Kwihlabathi lezilwanyana, elibandakanya abantu, zininzi iindlela zokudlulisa ulwazi komnye nomnye. Oku kusenokuba ngumdaniso onamandla, ofana noweentaka zeparadesi, obonisa ukuba inkunzi ikulungele ukuzala; isenokuba ngumbala oqaqambileyo, njengamasele omthi aseAmazon, ebonisa ubutyhefu bawo; ingaba livumba elifana ne-canine eliphawula imida yemimandla. Kodwa eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwizilwanyana ezininzi eziphuhlileyo kukunxibelelana ngokuvakalayo, oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa kwezandi. Side sifundise abantwana bethu ukusuka kwimbeleko ukuba ngubani kunye nendlela yokuthetha: inkomo - mu-mu-mu, inja - woof-woof, njl. Kithina, ukuthetha, oko kukuthi, unxibelelwano lwe-acoustic, luyingxenye ebalulekileyo yentlalontle. Kunokuthiwa okufanayo nangabanye abameli befauna. Izazinzulu ezivela kwiYunivesithi yaseHainan (eChina) zagqiba ekubeni zijonge kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuqonda ukuguquka konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic. Luxhaphake kangakanani unxibelelwano ngesandi phakathi kwezilwanyana, lwaqala nini, yaye kwakutheni ukuze lube yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokudlulisela inkcazelo? Sifunda malunga noku kwingxelo yabaphandi. Hamba.
Isiseko sophando
Kweli nqanaba lophuhliso lwendaleko, abameli abaninzi bezilwanyana baye badibanisa ngokupheleleyo imiqondiso ye-acoustic kwisigqi sobomi babo. Izandi ezenziwa zizilwanyana zisetyenziselwa ukutsala iqabane (iintaka eziculayo, amaxoxo angxolayo, njl.njl.), ukubhaqa okanye ukuphambanisa utshaba (isikhalo sejay esazisa irhamncwa ukuba libhaqiwe kwaye imbubhiso ayizukusebenza, ke ngoko. kungcono ukuba ahlehle), ukuhambisa ulwazi malunga nobukho bokutya (iinkukhu, zifumene ukutya, zenze isandi esicacileyo ukutsala ingqalelo yabantwana babo), njl.
Inyaniso enomdla:
Indoda ene-bell-ringer enye (Procnias albus) ikhupha umnxeba wokukhwelana we-125 dB (injini yejet - 120-140 dB), ibe yeyona ntaka ikhwaza kakhulu emhlabeni.
Uphononongo lweempawu ze-acoustic kunye nokuvela kwazo kuye kwaqhutywa ixesha elide. Idatha efunyenwe kulo msebenzi inegalelo ekuqondeni ngcono indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo izandi kwaye, ke ngoko, zenziwa njani iilwimi ezahlukeneyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yeplanethi. Nangona kunjalo, ezo zifundo azizange zijongane nemvelaphi yonxibelelwano lwe-acoustic njengento eyenzekayo. Omnye wemibuzo esisiseko engekaphendulwa mntu ngulo: kwakutheni ukuze kuvele unxibelelwano oluvakalayo?
Mininzi imibuzo efuna iimpendulo. Okokuqala, zeziphi iimeko zokusingqongileyo eziphembelele ukuvela kunye nokusekwa kolu hlobo logqithiso lolwazi? Okwesibini, yayilunxibelelwano lwe-acoustic olunxulumene ne-speciation, okt. ngaba iyanceda ekusasazeni izilwanyana ize ithintele ukuphela kwayo? Okwesithathu, ngaba ubukho bonxibelelwano lwe-acoustic buzinzile xa sele luphuhlile? Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngaba unxibelelwano lwe-acoustic lwavela kumaqela ahlukeneyo ezilwanyana ngokuhambelanayo, okanye ngaba unokhokho omnye kuzo zonke izidalwa?
Iimpendulo zale mibuzo, ngokwezazinzulu ngokwazo, azibalulekanga nje kuphela ekuqondeni unxibelelwano lwe-acoustic, kodwa nokuqonda indaleko kunye notshintsho lokuziphatha kwizilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ingcamango yokuba indawo yokuhlala inempembelelo enamandla ekukhetheni isini kunye nokunxibelelana kwezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana. Kunzima ukutsho ukuba le thiyori iyasebenza kwisizukulwana somqondiso, kodwa inokwenzeka. Izazinzulu zikwakhumbula ukuba uDarwin wathi imiqondiso yesandi idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakhekeni kwezibini kwezinye izilwanyana. Imiqondiso ye-acoustic ke ngoko inefuthe kwi-speciation.
