Ua maʻa mākou a pau i ka nānā ʻana i nā hale kiaʻi kamaʻilio a me nā kia ʻoluʻolu a maikaʻi ʻole paha. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, aia i loko o ka mōʻaukala - a he mau hiʻohiʻona hoihoi, ʻokoʻa o kēia mau mea, ma ka laulā, nā hale hoʻohana. Ua hōʻuluʻulu mākou i kahi koho liʻiliʻi o nā hale kiaʻi kamaʻilio i ʻike nui ʻia.
hale kiaʻi ʻo Stockholm
E hoʻomaka kākou me ka "kāleka pu" - ka hoʻolālā maʻamau a kahiko loa i kā mākou koho. He paʻakikī ke kapa ʻia he "hale kiaʻi". I ka makahiki 1887, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hale kiaʻi kūhāhā mai nā pahu kila ma Stockholm. Me nā turrets ma nā kihi, nā pou hae a me nā mea hoʻonani a puni ka perimeter - nani!
He mea kupanaha ka hale kiaʻi i ka hoʻoilo, i ka wā i maloʻo ai nā uwea.
I ka makahiki 1913, ua pau ka hale kiaʻi i ke kelepona ʻana, ʻaʻole naʻe i wāwahi ʻia a waiho ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāina ʻāina. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, he 40 mau makahiki ma hope mai he ahi i loko o ka hale, a pono e hoʻopau ʻia ka hale kiaʻi.
Pūnaehana microwave
I ka makahiki 1948, ua hoʻokumu ka hui ʻAmelika ʻo AT&T i kahi papahana pipiʻi no ka hana ʻana i kahi pūnaewele o nā hale kiaʻi kamaʻilio lekiō ma ka laulā microwave. I ka makahiki 1951, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi pūnaewele me 107 mau hale kiaʻi. No ka manawa mua, hiki ke kelepona i ke kelepona a puni ka ʻāina a hoʻouna i kahi hōʻailona TV ma ka lewa wale nō, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele uea. Hoʻomanaʻo ʻia nā bele o kā lākou antenna i nā gramophones a i ʻole nā mea ʻōlelo hoʻolālā i kūkulu ʻia e like me ka hoʻolālā kiwi hoʻohuli.
Eia naʻe, ua haʻalele ʻia ka pūnaewele ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o nā kamaʻilio relay radio microwave e ka fiber optical. ʻOkoʻa ka hopena o nā hale kiaʻi: ʻānele wale kekahi, ʻoki ʻia kekahi i mea hao, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi e hoʻonohonoho i nā kamaʻilio e nā hui liʻiliʻi; Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau hale kiaʻi e ka poʻe kamaʻāina no ko lākou pono.
Hale kiaʻi ʻo Wardenclyffe
He akamai ʻo Nikola Tesla, a ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia paha. Malia paha he wahi pupule. Malia paha, inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea hoʻopukapuka iā ia, hiki iā ia ke iho i lalo i ka mōʻaukala ma ke ʻano he kanaka i hoʻololi i ke ola o nā kānaka āpau. Akā i kēia manawa hiki iā mākou ke koho wale i kēia.
I ka makahiki 1901, hoʻomaka ʻo Tesla i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Wardenclyffe, ʻo ia ke kumu o kahi laina kamaʻilio transatlantic. A i ka manawa like, me kāna kōkua, makemake ʻo Tesla e hōʻoia i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka uila - ua moe ka mea hana i ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana honua no ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka uila, ka lekiō a me nā kamaʻilio lekiō. Auē, ua kūʻē kona mau manaʻo me nā pono ʻoihana o kāna mau mea hoʻopukapuka ponoʻī, no laila ua kāpae ʻo Tesla i ka hāʻawi kālā e hoʻomau i ka papahana, pono e pani ʻia i ka makahiki 1905.
Ua kūkulu ʻia ka hale kiaʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hale hana ʻo Tesla:
Auwe, ʻaʻole i ola ka manaʻo o ka mea akamai a hiki i kēia lā - ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hale kiaʻi i ka makahiki 1917.
Pilikua pepeiaohao ʻekolu
Akā ola kēia hale kiaʻi, hoʻohana ikaika a pono. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka hale 298 mika kiʻekiʻe ma kahi puʻu ma Kapalakiko. Ua kūkulu ʻia ia i ka makahiki 1973 a ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei no nā hoʻolaha kīwī a me nā lekiō. A hiki i 2017, ʻo ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Sutro ka hale kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kūlanakauhale.
Ke kaomi ʻana i kēia kiʻi e wehe i kahi kiʻi piha piha:
Nānā iā Kapalakiko mai ka hale kiaʻi:
I ka wai pāpaʻu
Ua kūkulu ka US Air Force i kekahi mau hale kiaʻi lekiō ma ke Kaiwa o Mexico.
Ma ka lalo pono, i loko o ka wai pāpaʻu, ua kau ʻia nā tripods kila ma luna o nā kumu lāʻau, a me nā kia antenna lohi me nā paepae lako e hiki ai i kahi hale liʻiliʻi ke piʻi i luna o ka wai. He ʻike ʻokoʻa loa - he kia hāmama e kū ana i waenakonu o ke kai.
E like me ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana kamaʻilio i mea pono ʻole i nā hale kiaʻi, a i kēia lā ʻaʻole ʻike ka pūʻali koa i ka mea e hana ai me lākou: ʻoki ʻia, hoʻokahe iā lākou, a waiho paha iā lākou e like me lākou. He mea kupanaha i loko o nā makahiki o ko lākou ola ʻana, ua lilo nā antennas i ʻano o nā ʻaʻa i hana ʻia me ko lākou mau kaiaola liʻiliʻi ponoʻī, a ua koho ʻia lākou e nā poʻe aloha i ka lawaiʻa kai a me ka luʻu ʻana, a ua waiho pū lākou i kahi palapala noi i hiki ai nā hale kiaʻi. ʻaʻole i luku ʻia.
Ma mua o ka lekiō
A no ka hoʻopau ʻana i kā mākou koho, makemake mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka mea i hana ʻia e ʻelua mau Farani, nā kaikunāne Chappe. I ka makahiki 1792, ua hōʻike lākou i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "semaphore" - kahi hale kiaʻi liʻiliʻi me kahi koʻokoʻo transverse rotating, ma nā wēlau o ia mea he mau ʻauʻau kaʻa. Ua manaʻo nā kaikunāne Shapp e hoʻopili i nā leka a me nā helu o ka pīʻāpā me nā kūlana like ʻole o nā koʻokoʻo a me nā kaola.
Pono e hoʻololi lima ʻia nā kī a me ka pā. I kēia mau lā, ʻano lohi a paʻakikī kēia mau mea a pau, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua loaʻa kahi ʻōnaehana i kahi drawback koʻikoʻi: ua hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka wā a me ka manawa o ka lā. Akā i ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 18, he hanana weliweli kēia - hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia nā leka pōkole ma waena o nā kūlanakauhale ma o ke kaulahao o nā hale kiaʻi ma kahi o 20 mau minuke.
A ma ka waena o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano telegraph optical - me nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻohana i nā hōʻailona māmā - e nā kelepona uila. A ma kekahi mau monuments kūkulu hale, ua mālama mau ʻia nā hale kiaʻi e kū ai nā hale kiaʻi semaphore. Eia kekahi laʻana, ma ka hale o ka Winter Palace.
Source: www.habr.com