UAlexander Chistyakov unxibelelana naye, ndingumvangeli kwaye ndikuxelele ngezona ziganeko zili-9 zetekhnoloji zibalaseleyo ngo-2019.
Kuvavanyo lwam, ndithembele ngakumbi kwincasa yam kunembono yeengcali. Ngoko ke, olu luhlu, umzekelo, alubandakanyi iimoto ezingenamqhubi, kuba akukho nto intsha okanye emangalisayo kule teknoloji.
Andizange ndihlele iziganeko kuluhlu ngokubaluleka okanye umphumo we-wow, kuba ukubaluleka kwabo kuya kucaca kwiminyaka elishumi, kwaye umphumo we-wow uphila ixesha elifutshane kakhulu, ndazama nje ukwenza eli bali lihambelana.
1. Usetyenziso lweseva ephathwayo kulwimi lwenkqubo yeRust yeWebAssembly
Ndiza kuqala uphononongo ngeengxelo ezimbini:
1. Ingxelo , efundwe nguye ngo-2018.
Ngexesha lokufunda ingxelo, uBrian Cantrill wayesebenza eJoyent njenge-CTO kwaye wayengenalo nofifi lokuba u-2019 uza kuphela njani kuye noJoyent.
2. , ilungu leqela eliphambili lolwimi lweRust kunye nombhali wencwadi ethi "Ulwimi lweNkqubo yeRust", esebenza kwi-Cloudflare, apho ethetha ngeempawu zolwimi lweRust kunye ne-WebAssembly technology, evumela ukuba usebenzise iziphequluli zewebhu njenge amaqonga okuqhuba izicelo.
Ngo-2019, iWebAssembly kunye nayo , ebonelela ngokufikelela kwizinto zenkqubo yokusebenza ezifana neefayile kunye neziseko, ihambe ngaphaya kweziphequluli kwaye ijolise kwimarike yesofthiwe yomncedisi.
Undoqo wokuphumelela uyabonakala - ubuntu bunexesha elinye lokubaleka elikwaziyo ukwenza izicelo eziphathwayo zeWebhu (ngaba kukho nabani na okhumbulayo umgaqo weWORA, owayilwa ngababhali bolwimi lweJava?).
Sikwanayo nendlela ekhuselekileyo yokwakha ezi zicelo kulwimi lwe-Rust, oluthe raison d'être ikukuphelisa zonke iindidi zeempazamo ngexesha lokudibanisa.
IWebAssembly yinguqu yomdlalo kangangokuba uSolomon Hikes, omnye wabadali beDocker, wabhala ukuba iWebAssembly kunye neWASI yayikhona ngo-2008, uDocker ngengazange azalwe.
Ayimangalisi into yokuba uRust wayephakathi kwabamkeli betekhnoloji entsha ephathekayo-i-ecosystem yayo ikhula ngamandla kwaye iRust ibe lolona lwimi luthandwayo lwenkqubo iminyaka eliqela, ngokweziphumo. .
Esi sisilayidi esivela kwintetho kaSteve esibonisa ngokucacileyo umlinganiselo wenani leempazamo zokhuseleko ezinokuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo ngokusebenzisa iRust kwinani lilonke leempazamo kwi-MS. Windows, ifunyenwe kwiminyaka elishumi elinesiqingatha edlulileyo.
UMicrosoft kwafuneka aphendule ngandlela thile kumngeni onjalo, kwaye yenzeka.
2. Iprojekthi iVerona evela kwiMicrosoft, eya kusindisa Windows kwaye iza kuvula iphepha elitsha lembali kuyo nayiphi na i-OS
Inani leempazamo kwi-kernel yeMicrosoft Windows kwaye uninzi lweenkqubo zabasebenzisi lukhule phantse ngokuthe ngqo kwiminyaka eli-12 edlulileyo.
Ngo-2019, uMatthew Parkinson weMicrosoft , enokuphelisa oku.
Eli liphulo leMicrosoft lokudala ulwimi olukhuselekileyo lwenkqubo olusekelwe kwiingcamango zolwimi lweRust: oogxa beMicrosoft Research bafumanise ukuba uninzi lweengxaki zokhuseleko zinxulunyaniswa nelifa elinzima lolwimi lwe-C, apho uninzi lwazo WindowsUlwimi olufana neRust iVerona ilawula imemori kunye nokufikelela ngaxeshanye kwizixhobo isebenzisa . Ukuba ufuna ukuqonda ngokweenkcukacha ukuba isebenza njani, jonga .