Kulo msebenzi, abaphandi banquma ukuqwalasela ukuguquka kweempawu zesandi kwi-tetrapods, usebenzisa indlela ye-phylogenetic (ukuchonga ubudlelwane phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo). Ugxininiso oluphambili kwimvelaphi yoxhulumaniso lwe-acoustic, kunokuba kuhlobo okanye umsebenzi walo. Uphononongo lusebenzise idatha evela kwi-1799 yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iphinde ithathele ingqalelo into yokuziphatha kwansuku zonke (iintlobo ezinomsebenzi wemini nobusuku). Ukongezelela, ubudlelwane phakathi konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic kunye neqondo leentlobo zeentlobo zeentlobo ziye zafundwa, okt. ukuxhaphaka kwazo, ngemodeli yokuphela kwe-speciation. I-Phylogenetic conservatism kubukho bobudlelwane be-acoustic phakathi kweentlobo nazo zavavanywa.
Iziphumo zophando
Phakathi kwe-tetrapods, ezininzi ze-amphibians, izilwanyana ezincelisayo, iintaka kunye ne-crocodilians zinonxibelelwano lwe-acoustic, ngelixa ininzi i-squamates kunye ne-turtles ayinayo. Phakathi kwee-amphibians, olu hlobo lokudluliselwa kolwazi alukho kwi-caecilians (Caecilian), kodwa ikhona kwezinye iintlobo salamanders kunye amasele ezininzi (in 39 of 41 iintlobo eziqwalaselwa). Kwakhona, unxibelelwano lwe-acoustic alukho kwiinyoka nakuzo zonke iintsapho zamacikilishe, ngaphandle ezimbini - Gekkonidae (iqunge), Phyllodactylidae. Ngokulandelelana kofudo, ziintsapho ezi-2 kuphela kwezili-14 ezinonxibelelwano oluvakalayo. Kulindeleke ukuba phakathi kweentlobo zeentaka ezili-173 eziye zajongwa, zonke zazinxibelelene ngokuvakalayo. Iintsapho ezili-120 kwezili-125 zezilwanyana ezanyisayo nazo zibonise olu phawu.
Inyaniso enomdla:
I-Salamanders inokuvuselelwa okumangalisayo kwaye iyakwazi ukuphinda ikhulise kuphela umsila wabo, kodwa kunye neempuphu zabo; salamanders, ngokungafaniyo ezininzi izalamane zabo, musa ukubeka amaqanda, kodwa viviparous; Enye yezona salamanders ezinkulu, intulo enkulu yaseJapan, inobunzima obungama-35 kg.
Ukushwankathela le datha, sinokuthi ukuhanjiswa kwe-acoustic yolwazi kukho kwi-69% ye-tetrapods.
Itheyibhile ye-1: ipesenti yabanikazi bokuhanjiswa kwe-acoustic yolwazi phakathi kweentlobo eziqwalaselwayo zeetetrapods.
Ukuseka ukusasazwa okuqikelelwayo konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic phakathi kweentlobo zezilwanyana, kwakuyimfuneko ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kwesi buchule kunye nokuziphatha kwezilwanyana (ubusuku okanye ubusuku).
Phakathi kweemodeli ezininzi ezichaza olu budlelwane kuhlobo ngalunye, imodeli yakhethwa eyayifanelekile kwinkcazo ye-avareji yobudlelwane bokuziphatha kwe-acoustics kuzo zonke iintlobo. Lo mzekelo (Itheyibhile ye-2) ibonisa zonke izinto ezinokwenzeka kunye neengozi zesakhono esinjalo kuzo zombini iintlobo zokuziphatha kwezilwanyana.
Itheyibhile yesi-2: uhlalutyo lobudlelwane phakathi konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic kunye nokuziphatha kwezilwanyana (imini / ebusuku).
Ukuxhomekeka okucacileyo konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic ekuziphatheni kwasekwa, kunye nokuxhomekeka okulinganayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokumangalisayo, akukho budlelwane obuchaseneyo bufunyenwe-ukuziphatha kunye nokudibanisa okuvakalayo.
Uhlalutyo lwe-Phylogenetic lubonise uxhulumaniso olusondeleyo phakathi kwe-acoustics kunye nendlela yokuphila yasebusuku (iThebhile No. 3).
Itheyibhile yesi-3: uhlalutyo lwe-phylogenetic lobudlelwane phakathi konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic kunye nendlela yokuphila yasebusuku / yasebusuku.
Uhlalutyo lwedatha lukwabonise ukuba ubukho bonxibelelwano lwe-acoustic abunampembelelo kwisantya sokwahluka kwi-tetrapod phylogeny. Ngoko ke, umlinganiselo wemilinganiselo yeyantlukwano (speciationβextinction; r = 0.08 iziganeko kwisigidi seminyaka) zazifana kuyo yomibini imigca yeentlobo ezinonxibelelwano lwe-acoustic kunye nemigca engenaso obu buchule. Ke ngoko, kunokucingelwa ukuba ubukho / ukungabikho konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic phantse akukho mpembelelo kubuninzi beentlobo ezithile okanye kwiziganeko ezinxulumene nokubunjwa okanye ukuphela kwayo.
Umfanekiso #1: Ixesha lokuvela konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic phakathi kweetetrapods ezahlukeneyo.
Izazinzulu zicebisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwe-acoustic kusenokwenzeka ukuba lwavela ngokuzimeleyo kwiqela ngalinye elikhulu le-tetrapod, kodwa imvelaphi yalo yayindala kumacandelo amaninzi amakhulu (~ 100-200 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo).
