Ikamva lelabo baqonda itekhnoloji kwaye bahambise obu buchwepheshe bufanayo kwikamva eliqaqambileyo nelingalindelekanga. Kwaye nangona kukholelwa ukuba uninzi lweengcali ze-IT "zifunxa" yi-United States, kukho amanye amazwe apho iingcali ze-IT zithunyelwa khona.
Kule mathiriyeli uya kufunda:
- Kutheni iSwitzerland iligunya elinomtsalane kwiingcali ze-IT?
- Ungalifumana njani iphepha-mvume lokusebenza kunye nendawo yokuhlala kwaye uze nosapho lwakho kunye nawe?
- Yeyiphi ikantoni onokuthi ujonge kuyo umsebenzi okanye uziqalele elakho ishishini?
- Ngaba zikho izikolo ezisemgangathweni apho abantwana banokufundiswa khona, yaye uthini umgangatho wemfundo yasekuhlaleni?
- Unjani umgangatho wokuphila kunye neendleko zokuwulondoloza?
Isiphumo luhlobo lwesikhokelo esisisiseko kwilizwe labo bafuna indawo entsha yokuhlala kwaye bakhule ngokufanelekileyo.
Kutheni abantu be-IT bekhetha iSwitzerland?
Masiqale sijonge kwiinkampani ze-IT esele zisebenza apha. Uninzi lwazo luqhelekile kuwe:
- I-Logitech (ii-peripherals zekhompyuter kunye nokunye);
- I-SITA (ejongene ne-90% yonxibelelwano lomoya);
- U-blox (ubuchwephesha obudala njengeBluetooth, Wi-Fi);
- U-Swisscom (umboneleli wonxibelelwano);
- Amasebe eMicrosoft, Google, HP, CISCO, DELL, IBM;
- I-Ethereum Alliance (inkampani enyamekela ukuphuhliswa kwethokheni ye-Ether kunye nenkqubo);
- Abanye abaninzi.
Kukho iinkampani ezininzi ezincinci ezingasebenziyo kuphela ngesoftware kunye nehardware, kodwa kunye ne-biotechnologies, izibalo zentlalo kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Ngoko ke, inqaku lokuqala lokukhetha iSwitzerland kubukho beenkampani ezijongene nobuchwepheshe be-IT kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kwaye kunye nokuphakamisa izinga lophuhliso lwabo bonke abantu.
Bakwabonelela ngemivuzo ephezulu, iziqinisekiso zentlalo kunye nezinye izibonelelo zabasebenzi.
Oosomashishini nabo bakhululekile ukuba benze iiprojekthi zabo, basebenzise izibonelelo, ii-incubators, utyalo-mali kunye nekhefu lerhafu ukuphuhlisa isiqalo.
ISwitzerland ine-analogue yayo ye-Silicon Valley - i-Crypto Valley, apho iimeko zenzelwe ukuphuhliswa kweeprojekthi ezisekelwe kwi-blockchain. Kwaye asithethi kuphela nge-cryptocurrencies, kodwa malunga nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwethekhnoloji.
Okwesibini, lilizwe elitofotofo ngokukhethekileyo ukuhlala kulo: ISwitzerland ikwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokwemigangatho yokuphila emhlabeni; Kukho imozulu entle kunye nomoya ococekileyo apha, kukhuselekile. Kwanebali elichukumisayo labafuduki abathululela eYurophu lazaliseka apha: abahlali bezinye izixeko kunye needolophana benqaba ngokuzimeleyo ukwamkela abantu abangabaziyo, nangona zonke iimfuno ze-EU. Ayekhusela umgangatho wawo wokuphila nonqabiseko.
Izinga lentswela-ngqesho eSwitzerland li-3% kuphela, ngelixa uqoqosho lweli lizwe lufunxa iingcali zangaphandle ngokubawa.
Inqaku elikhethekileyo yinkqubo yerhafu. Inamanqanaba amathathu: inqanaba lomanyano (8,5%), inqanaba lecanton (ukusuka kwi-12 ukuya kuma-24%) kunye nenqanaba likamasipala (kuxhomekeke kwisixeko noluntu).
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba zonke ezi rhafu zizinto ezibhaliweyo kwimithetho, kodwa ngokwenene, nayiphi na ireyithi inokuncitshiswa ngokusemthethweni ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezithile. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwiirhafu zenkampani, nangona kukho izinto ezikhethekileyo zomntu ngamnye.
Abantu bahlawula ngokuxhomekeke kwi-canton kunye nesixa sengeniso ukusuka kwi-21% (Zug) ukuya kwi-37% (i-Geneva).