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba iMicrosoft ngokwesiko ibonwa njengobukhosi obungendawo kunye nomchasi wayo yonke into entsha, nangona kunjalo. , umphuhlisi oyintloko weGlasgow Haskell Compiler, usebenza eMicrosoft.
Umbuzo kaBrian Cantrill osuka kumhlathi wokuqala: "Asiloxesha lokuphinda ubhale i-kernel yenkqubo yokusebenza eRust?" ifumene impendulo engalindelekanga- kucacile ukuba ayikakwazi ukuphinda ubhale inkqubo ye kernel, kodwa iinkqubo ezisebenza kwindawo yomsebenzisi sele zibhalwa kwakhona. Inkqubo engenakunqandwa iqalile, kwaye oku kuya kuvula iphepha elitsha lekamva kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokusebenza.
3. Ukunyuka kokuthandwa kolwimi lwenkqubo yeDart enkosi kwisakhelo seFlutter
Ndiqinisekile ukuba ezi ndaba zilandelayo ziyisimangaliso esikhulu kungekuphela kuthi kunye noluntu ngokubanzi, kodwa nakwabaninzi babathathi-nxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwinkqubo yokusekwa kwayo. Ulwimi lwenkqubo yeDart, oluvele kuGoogle kwiminyaka esibhozo eyadlulayo, lubone ukukhula okukhawulezayo kokuthandwa kulo nyaka.
Ndisebenzisa indlela yam yokuvavanya ukuthandwa kweelwimi zeprogram ngokuhlalutya iindawo zokugcina kwi-Github, kanye ngenyanga. . Ukuba ekuqaleni konyaka bekukho kuphela iindawo zokugcina ezidumileyo kwiDart, namhlanje sele kukho i-100 yazo.
I-Dart igqithise i-Erlang, i-PowerShell, i-R, i-Perl, i-Elixir, i-Haskell, i-Lua kunye ne-CoffeeScript ekudumeni. Alukho olunye ulwimi lwenkqubo olubonakala lukhule ngokukhawuleza kulo nyaka. Kwakutheni ukuze kwenzeke?
Enye yeengxelo ezibalulekileyo zalo nyaka yafundwa nguRichard Feldman kwaye yabizwa Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yengxelo inikezelwe kuhlalutyo lwendlela iilwimi zenkqubo ezidume ngayo. Esinye sezizathu eziphambili, ngokutsho kukaRichard, kubukho besicelo esithandwayo okanye isakhelo, ngamanye amazwi umbulali app.
Kulwimi lweDart, isizathu sokuthandwa kwayo sisikhokelo sophuhliso lwesicelo esiphathwayo , ukunyuka kokuthandwa kwayo, ngokutsho kweGoogle Trends, kwenzeka nje ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka.
Asazi kwanto malunga neDart kuba asenzi uphuhliso oluphathwayo, kodwa samkela ngezandla ezishushu olunye ulwimi lwenkqubo oluchwetheziweyo.
4. Amathuba okusinda embilinini Linux kunye noluntu lwayo ngenxa yomatshini we-eBPF obonakalayo
Thina kwi-VDSina sithande iinkomfa: kulo nyaka ndaya kwinkomfa ye-DevOops eSt. Ngo-2019, ezona zimvo ziphambili kwezo ncoko zazi:
- UDocker ufile kuba uyadika kakhulu
- U-Kubernetes uyaphila kwaye uya kuhlala malunga nonyaka- kusazothethwa ngaye kwiinkomfa ngo-2020.
- okwangoku, embindini Linux akukho mntu uphilayo oye wajonga ixesha elide
Andinalo inqaku lokugqibela, ngokwembono yam, ekuphuhlisweni kwe-kernel Linux Izinto ezenzekayo ngoku azingomdla nje kuphela, kodwa zitshintsha kakhulu. Eyona nto iphawulekayo yi-eBPF virtual machine, eyadalwa ekuqaleni ukusombulula umsebenzi onzima wokucoca iipakethi zenethiwekhi kwaye ukususela ngoko yaguquka yaba yi-kernel-level virtual machine enenjongo eqhelekileyo.
Uphuhliso lwe-kernel Linux: yayiyi
Uphuhliso lwe-kernel Linux: yaba
Nge-eBPF, i-kernel ngoku ibika iziganeko ezinokusingathwa ngokuyinxenye ngaphandle kwe-kernel—ujongano lwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisana ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo ne-kernel ukusuka kwindawo yomsebenzisi kunye nokwandisa nokuxhasa ukusebenza kwe-kernel. Linux, edlula iliso elibona yonke into likaLinus Torvalds.
