Namhlanje, isoftware yezemfundo yingqokelela yezicelo ezenzelwe ukuphuhlisa izakhono ezithile kubafundi. Kodwa ezo nkqubo zaqala ukubonakala ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka eyadlulayo - iinjineli kunye nabaqambi baye bavela kude "oomatshini bokufundisa" abangafezekanga ukuya kwiikhompyuter zokuqala kunye ne-algorithms. Makhe sithethe ngale nto ngokweenkcukacha.
Ifoto: / CC BY
Iimvavanyo zokuqala-ziphumelele kwaye aziphumelelanga kangako
Isoftware yezemfundo yaqala emva ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ixesha elide, abacebisi kunye neencwadi zahlala zingumthombo oyintloko wolwazi. Inkqubo yemfundo yayithatha ixesha elininzi kakhulu kootitshala, yaye iziphumo maxa wambi zazishiya kungafunwayo.
Impumelelo yeRevolution Revolution yakhokelela abaninzi kwinto eyayibonakala ngelo xesha ifikelela kwisigqibo esicacileyo: abafundi bebenokufundiswa ngokukhawuleza nangendlela enobuchule ngakumbi ukuba abafundisi-ntsapho bebenokutshintshwa ngoomatshini bokufundisa. Emva koko "umqhubi" wezemfundo uya kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuqeqesha iingcali ngexesha elincinci. Namhlanje, iinzame zokusebenzisa le nkqubo zikhangeleka zingekho ngqiqweni. Kodwa yaba yile "steampunk yemfundo" eyaba sisiseko sobugcisa bale mihla.
Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza lokuqala lesixhobo somatshini ekufundeni igrama ngowe-1866 yi-American Halcyon Skinner. Imoto yayiyibhokisi eneefestile ezimbini. Kwenye yazo umfundi wabona imizobo (umzekelo, ihashe). Kwifestile yesibini, esebenzisa amaqhosha, uchwetheze igama lento. Kodwa inkqubo ayizange ilungise iimpazamo kwaye ayizange iqinisekise.
Ngo-1911, isixhobo sokufundisa i-arithmetic, ukufunda nokupela sanikwa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wesayikholoji uHerbert Austin Aikins weYunivesithi yaseYale. Umfundi wadibanisa iibhloko ezintathu zamaplanga kunye nezinto ezisikiweyo kwityesi ekhethekileyo eyenziwe ngomthi. Ezi bloko zibonise, umzekelo, izinto zomzekelo olula we-arithmetic. Ukuba amanani akhethwe ngokuchanekileyo, ngoko impendulo echanekileyo yenziwe phezulu kwiithayile ().
Ngowe-1912, isiseko seendlela zokufundisa ezizenzekelayo ezintsha nezinempumelelo ngakumbi sabekwa sisazi ngengqondo saseMerika. (U-Edward Lee Thorndike) kwezeMfundo. Uthathe elona lahleko liphambili leencwadi zesikhokelo kukuba abafundi bayekwa bezenzela izinto zabo. Basenokunganikeli ngqalelo kwiingongoma ezibalulekileyo okanye, ngaphandle kokuwufunda kakuhle umbandela omdala, baqhubele phambili ekufundeni emitsha. UThorndike wenze isiphakamiso sendlela eyahluke ngokupheleleyo: “incwadi yomatshini” apho amacandelo alandelayo avulwa kuphela emva kokuba lawo angaphambili egqitywe ngokufanelekileyo.
Ifoto: /unsplash.com
Kumsebenzi omkhulu kaThorndike, inkcazo yesixhobo yathatha , akazange achaze iingcamango zakhe nangayiphi na indlela. Kodwa oku kwakwanele ukuba unjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseOhio, uSidney Pressey, ephefumlelwe ngumsebenzi wesayikholoji yengqondo, ukuba inkqubo yoqeqesho - Utitshala oZizenzeleyo. Kwigubu likamatshini, umfundi wabona imibuzo kunye neempendulo anokukhetha kuzo. Ngokucofa elinye kwezine izitshixo, wakhetha elichanekileyo. Emva koko igubu liya kujikeleza kwaye isixhobo siya “kucebisa” umbuzo olandelayo. Ukongeza, ikhawuntara iphawule inani lemizamo echanekileyo.
Ngowe-1928 Pressey ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wokuqanjwa, kodwa akazange aphumeze umbono kaThorndike ngokupheleleyo. UTitshala Ozenzekelayo khange akwazi ukufundisa, kodwa ikuvumele ukuba uvavanye ngokukhawuleza ulwazi lwakho.
Emva kukaSidney Pressey, abaninzi abayili bemveliso baqalisa ukuyila “oomatshini bokufundisa” abatsha. Badibanisa amava enkulungwane ye-1936, iingcamango zeThorndike kunye nobuchwepheshe benkulungwane entsha. Ngaphambi kowe-XNUMX eUnited States Amalungelo awodwa omenzi angama-700 “oomatshini bokufundisa.” Kodwa kamva iMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini yaqala, umsebenzi kule ndawo wanqunyanyiswa kwaye impumelelo ebalulekileyo kwafuneka ukulinda phantse iminyaka engama-20.
Umatshini wokuFunda kaFrederick Skinner
Ngo-1954, unjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseCambridge uBurrhus Frederic Skinner waqulunqa imigaqo esisiseko yokufunda igrama, imathematika kunye nezinye izifundo. Ingcamango njengethiyori yokufunda okucwangcisiweyo.