Yeyiphi i-canton yaseSwitzerland onokuthi uyikhethele umsebenzi kunye nobomi?
Kukho iicanton ezingama-26 eSwitzerland. Indlela yokukhetha kubo? Ukuba sithathela ingqalelo iiparitha ezimbini eziphambili - uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye nobomi obutofotofo kunye nosapho - ke sicebisa ukuba ugxininise kwii-canton ezi-2: iZug neZurich.
Zug
I-Zug yintliziyo yento ebizwa ngokuba yi-Crypto Valley - indawo apho amashishini kwintsimi ye-blockchain kunye ne-cryptocurrencies esebenza ngokwemiqathango evumayo.
UZug uqalise ukwamkela i-bitcoins ukuhlawula iinkonzo zikarhulumente.
Iinkampani ezifana ne-Monetas, i-Bitcoin Suisse, i-Etherium esuka kwi-Vitalik Buterin isekelwe apha.
Ukongeza kubo, iinkampani ezinkulu eZug (hayi zonke iinkampani ze-IT): uJohnson & Johnson, Siemens, Interactive Brokers, Luxoft, Glencore, UBS kunye nabanye abaninzi.
Umgangatho wokuphila eZug uphezulu, kukho izikolo zabucala nezikarhulumente, izikolo zemisebenzi yezandla, iiyunivesithi kunye neeyunivesithi. Siza kuthetha ngemfundo kancinci kancinci.
Zurich
Elona canton linabantu abaninzi eSwitzerland (ukusukela ngo-2017). Malunga nesithathu sabemi sihlala kwisixeko saseZurich.
Yeyona ndawo inkulu yezemali eSwitzerland kunye neziko lezesayensi. Ngo-2019, ithathe indawo yesibini ngokomgangatho wobomi emhlabeni, kunye nendawo yesi-4 kuluhlu lwezona zixeko zibiza kakhulu. Ikwabonwa njengenye yezona zixeko zikhuselekileyo.
Eli licanton elithetha isiJamani.
IZurich inesikhululo seenqwelomoya sayo kwaye inonxibelelwano oluhle kakhulu lwezothutho nezinye iicanton kunye namazwe.
Iinkampani kunye nezahlulo zeenkampani: iibhanki ezininzi, i-Amazon, i-Booking.com, i-Apple, i-Swisscom, i-IBM, i-Accenture, i-Sunrise Communications, i-Microsoft, i-Siemens kunye nabanye.
Imfundo: IYunivesithi yaseZurich, izikolo zabucala nezikarhulumente, izikolo zemisebenzi yezandla.
Imfundo yakho nabantwana bakho
Ngokwezibalo zika-2015, inkcitho karhulumente kwimfundo ngomntu ngamnye yayiyi-4324 yeedola, nto leyo eyindawo yesibini emva kwe-United States. IRashiya ikwindawo ye-49 kolu luhlu.
Umgangatho wemfundo, olinganiswa njengokuhlangabezana neemfuno zoqoqosho, yi-8,94 kwi-10, okanye indawo yokuqala kuluhlu. IRashiya ikwindawo ye-43 ngamanqaku ayi-4,66.
Ingqwalasela eninzi ayihlawulwa kuphela kubantu abancinci, kodwa nakwiingcali - uphuhliso lobuchwephesha lunikezelwa rhoqo.
Inkqubo yemfundo iqulathe amanqanaba aliqela: yokulungiselela (enkulisa), kwinqanaba lokuqala lemfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo, inqanaba lesibini lemfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo (indawo yokuzivocavoca, isatifikethi sematriki, imfundo yamabanga aphantsi, imfundo yobugcisa), inqanaba lesithathu (iiyunivesithi, izikolo zokufundisa, iiyunivesithi ezikhethekileyo; imfundo ephakamileyo) imfundo, izidanga, iimasters, izidanga zobugqirha).
Kukho izikolo zabucala ezingama-260 apho zifundisa ngesiJamani, isiFrentshi, isiTaliyane, isiNgesi nezinye iilwimi.
ESwitzerland batyala imali ebantwini njengeyona asethi yabo ixabisekileyo. Ilizwe lihlwempuzekile kwimithombo yendalo, ngoko ke iteknoloji, iinkonzo, ubuchule kunye namava athatha isigqibo.
IZug idume ngesikolo sayo sokubhoda samazwe ngamazwe. Ifumaneka kwindawo eyayisakuba yiGrand Hotel Schönfels. Sithathwa njengesikolo sabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu. Alumni ziquka uJohn Kerry (uNobhala kaRhulumente wase-US), uMark Foster (umbhali kunye nomlawuli), uPierre Mirabeau (umsunguli webhanki yaseMirabo, kunye nosihlalo we-Swiss Bankers Association).