Ngaphambi kwe-eBPF, uphuhliso lweenkqubo ezimisebenzi yazo inxulumene kakhulu nokusebenzisana ne-kernel Linux yayilibali elinzima—ukudala izinto ezifana nabaqhubi bezixhobo ezicothayo kunye nee-interfaces zeenkqubo zefayile kwindawo yomsebenzisi kufuna inkqubo yokuphononongwa ngokusesikweni ngabaphuhlisi be-kernel abanamava. Linux.
Ukubonakala kwe-interface ye-eBPF yenze lula kakhulu inkqubo yokubhala iinkqubo ezinjalo - umda wokungena uthotyiwe, kuya kubakho abaphuhlisi abaninzi kwaye uluntu luya kuphinda luphile.
Andindedwa kumdla wam: ibhengeza ukubaluleka kwe-eBPF kubomi (!) be-kernel development ecosystem. Omnye, umphuhlisi ongekho ngaphantsi odumileyo (Ndingumlandeli wakhe omkhulu) , engazange ilingane iminyaka engama-50.
Okwangoku, uLinus Torvalds ngokuqhelekileyo akamncomi esidlangalaleni ngezinto ezinjalo, kwaye ndiyamqonda - ngubani ofuna ukuzenza esidlangalaleni njengesidenge? 🙂
5. Linux phantse ndayibethelela isikhonkwane sokugqibela ebhokisini leFreeBSD nge-interface ye-io_uring engangqamananga kwi-kernel Linux
Ekubeni sithetha ngesiseko Linux, kubalulekile ukuqaphela olunye uphuculo olubalulekileyo olwenzekileyo kulo nyaka: ukufakwa kwesiseko esitsha nguJens Axbow kaFacebook.
Kangangeminyaka emininzi, abalawuli beenkqubo zeFreeBSD kunye nabaphuhlisi bathethelele ukhetho lwabo ngento yokuba iFreeBSD yayine-I/O engcono engatshintshiyo kune- LinuxUmzekelo, le ngxoxo UGleb Smirnov ovela kwiNginx.
Ngoku umdlalo uguqukele phezulu. kunye neziphumo zebenchmark yokusebenza ziyamangalisa, kunye nokunyuka kwe-IOPS ukusuka kwi-14% ukuya kwi-102% kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bebhloko. Kukho iprototype esebenzisa i-asynchronous I/O kwiPostgreSQL (ubuncinci ), ekuguquleleni iPostgreSQL ibe yi-asynchronous I/O. Kodwa ngenxa yokugcinwa kwemeko yophuhliso loluntu, asizukulubona olu tshintsho ngo-2020.
6. Ukubuya koloyiso lwe-AMD kunye nomgca weprosesa weRyzen
Akukho nto ingaqhelekanga, kukuba i-AMD, ebisoloko isecaleni kwishishini ixesha elide, yophula irekhodi emva kwerekhodi.
Umgca omtsha weeprosesa zeRyzen ubonise ixabiso elimangalisayo / umlinganiselo wokusebenza: bona , kwaye kwezinye iindawo . Kukhuphiswano, i-Intel inyanzelekile : Ibangela iinkqubo ezakhiwe ngomqokeleli wazo ukuba ziqhube ngokunengenelo kancinci kwiprosesa yomntu okhuphisana naye. Ngaphandle kweendlela ezimdaka ze-Intel zokulwa, .
7. Ukulandela i-AMD, i-Apple ijonge ukuthatha iqhekeza le-Intel pie nge-iPadOS kunye namaqhinga amaGates amadala.
Wonke umntu onokubamba isixhobo ezandleni zakhe udla ngokuzama ukuthatha inxaxheba kumadabi eengxilimbela, kwaye ayisiyiyo kuphela i-AMD elwela isiseko sokutya se-Intel. UApile waziphatha okwenkunzi yenkomo endala eqhula.
siya kuthi chu ukuhla entabeniInkunzi yenkomo endala neselula imi phezu kwentaba, yaye umhlambi weemazi zeenkomo udla ngaphantsi.
Inkunzi entsha inika endala:
- Mamela, masikhawuleze, sihle ngokukhawuleza kwaye sibethe inkomo
kwaye ngokukhawuleza, ngokukhawuleza, siya kubuyela phezulu!
- Hayi!
- Ke, masikhawuleze, sihle ngokukhawuleza, masibize iinkomo ezimbini nganye kwaye ngokukhawuleza-
Masiphakame ngokukhawuleza!
- Hayi!
