻole. A eia ke pāʻani nei nā mea a pau iā ʻoe - mai ka ʻimi kanaka maʻalahi a me ka lapuwale, i nā kulekele ʻoihana a me ka monetization like. E hoʻomanaʻo wale ʻo VPS a me VPN he mau kikowaena pū kekahi; no ka poʻe ʻepekema cryptography, ʻaʻole pili kēia mau pōkole; ʻAe, a ʻaʻole pili ka mana o ke kikowaena i ka hihia o ka hemahema nui. Hoʻopili pū kēia me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hopena - maikaʻi a paʻa hoʻi, akā pono ka server e lawe i kāna ʻōlelo no ia.
He aha ke kuleana nui o ke kikowaena ma ia ʻelele? ʻO ka mea mua, he mea liʻiliʻi i ka mea leka, inā ʻaʻole i ka home ka mea lawe, e hele hou mai ma hope. Eia kekahi, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia, ʻo ia ka wahi hālāwai, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻouna pololei i ka leka i ka mea loaʻa, hoʻouna ʻoe iā ia i ke kikowaena no ka hoʻouna hou ʻana. A ʻo ka mea nui loa, ke alakaʻi nei ke kikowaena hōʻoia pono, e hōʻoia ana i nā mea a pau ʻo ʻoe ʻoe, a iā ʻoe - ʻo kāu interlocutor ka mea āu e pono ai. A hana ʻo ia i kēia me kāu kelepona.
ʻAʻole anei ʻoe e manaʻo ua ʻike nui kāu ʻelele iā ʻoe? ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole, ʻoiaʻiʻo ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei mākou iā ia (a ma ke ala, kā mākou kelepona i ka manawa like, hmm), akā hōʻoiaʻiʻo nā cryptographers iā mākou he mea lapuwale kēia, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hilinaʻi i kekahi.
ʻAʻole maopopo? Akā aia kekahi ʻenehana like ʻole, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe he haneli mau interlocutors i loko o kahi hui, pono ʻoe e manaʻo he 50% o lākou he ʻenemi, 49% he lapuwale, he naʻaupō a mālama ʻole paha. A ʻo ke koena hoʻokahi pākēneka, ʻaʻole nui kou ikaika i nā ʻano palekana ʻike, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke pale aku i kahi psychologist maikaʻi i ke kamaʻilio.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā pale wale nō ka mea e nalowale i waena o nā miliona o nā hui like, akā ʻaʻole kēia e pili ana iā mākou, e pili ana i kekahi mau kiu-terrorists ʻaʻole pono no ka kaulana pūnaewele a i ʻole monetization.
ʻAe, me he mea lā ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo wau (ʻaʻole, ʻaʻole wau i hōʻoia, hōʻoia wale wau) i koʻu mau manaʻo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka pale ʻikepili i ke ʻano o ka nohona hou. He mea maʻalahi nā hopena akā kaumaha - ʻaʻole pono mākou e manaʻo i ke kōkua hou aʻe mai ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma mua o ka mea i loaʻa iā mākou, ua hana ka cryptography i nā mea āpau e hiki ai, a ua hana maikaʻi, akā ʻo kā mākou kumu hoʻohālike o ka Pūnaewele kūʻē loa i ko mākou makemake no ka pilikino a hoʻopau i kā mākou mau hana āpau. . ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole wau he pessimist a makemake wau e ʻōlelo i kahi mea nani i kēia manawa, akā ʻaʻole wau ʻike i ka mea.
E hoʻāʻo e nānā i ka ʻāpana aʻe, akā ke ao aku nei au iā ʻoe - aia nā moʻo ʻepekema unscientific āpau, akā hiki iā lākou ke hōʻoluʻolu i kekahi, a ma ka liʻiliʻi e hoʻohauʻoli i kekahi.
Hiki paha ke hana i kekahi mea?
ʻAe, no ka laʻana, e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kēia kumuhana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kou ʻike a hoʻolei aku i nā manaʻo. No ka laʻana, e hoʻopau loa i ka manawa e kaumaha i ka inoa ʻole, ʻaʻohe mea weliweli paha. E hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka i kahi kī pilikino kūʻokoʻa mai ka hānau ʻana, a me kahi kī pilikino pili, ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻōho mai iaʻu a hehi i kou mau wāwae, honua maikaʻi He mea maʻalahi kēia - eia kāu passport, ka helu ʻauhau, a me kahi helu kelepona i loko o hoʻokahi hue. Eia kekahi, inā ʻoe e hoʻohui i kahi palapala hoʻokahi i kēia, loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hōʻoia / login; a he pocket notary me ka hiki ke hooiaio i na palapala. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i ka ʻōnaehana multi-level - ʻo ke kī ākea a me ka palapala hōʻoia i loaʻa i ka lehulehu, no nā hoaaloha (ʻo ka papa inoa o nā kī i hoʻopili ʻia ma aneʻi) hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolako i kāu kelepona a me nā mea ʻē aʻe a lākou e hilinaʻi ai i nā hoaaloha, ʻoi aku ka hohonu. pae, akā ua hōʻike mua kēia i ka hilinaʻi pono ʻole i ke kikowaena.