Ukongeza kwesi sikolo, kukho iiyunivesithi nezikolo zikarhulumente nezabucala.
Zili-12 iiyunivesithi eZurich, iFederal Higher Technical School (ETH) - apho uAlbert Einstein noWilhelm Conrad Röntgen bathweswe izidanga - kwizikolo zikarhulumente nezabucala.
Inqaku elinomdla: kula macanton kukho amaziko emfundo apho angafundisi kuphela ngesiJamani nesiNgesi, kodwa nakwisiRashiya.
Iindleko zemfundo zinokungabizi kakhulu kunelizwe lakho. Ngokukodwa, unyaka wezifundo zesidanga sokuqala eZurich kwi-ETH yomfundi wangaphandle uxabisa i-1700 francs ngonyaka - ngokufanayo nakwindawo yasekhaya. Unyaka kwiYunivesithi yaseZurich ixabisa i-2538 francs (i-1000 franc ngaphezu komfundi wendawo).
Unokufumana i-MBA eLawulayo eZurich.
Ubomi bemihla ngemihla eSwitzerland: irenti, i-intanethi, izithuthi, iindleko zokuphila
ISwitzerland ibonelela abahlali bayo imigangatho ephezulu yokuphila, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ukhuseleko kunye nentuthuzelo. Ingeniso apha nayo kulindeleke ukuba iphakame.
Ngokukodwa, iZurich ibeka indawo yesibini kumgangatho wobomi kwihlabathi (2017). I-Geneva ikwindawo yesibhozo, iBasel ikwindawo ye-10, ukanti uBern ukwindawo ye-14.
Ngokuphathelele ukhuseleko lomntu, iSwitzerland ibeka i-3rd emva kweFinland neDenmark.
Ukutsala kunye nokugcina iingcali zangaphandle - amanqaku angama-100 kwi-100 enokwenzeka.
Kukho iinkampani ezingaphezu kwe-10 kweli lizwe ezitsala iingcali zangaphandle. Kukho ii-arhente ezikhethekileyo ezikunceda uphucule ubomi bakho emva kokufudukela eSwitzerland.
Abemi beli lizwe bayabanyamezela abantu abafanelekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bavela phi na. Urhulumente ngokwawo uthatha indawo engathathi hlangothi kwimiba emininzi, ngoko ke usebenzisana naye wonke umntu.
Ngokuhamba
Xa uthutha izinto zomntu, azibizi mali emdeni. Kuyimfuneko kuphela ukuba ipropati ibe yeyakho isithuba seenyanga ezi-6 ubuncinane kwaye isetyenziswe nguwe xa ufika.
Kwiintsuku ezili-14 zokufika kufuneka ubhalise kwindawo yakho entsha yokuhlala. Uya kufuna iipasi zangaphandle, i-inshurensi yezempilo, ifoto yencwadana yokundwendwela, iziqinisekiso zomtshato nezokuzalwa, kunye nesivumelwano sengqesho.
Ukuba uhamba nosapho lwakho, umntu ngamnye uneseti efanayo.
Ungangena imoto kwaye uyibhalise kwaye ifakwe kwi-inshurensi eSwitzerland phakathi kweenyanga ezili-12.
Kucetyiswa ukuba ufunde ubuncinane ulwimi olusemthethweni lwendawo: isiJamani, isiFrentshi, isiTaliyane. Kukho inani elikhulu lezifundo.
Indawo yokuhlala
Kuyinto yesiko ukuqhagamshelana nabo badwelisa ipropati, uhlolisise indlu uze wenze isigqibo.
Xa ugqiba isivumelwano, idiphozithi okanye idiphozithi kwisixa sentlawulo yeenyanga ezi-3 zokurenta ihlawulwa kwi-akhawunti ekhethekileyo. Isebenza njengesiqinisekiso kumnini-mhlaba. Ekufikeni kwabo, umqeshi kunye nomnini bajonga indawo yokuhlala baze babhale ingxelo ebhaliweyo yeziphene. Ukuba oku akwenziwanga, xa uhamba ungahlawuliswa zonke "iingxaki" kunye nokunqongophala.
Ukuba umnini-mhlaba ufuna ukwandisa irenti, kufuneka agcwalise iphetshana elikhethekileyo. Ukuba unyuso lomrhumo lubonakala lungekho ngqiqweni kuwe, ungabhena ngesigqibo eso ngembalelwano zingaphelanga iintsuku ezingama-30.