- Ke, ucebisa ntoni ke?
- Siya ngokucotha, kancinci ukuhla entabeni, siya kubulala umhlambi wonke kwaye
Masicothoze sibuyele kwindawo yethu!
Ngokukhupha i-iPadOS entsha, i-Apple yasebenzisa iqhinga elichasene ne-Intel ebizwa ngokuba “yinkqubo ephazamisayo.”
Inkcazo yeWikipedia
"Inguqulelo ephazamisayo" yinto entsha etshintsha ibhalansi yamaxabiso kwimarike. Kwangaxeshanye, iimveliso ezindala azikhuphisani ngenxa yokuba iiparamitha apho ukhuphiswano belusekwe ngaphambili zilahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwazo.
Imizekelo “yezinto ezintsha eziphazamisayo” yimfonomfono (etshintshwe itelegraph), iinqanawa zomphunga (iinqanawa ezitshintshwayo), iisemiconductors (izixhobo zokucoca ezitshintshiweyo), iikhamera zedijithali (iikhamera zefilimu ezitshintshiweyo), kunye ne-imeyile (i-imeyile ephazamisekileyo).
I-Apple isebenzisa iiprosesa zayo ezisekwe kwi-ARM enamandla aphantsi, kwaye oku kungqineke kubaluleke ngakumbi kubasebenzisi kunokusebenza kancinci kwe-Intel's x86.
I-Apple ilawula ukuhlutha isabelo semarike, ijika i-iPad kwi-terminal yokuzonwabisa ibe sisixhobo esipheleleyo somsebenzi - okokuqala kwabo benza umxholo, kwaye ngoku kubaphuhlisi. Ewe kunjalo, asizukuyibona iMacBook esekwe kwi-ARM nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala, kodwa iingxaki ezincinci kuyilo lweekhibhodi zeMacBook Pro zikhuthaza ukukhangela ezinye izisombululo, kwaye enye yazo ithembisa ukuba yi-iPad Pro ene-iPadOS.
IGates kunye neMicrosoft zinento yokwenza nayo?
Ngaxa lithile, uGates wakhupha iqhinga elifanayo ne-IBM.
Kwiminyaka yoo-1970, i-IBM yayilawula imarike yeseva, ingazinaki iikhompyutha zobuqu kumntu oqhelekileyo. Kwiminyaka yoo-1980, uGates wasebenzisa imali ye-IBM ukwenza kunye nelayisenisi ye-MS-DOS, egcina amalungelo enkqubo yokusebenza. Emva kokufumana imali, iMicrosoft yadala ujongano lwemizobo ye-MS-DOS, kwaye ihlabathi leekhompyutha lazalwa. Windows — ekuqaleni yayiyi-graphical overlay kwi-DOS, emva koko yaba yinkqubo yokuqala yokusebenza yePC elula kubantu abaninzi. I-IBM, inkampani enkulu, enzima, yalahlekelwa yimarike yeekhompyutha zobuqu ngenxa yeMicrosoft entsha nekhawulezayo. Ndiyishwankathele ngokufutshane le bali limangalisayo, ngoko ke ukuba unomdla kwindlela i-Apple eza kukhuphisana ngayo ne-Intel ngo-2020 nge-iPadOS, ndiyincoma kakhulu. .
8. Ukuqinisa isikhundla sikaZFSonLinux — ihashe elidala aliyiphazamisi ifolo
I-Canonical usebenzisa inkqubo yefayile ye-ZFS njengenkqubo yefayile yengcambu ngqo ukusuka kumfaki. Ngamanye amaxesha ndicinga ukuba iinjineli ezazisebenza kwiSun Microsystems zimele uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwebhayoloji lweeHomo sapiens (uBrian Cantrill noBrendan Gregg abakhankanywe ngaphambili babesebenza kwiSun). Zigwebele, nangona iminyaka emininzi yemizamo yoluntu yokwenza into efana kakhulu nenkqubo yefayile ye-ZFS, nangona kukho imida yelayisenisi engenakoyiswa ethintela ukufakwa kwekhowudi yomthombo we-ZFS kwisebe lophuhliso lwe-kernel ephambili. Linux, sisasebenzisa i-ZFS kwaye oku akuyi kutshintsha kungekudala.
9. Inkampani yeComputer ye-Oxide - siya kubeka iliso ngokusondeleyo iqela, elikwazi ngokucacileyo okuninzi - ubuncinane ukudala umboniso opholileyo
Ndigqibezela uluhlu lwam ngokukhankanya okunye uBrian Cantrill, apho ndaqala khona.