Me kēia hoʻolālā, hoʻokō ʻia ka pilikino o ka ʻike i hoʻouna ʻia (ʻoiai ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, no ke aha, i loko o kahi honua maikaʻi?), Kākau ʻo Alice i kekahi mea iā Bob, akā ʻaʻohe mea e heluhelu iā ia koe ʻo Bob ponoʻī. Loaʻa i nā ʻelele a pau ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka hopena, hoʻemi ʻia kā lākou kuleana i nā pahu leta a, ma ke kumu, ʻaʻohe hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i ka ʻike. A lilo nā kikowaena iā lākou iho i mea hoʻololi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻouna ma o kekahi, a ma o kekahi, a i ʻole ma o ke kaulahao o nā kikowaena, e like me ka leka uila. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻouna pololei iā ia i ka mea loaʻa inā ʻike ʻia kāna IP, me ka hoʻopili ʻole ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili. ʻAʻole maikaʻi kēlā? He mea minamina ʻaʻole mākou e noho i kēia manawa kupanaha - ʻaʻole noʻu a ʻaʻole no ʻoe. ʻAe, ke kamaʻilio hou nei au i nā mea kaumaha.
A laila, ma hea e mālama ai i kēia mau mea a pau? ʻAe, mai luna o koʻu poʻo, e hana i kahi ʻōnaehana hierarchical wehe, kahi mea e like me ka DNS o kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ka nui. I mea e kaumaha ʻole ai i nā luna hoʻomalu DNS kumu me nā hoʻohui a me nā hoʻololi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kahi hoʻopaʻa inoa manuahi, ʻo ka nānā pono wale nō no ka ʻokoʻa. Like >> " Aloha mai, ʻelima mākou, ka ʻohana Ivanov. Eia ko mākou mau inoa/inoa, eia nā kī lehulehu. Inā nīnau mai kekahi, e hoʻouna mai iā mākou. A eia ka papa inoa o hoʻokahi haneri me ʻelima haneli kupuna wahine o ko mākou wahi me kā lākou mau kī, inā e noi ʻia mai, e hoʻouna pū mai iā mākou.«
Pono ʻoe e hana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ia ʻano kikowaena home i maʻalahi a maʻalahi, i hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo inā makemake lākou, ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻouka hou i nā kikowaena aupuni aupuni.
Kū!, aka, heaha ka pili o ka mokuaina ia manawa?
Akā i kēia manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻihoʻi pono i ka inoa ʻole. Inā hiki i kekahi ke hana i kahi kī pilikino no lākou iho a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi palapala hoʻokahi a hoʻokomo i kahi kikowaena CA haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no lākou iho, a i ʻole e nīnau i kahi hoalauna, a i ʻole kekahi kikowaena lehulehu, no ke aha e pono ai kēia mana? A laila ʻaʻohe pono e hoʻopili i kahi ʻano maoli, pilikino piha, palekana a me ka inoa ʻole. Ua lawa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hierarchy aia kekahi mea hilinaʻi, maikaʻi, manaʻoʻiʻo mākou iā TM a i ʻole Let's Encrypt, a ʻaʻole i hoʻouna ʻia nā DNS lehulehu kaulana i kekahi i ka steppe. Me he mea lā ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopiʻi ʻia mai nā bureaucrats, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻopiʻi ʻia, akā i ka hopena?
Malia paha e hana ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana like, a i ʻole kekahi mea like. A ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe o mākou mea e manaʻo ai ʻo mākou wale nō; ʻaʻohe o nā mokuʻāina i ʻike iaʻu e kūkulu i kahi ʻōnaehana. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻo Telegram, i2p, Tor, a me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe aʻu i poina ai, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe mea hiki ʻole. ʻO kā mākou pūnaewele kēia, a pono mākou e hoʻolako iā ia inā ʻaʻole mākou e ʻoluʻolu i ke kūlana o kēia manawa.
Brrr, ua hoʻopau au i kahi ʻōlelo hōʻino. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole wau makemake i kēia, makemake wau i ka hoʻomākeʻaka.
PS: ʻO kēia wale nō, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ka snot ʻulaʻula a me nā moeʻuhane kaikamahine
PPS: akā inā hoʻoholo koke kekahi e hoʻāʻo, mālama i kahi inoa inoa noʻu ʻoluʻolu, ua maʻa wau
PPPS: a ua maʻalahi ka hoʻokō ʻana ma ke ala
Source: www.habr.com