Umnxeba, i-Intanethi, umabonwakude
Kukho inani elikhulu leenkampani ezinikezela ngeenkonzo ezifanayo kwimarike yaseSwitzerland. Ababoneleli ababalulekileyo: I-Swisscom, iTyuwa kunye nokuphuma kwelanga. Ukubhaliswa komthengi kwinkqubo kunyanzelekile, nokuba sithetha ngeenkonzo ezihlawulwa ngaphambili.
Ilizwe linomabonakude we-analogu kunye nowedijithali. Uhlawula umrhumo welungelo lokufumana iinkqubo zikanomathotholo nomabonakude, nokuba ubukele ntoni na kwaye umamele.
yothutho
Ulungiselelo lwezothutho eSwitzerland luyonwabile. Kukho uthungelwano oluxineneyo koololiwe, oohola bendlela, iinkonzo zebhasi kunye neendlela zamanzi. Izithuthi zixinene - kwaneelali ezisemilanjeni zinephenyane eliza kanye qho kwiiyure ezimbini.
Amatikiti omnye, imihla ngemihla, inyanga nenyanga, kwaye ngonyaka anikezelwe. Kukho indlela yokuhamba ngokubanzi eya kukuvumela ukuba uhambe phantse kuzo zonke iindlela zikaloliwe, sebenzisa iinkonzo zebhasi ezidibanisa izixeko, amanzi kunye nezithuthi zedolophu.
Uhambo lwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-6 lusimahla; Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-16 ubudala banokuhamba simahla ngeJunior Karte ukuba bakhatshwa ngabazali babo, kunye neKhadi Lomzukulwana ukuba likhatshwa ngoomakhulu nootatomkhulu babo. Abantu abancinci abaneminyaka eyi-16-25 bahamba mahala kwiklasi yesibini emva kwe-19: 7 kunye ne-Gleis XNUMX pass.
Umvuzo kunye neendleko zokuhlala eSwitzerland
Umyinge womvuzo wenyanga wentsapho yaseSwitzerland yi-7556 francs. Izibonelelo zentlalo kunye neminye imithombo yongezwa - sifumana ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-9946 francs.
Ingeniso eseleyo emva kwerhafu imalunga nama-70%. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukungafani kommandla, ngoko kufuneka ujonge ngokuxhomekeke kwi-canton.
ISwitzerland ikwindawo yesi-2 ngokwamandla okuthenga abantu. IZurich ikwindawo yesibini phakathi kwezixeko zehlabathi.
Amaxabiso e Zurich
Irenti yendlu enegumbi elinye eZurich - ukusuka kwi-euro eyi-1400.
Kuhlala kukho ithuba lokukhangela enye indlela ngokusebenzisa iinkonzo zeengcali zendawo.
I-avareji bill kwi cafe elula ukusuka 20 euro. Ikomityi ye-cappuccino - ukusuka kwi-5 euro.
Ikhilogram yeefatata malunga nee-euro ezi-2, Isonka (0,5 kg) malunga ne-euro ezi-3, isiqingatha ilitha yamanzi ingaphezulu kwe-euro, amaqanda alishumi elinesibini malunga ne-euro ezi-3. I-95 petroli - ukusuka kwi-euro eyi-1,55 ilitha nganye.
Amaxabiso eZug
EZug, ukurenta igumbi elinegumbi elinye kuqala kwi-1500 EUR.
Isidlo sasemini kwi-cafe - malunga ne-euro ezingama-20. Ikomityi yekofu - malunga ne-euro ezi-4.
Ikhilogram yeefatata malunga ne-euro ezi-2, isonka sesonka malunga ne-euro eyi-1,5, i-1,5 ilitha yamanzi i-0,70 ye-euro, amaqanda alishumi elinesibini malunga ne-euro ezi-5. I-petroli ye-95 - malunga ne-euro eyi-1,5.
Ungalifumana njani iphepha-mvume lokuhlala kunye nomsebenzi?
Ukuze uhlale kwaye usebenze eSwitzerland, uya kufuna imvume yokusebenza kunye nephepha-mvume lokuhlala (i-visa). Ukuze undwendwele eSwitzerland kufuneka ufumane i-visa.
Ii-visa ziyafumaneka kukhenketho, umsebenzi, ukudityaniswa kosapho kunye nokufunda. Isenokuba yethutyana okanye ixesha elide.