Ichaza ukuba eyona nxalenye iphambili yesixhobo sokufundisa kufuneka ibe yiprogram engqongqo enezinto zokufunda nokuvavanya imathiriyeli. Inkqubo yokufunda ngokwayo ihamba ngamanyathelo - umfundi akaqhubeki phambili ade afunde isihloko esifunekayo aze aphendule imibuzo yovavanyo. Kwangaloo nyaka, uSkinner wazisa “umatshini wokufundisa” oza kusetyenziswa ezikolweni.
Imibuzo yayiprintwa kumakhadi ephepha yaye ixhonywe “isakhelo ngefreyimu” kwifestile ekhethekileyo. Umfundi uchwetheze impendulo kwikhibhodi yesixhobo. Ukuba impendulo ichanekile, umatshini ugqobhoza umngxuma ekhadini. Inkqubo ye-Skinner yahlulwa kwii-analogues yinyaniso yokuba emva kochungechunge lokuqala lwemibuzo, umfundi waphinda wafumana kuphela abo bangenakuphendula. Umjikelo waphinda waphindwa nje ukuba iingxaki ezingasonjululwanga zihleli. Ngaloo ndlela, isixhobo asivavanya ulwazi kuphela, kodwa safundisa abafundi.
Kungekudala imoto yafakwa kwimveliso eninzi. Namhlanje, i-Skinner's invention ithathwa njengesixhobo sokuqala esikwaziyo ukudibanisa iziphumo zophando lwethiyori kwi-psychology yezemfundo kunye nezobugcisa bexesha.
Inkqubo yePLATO, eyayikho iminyaka engama-40
Ngokusekwe kwithiyori yokufunda ecwangcisiweyo, ngo-1960, injineli eneminyaka engama-26 ubudala (uDonald Bitzer), osanda kufumana isidanga sakhe kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois, inkqubo yekhompyuter ye-PLATO (INgqiqo eCwangcisiweyo yokuSebenza ngokuFundisa okuSebenzayo).
Iitheminali zePLATO eziqhagamshelwe kwi-mainframe yeyunivesithi . Umboniso wabo wawuyiTV eqhelekileyo, kwaye ikhibhodi yomsebenzisi yayinezitshixo ze-16 kuphela zokuhamba. Abafundi baseYunivesithi banokufunda izifundo ezininzi ezinezihloko.
Ifoto: / PD / PLATO4 ikhibhodi
Inguqulo yokuqala ye-PLATO yayilingelo kwaye yayinemida ebalulekileyo: umzekelo, amandla kubasebenzisi ababini ukuba basebenze kunye kunye nawo avele kuphela kwi-1961 (kwinguqu ehlaziyiweyo ye-PLATO II). Kwaye ngo-1969, iinjineli zazisa ulwimi olukhethekileyo lweprogram ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zemfundo kuphela, kodwa kunye nemidlalo.
I-PLATO yaphucuka, kwaye ngowe-1970 iYunivesithi yase-Illinois yenza isivumelwano ne-Control Data Corporation. Isixhobo sangena kwimarike yorhwebo.
Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, iitheminali ezingama-950 zazisele zisebenza nePLATO, kwaye umthamo uwonke wezifundo wawuli-12 lamawaka eeyure zokufundisa kwiinkalo ezininzi zeyunivesithi.
Le nkqubo ayisetyenziswa namhlanje; yayekwa ngo-2000. Nangona kunjalo, intlangano yePLATO Learning (ngoku eyi-Edmentum), eyayinoxanduva lokukhuthaza iitheminali, iphuhlisa izifundo zoqeqesho.
"Ngaba iirobhothi zingabafundisa abantwana bethu"
Ngokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha bezemfundo kwiminyaka yama-60, ukugxekwa kwaqala, ngokukodwa kumaphephandaba aseMelika athandwayo. Imixholo ephambili yamaphephandaba namaphephancwadi enjengothi “Oomatshini Bokufundisa: Yintsikelelo Okanye Isiqalekiso?” bazithethela. abagxeki bancitshiswe baba yimixholo emithathu.
Okokuqala, akukho qeqesho lwaneleyo lwendlela yokusebenza nobugcisa lootitshala ngokuchasene nemeko yokunqongophala kwabasebenzi kwizikolo zaseMelika. Okwesibini, iindleko eziphezulu zezixhobo kunye nenani elincinci lezifundo zoqeqesho. Ngaloo ndlela, izikolo kwesinye sezithili zachitha i-5000 yeedola (imali eninzi ngelo xesha), emva koko zafumanisa ukuba akukho zixhobo zaneleyo zemfundo epheleleyo.
Okwesithathu, iingcali zazixhalabile malunga nokungahoywa kwemfundo. Abaninzi abanomdla bathetha ngento yokuba kwixesha elizayo ootitshala abayi kufunwa.
Uphuhliso olongezelelweyo lubonise ukuba uloyiko lwaba lilize: ootitshala abazange bajike babe ngabancedisi beekhompyutha abangathethiyo, iindleko zezixhobo kunye nesofthiwe yesofthiwe yehla, kwaye isixa sezinto zokufunda sanda. Kodwa oku kwenzeka kuphela kwi-80-90 yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, xa kwavela uphuhliso olutsha olugubungela impumelelo ye-PLATO.
Siza kuthetha ngezi teknoloji kwixesha elizayo.
Yintoni enye esibhala ngayo kuHabré:
umthombo: www.habr.com