UBrian Cantrill kunye nezinye iinjineli (abanye babo ababekhe basebenza eLangeni) baseka iphulo elibizwa ngokuba , eyona njongo iphambili kukudala iqonga leseva elilungele ukusetyenziswa kwinqanaba elikhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuba iinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu ezifana neGoogle, i-Facebook kunye ne-Amazon ayisebenzisi i-hardware ye-server eqhelekileyo kwimisebenzi yabo. Inkampani kaBrian ijolise ekupheliseni oku kungalingani ngokuphuhlisa i-software kunye neqonga le-hardware elilungele ukusetyenziswa nayiphi na inkonzo yefu (kubandakanywa nolwimi lweprogram ye-Rust).
Umbono wabo sisithembiso soguquko olutsha, kwaye ndiya kuthi, ubuncinci, ndivuyiswe kukubukela intshukumo yeengcinga zabo kunye nophuhliso lwabo ngo-2020 ozayo.
Into esikwazile ukuyenza ngo-2019 eVDSina
Asizange senze naluphi na uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji ngo-2019 ngeVDSina, kodwa sisenento yokuzingca ngayo.
NgoFebruwari, songeze amandla okusebenzisa inethiwekhi yendawo phakathi kwamaseva kwaye siqalise inkonzo yokubhalisa isizinda. Ixabiso lenziwe enye yezona ziphantsi kwimarike - i-ruble ye-179 nge-ru / рф, kubandakanywa nokuhlaziywa.
NgoMatshi sathetha kwi-IT Global Meetup #14.
Ngo-Epreli, sandise ububanzi besiteshi kumncedisi ngamnye ukusuka kwi-100 ukuya kwi-200 Megabits, kwaye sandise kakhulu umda we-traffic kuzo zonke iirhafu (ngaphandle kweyona xabiso liphantsi) - ukuya kwi-32 TB ngenyanga.
NgoJulayi, abathengi banikwe ukhetho lokufaka ngokuzenzekelayo Windows Server 2019. Ukhuseleko lwasimahla lwe-DDoS lwaqala ukunikezelwa ngaphakathi kweMoscow.
Kwakhona ngoJulayi, inkampani yethu yavela kwi-Habré, iqala kunye nendlela eye yasinceda ngayo ukuba sithathe i-quantum leap kwinkxaso yabathengi.
Ngo-Agasti, bongeze amandla okwenza i-snapshots-server backups.
I-API yoluntu ikhutshiwe.
Sandisa ububanzi betshaneli kwiseva nganye ukusuka kwi-200 ukuya kwi-500 Megabits.
Sithathe inxaxheba kwinkomfa ye-Chaos Constructions ka-2019, sisasaza izabhokhwe ezinophawu lwenkampani njengentengiso (isilogeni sephulo sasisithi "Xa umphuhlisi engaphezulu") kwaye savuthela iincoko zetelegram.
NgoSeptemba, sasungula i-Instagram eyona nto intle kwaye inobubele yenkampani ye-IT-VDSina waqala ukuthetha ngeendaba kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla. .
NgoNovemba, saya kwi-Highload ++, sathatha inxaxheba kwitafile ejikelezayo "kwi-databases e-Kubernetes" kwaye sambethe abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinqanawa ze-shark.
NgoDisemba, sathetha kwintlanganiso ye-DevOps kwi-ofisi ye-GazPromNeft kunye nengxelo malunga nedatha yedatha e-Kubernetes nakwinkomfa ye-DevOpsDays eMoscow. , leyo ngokuqinisekileyo ibiyeyona ntsebenzo yam ibalaseleyo yonyaka.
isiphelo
Njengoko uNassim Taleb etshilo, kulula kakhulu ukuqikelela into esingayi kuyibona ngokuqinisekileyo. Ndingathanda ukukhankanya ukuba yonke into entsha esiza kuyibona ngo-2020 inemvelaphi yayo ngo-2019, 2018, nangaphambili. Andizukuzama ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ikamva, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo u-2020 awuyi kuba ngunyaka Linux kwidesktop (wagqibela nini ukubona idesktop?) kunye nonyaka Linux Sele sibona oku kwizixhobo eziphathwayo kangangeminyaka elishumi ngoku.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ndiyathemba ukuba ngonyaka siya kuhlangana kwakhona kwaye sixoxe ngendlela yonke into eyenzekayo ngayo.
IiHolide ezimnandi nonke!
Landela umphuhlisi wethu kwi-Instagram
umthombo: www.habr.com