Ukuqala ukufaka isicelo se-visa, abemi bamazwe angaphandle kwe-EU kunye ne-EEA kufuneka baqhagamshelane nommeli waseSwitzerland kwilizwe labo lokuhlala. Uya kufuna ipasipoti yangaphandle esebenzayo, ipolisi ye-inshurensi yezempilo kunye namaxwebhu aqinisekisa injongo yohambo: isivumelwano sengqesho, amaxwebhu asemthethweni enkampani, njl.
Umrhumo we-visa uxhomekeke kwinjongo yotyelelo.
Onke amaxwebhu angekho ngesiNgesi, isiFrentshi okanye isiTaliyane kuya kufuneka aguqulelwe.
Emva koko ungafumana imvume yokuhlala kwaye emva koko ube nephepha-mvume lokuhlala.
Ezinye iimvume aziquki ilungelo lokusebenza. Jonga ngeenkonzo zokufuduka. Ukuba uhlala kweli lizwe ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezi-3, ufumana ikhadi lesazisi sommi wangaphandle.
Ungafumana:
- Iphepha-mvume lokuhlala B (imvume yokuhlala enelungelo lokusebenza ixesha le-1 unyaka, kunye nethuba lokwandiswa komnye unyaka);
- Imvume yokuhlala C (imvume yokuhlala ixesha elide kunye nelungelo lokusebenza), amalungelo alinganayo nabemi baseSwitzerland;
- Iphepha-mvume lokuhlala L (imvume yokuhlala ixesha elifutshane, ukuba umsebenzi unomhla wokugqibela ophawulwe ngokucacileyo), awukwazi ukutshintsha indawo yakho yokusebenza;
- Iphepha-mvume lokuhlala F (ukuhlala okwethutyana kwabemi bangaphandle).
Kwakhona, ezinye ii-visa zikuvumela ukuba umeme izalamane: iqabane elinabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-19 kunye nabazali abaxhomekeke kubo; kuphela iqabane kunye nabantwana; ngumyeni kuphela.
Ukuqala ukusebenza, abantu basemzini abahlala kweli lizwe ngaphezu kweenyanga ezi-3 kufuneka bafumane imvume kwiofisi ye-canton migration.
Iimvume zinokuba zexesha elifutshane (ngaphantsi konyaka omnye), zingxamisekile (ixesha elithile) kwaye azinamda. Le miba kunye neminye imiba malunga nokuhlala kwabantu basemzini isonjululwa kwinqanaba le-canton.
Xa usiya emsebenzini, kuya kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba isidanga sakho samkelwe. Ukuba uyifumene ngaphakathi kwe-EU, iya kwamkelwa ngokuzenzekelayo okanye phantse ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yeBologna. Ukuba sithetha ngesatifikethi saseRashiya, ngoko ke ukuqinisekiswa kwegunya elinobuchule kuyadingeka. Kwezinye iimeko oku kunokwenziwa ngumlawuli wezemfundo wengingqi yakho.
Ukuba unomdla wokufumana ubumi baseSwitzerland, kufuneka uzalisekise le miqathango ilandelayo:
- Uhlale kweli lizwe ubuncinci iminyaka eyi-12 (kwabo bahlala eSwitzerland ukusuka kwi-12 ukuya kwi-20, unyaka ngamnye ubalwa njenge-2);
- Dibanisa kubomi basekuhlaleni;
- Yazi indlela yokuphila kunye nezithethe zaseSwitzerland;
- Uthobela umthetho;
- Musa ukubeka umngcipheko wokhuseleko.
Ngaphambili, ixesha elifunekayo lokuhlala kweli lizwe lide - ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-20.
Isishwankathelo
Ukufudukela eSwitzerland ukuze uhlale kwaye usebenze kunokwenzeka. Ingcali ye-IT inethuba lokufumana umsebenzi kwinkampani enkulu okanye idale ishishini layo. Iindleko zokuhlala apha ziphezulu kunakwamanye amazwe, kodwa usafumana umgangatho ophezulu wokuphila, imfundo egqwesileyo yabantwana, intuthuzelo kunye nokhuseleko.
Ngaphezu koko, ingeniso yabasebenzi, ngakumbi kwiinkalo zobuchwepheshe, iphezulu kunakwamanye amazwe.
ISwitzerland yindawo ethembisayo yokuphuhliswa kweeprojekthi ze-blockchain, nangona nayiphi na imveliso ye-high-tech kunye nophando lwamkelekile apha: iyeza, unxibelelwano, i-nanotechnology, njl.
Nokuba yeyiphi indawo ye-IT osebenza kuyo, uya kufumana indawo oyithandayo. Kubandakanywa nosapho lwakho.
umthombo: www.habr.com