Umzekelo, unxibelelwano lwe-acoustic luphuhliswe kwangoko kwi-phylogeny yomyalelo weTailless Amphibians (UAnura), kodwa akakho kwaphela kwiqela lodade kuwo onke amanye amasele aphilayo asuka kwiclade eneentsapho Ascaphidae (amasele anomsila) kunye Leiopelmatidae (ii-lyopelmas).
Inyaniso enomdla:
Ii-Liopelms zixhaphake eNew Zealand kwaye zithathwa njengezona ziphila ixesha elide - iinkunzi ziphila ukuya kwiminyaka engama-37, kunye nabasetyhini ukuya kwiminyaka engama-35.
Kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo, njengamasele, unxibelelwano lwe-acoustic lwavela malunga ne-200 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ezinye iintlobo ziphulukene nobu buchule ngexesha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, nangona kunjalo, uninzi luye lwayithwala ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Okungafaniyo kunokuqwalaselwa njengeentaka, ekubonakala ukuba zizo kuphela ezingazange zahlukane nonxibelelwano lwe-acoustic kulo lonke ixesha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Kwafunyaniswa ukuba unxibelelwano lwe-acoustic lwalukho kuzo zombini izinyanya zamva nje zeentaka eziphilayo kunye nokhokho wamandulo weengwenya eziphilayo. Nganye kwezi khokho imalunga ne-100 lezigidi zeminyaka ubudala. Kungacingelwa ukuba uxhulumaniso lwe-acoustic lwalukho nakwikhokho eliqhelekileyo lamaqela amabini, oko kukuthi, i-250 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Inyaniso enomdla:
Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifana ne-gecko ziyakwazi ukwenza ezona zandi zingalindelekanga kwicilikishe - ukukhonkotha, ukucofa, ukuntyiloza, njl.
Kwi-squamates, unxibelelwano lwe-acoustic lunqabile, olunokuthi lube ngenxa yesenzeko esigxile kakhulu kwizidalwa zasebusuku ezinje ngegeckos (Gekkota). Ngokwentelekiso utshintsho lwamva nje lwendaleko lukhokelele ekuveleni unxibelelwano acoustic kwezinye iintlobo phylogenetically bebodwa salamanders kunye nofudo.
Ukujonga ngakumbi kwii-nuances zophononongo, ndincoma ukuba ujonge ΠΈ kuye.
Ipilo
Ukushwankathela zonke iziphumo ezichazwe ngasentla, sinokuthi ngokuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukuphuhliswa konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic ngandlela-thile okanye enye inxulumene nendlela yokuphila yasebusuku. Oku kuqinisekisa ithiyori malunga nefuthe le-ecology (imekobume) kwiimpawu zokuzivelela kweentlobo. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bonxibelelwano lwe-acoustic alunampembelelo kukwahluka kweentlobo ngexesha elikhulu.
Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba unxibelelwano oluvakalayo lwavela malunga ne-100-200 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwaye ezinye iintlobo ze-tetrapods zithwala obu buchule kulo lonke eli xesha ngaphandle kotshintsho.
Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ubukho bokunxibelelana kwe-acoustic kwizidalwa zasebusuku, nangona kuyinzuzo ecacileyo, ayinayo impembelelo embi ekutshintsheni kwindlela yokuphila yemini. Le nyaniso ilula iqinisekiswa yinto yokuba iintlobo ezininzi zangaphambili zasebusuku, ezitshintshele kwindlela yokuphila yasemini, azilahlekanga obu buchule.
Ngokutsho kolu hlolisiso, ukunxibelelana kusetyenziswa izandi kunokubizwa ngokuba lolona phawu luzinzileyo lwendaleko. Emva kokuba obu buchule buye bavela, phantse azange zinyamalale ngexesha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, akunjalo nakwezinye iindidi zokubonisa, njengemibala eqaqambileyo okanye imilo yomzimba engaqhelekanga, iintsiba okanye uboya.
Abaphandi bathi uhlalutyo lwabo lobudlelwane phakathi konxibelelwano lwe-acoustic kunye nokusingqongileyo lunokusebenza kwezinye iimpawu zendaleko. Ngaphambili kwakucingwa ukuba impembelelo ye-ikholoji kwiindlela zokudluliselwa kwemiqondiso yayilinganiselwe kumahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezisondeleleneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi ochazwe ngasentla, kunokuthiwa ngokuzithemba ukuba iintlobo eziphambili zokuhanjiswa kwezibonakaliso zibuye zitshintshe ngokuhambelana neenguqu kwindalo yezilwanyana.
NgoLwesihlanu ukusuka phezulu:
Umboniso omkhulu wezandi ezahlukeneyo ezimangalisayo ezenziwa ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentaka.
Off-top 2.0:
Ngamanye amaxesha izilwanyana zenza izandi ezingaqhelekanga nezihlekisayo.
Enkosi ngokufunda, hlala unomdla kwaye ube nempelaveki emnandi bafana! π
Ezinye iintengiso π
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