Amakhwenkwe aseMissouri
UJoseph Carl Robert Licklider wenza impembelelo enamandla ebantwini. Kwanaxa wayeselula, ngaphambi kokuba abandakanyeke kwiikhompyutha, wayenendlela yokwenza yonke into icace ebantwini.
"I-Lick mhlawumbi yayiyeyona ngqondo ihlakaniphile endakha ndayazi," uWilliam McGill kamva wabhengeza kudliwano-ndlebe olwabhalwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokufa kuka-Licklider ngo-1997. owathweswa isidanga ngowe-1948: “Xa ndandisiya eLeek ndinobungqina bobudlelwane obuthile bezibalo, ndafumanisa ukuba wayesele esazi ngolu lwalamano. Kodwa akazange azicacise ngokweenkcukacha, wasuka nje…wayezazi. Ngandlela-thile unokumela ukuhamba kolwazi, kwaye abone ubudlelwane obahlukeneyo abanye abantu abasebenzisa iisimboli zemathematika kuphela. Yayimangalisa kakhulu ukuba ibe yimfihlakalo yokwenene kuthi sonke: Isihogo siyenza njani i-Lik? Uzibona njani ezi zinto?
"Ukuthetha noLick malunga nengxaki," wongezelela uMcGill, owathi kamva waba ngumongameli weYunivesithi yaseColumbia, "bongeze ubukrelekrele bam ngamanqaku angamashumi amathathu e-IQ."
(Enkosi ngenguqulelo uStanislav Sukhanitsky, ofuna ukunceda ngoguqulelo - bhala ngomntu okanye i-imeyile [imeyile ikhuselwe])
ULeek wenza impembelelo efanayo kuGeorge A. Miller, owaqala ukusebenza naye kwiHarvard Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. "U-Lick 'wayengumfana waseMelika' wokwenene - i-blond ende, ekhangeleka kakuhle kuyo yonke into." UMiller uya kubhala oku kwiminyaka emininzi kamva. “Ukrelekrele kakhulu kwaye uyilo, kwaye unobubele obungenathemba- xa wenze impazamo, uLik waqinisekisa wonke umntu ukuba uxelele eyona joke imnandi. Wayethanda iziqhulo. Iinkumbulo zam ezininzi zezokuba wayebalisa into engekhoyo, ehlala isuka kumava akhe, ngelixa eshukuma ngebhotile yeCoca-Cola ngesandla esinye.
Kwakungekho nto injalo ukuba wahlula abantu. Ngexesha apho i-Lik yayibonisa ngokucacileyo iimpawu zommi waseMissouri, akukho mntu unokumelana noncumo lwakhe olusecaleni, bonke abangeneleli bancuma ngasemva. Wajonga umhlaba onelanga kwaye unobuhlobo, waqonda wonke umntu odibana naye njengomntu olungileyo. Kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo yayisebenza.
Wayengumntu waseMissouri, emva kwayo yonke loo nto. Igama ngokwalo lavela kwizizukulwana ezidlulileyo e-Alsack-Lorraine, idolophu eyayikumda we-French-German, kodwa usapho lwakhe macala omabini lwaluhlala e-Missouri ukususela ngaphambi kokuqala kweMfazwe yamakhaya. Uyise, uJoseph Lixider, wayeyinkwenkwe yasemaphandleni esuka kumbindi welizwe, ehlala kufuphi nesixeko saseSedalia. UYosefu naye wayebonakala engumfana onesiphiwo nonamandla. Ngo-1885, emva kokuba uyise efile kwingozi yehashe, uJoseph oneminyaka elishumi elinesibini ubudala wathabatha uxanduva losapho. Eqonda ukuba yena, unina, nodade wabo abanakuziqhuba ngokwabo ifama, wabafudusela bonke eSaint Louis waza waqalisa ukusebenza kwisikhululo sikaloliwe sasekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba athumele udade wabo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo nakwikholeji. Emva kokuba ekwenzile oku, uJoseph waya kufunda kwifemu yezentengiso ukuze afunde ukubhala nokuyila. Kwaye njengoko wayekwazi kakuhle ezo zakhono, watshintshela kwi-inshurensi, ekugqibeleni waba ngumthengisi ophumelele ibhaso kunye nentloko ye-Saint Louis Chamber of Commerce.
Kwangaxeshanye, ngentlanganiso yoLutsha lweMvuselelo yamaBhaptizi, uJoseph Licklider wabamba iliso likaNkosazana Margaret Robnett. Kamva wathi: “Ndamjonga kube kanye kuphela, ndaza ndeva ilizwi lakhe elimnandi licula ekwayalani, yaye ndaqonda ukuba ndilifumene ibhinqa endilithandayo.” Ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukukhwela uloliwe esiya kwifama yabazali bakhe qho ngeempelaveki, ezimisele ukumtshata. Uye waphumelela. Umntwana wabo ekuphela kwakhe wazalelwa eSaint Louis ngo-Matshi 11, 1915. Wabizwa ngokuba nguYosefu emva koyise kunye noCarl Robnett emva komntakwabo omdala kamama.
Inkangeleko yelanga yalo mntwana yayiqondakala. UJoseph noMargaret babebadala ngokwaneleyo kubazali bomntwana wokuqala, ngoko wayeneminyaka engamashumi amane anesibini kwaye wayenamashumi amathathu anesine, kwaye babengqongqo kwimibandela yonqulo nokuziphatha kakuhle. Kodwa babekwasisibini esifudumeleyo nesinothando esasimhlonela ngokuqhubekayo umntwana wabo. Benjenjalo ke nabanye: uRobnett omncinci, njengoko babembiza njalo ekhaya, wayengenguye kuphela unyana, kodwa ekuphela komzukulwana kumacala omabini osapho. Akuba ekhulile, abazali bakhe bamkhuthaza ukuba afunde izifundo zepiyano, izifundo zentenetya, nayo yonke into awayeyithabatha, ngokukodwa kwinkalo yengqondo. Kwaye uRobnett akazange abacaphukise, wakhula waba ngumfana oqaqambileyo, odlamkileyo nonoburharha obudlamkileyo, ukufun’ ukwazi okunganelisekiyo, nothando olungagungqiyo lwezinto zobugcisa.
Xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesibini, umzekelo, yena, njengayo yonke enye inkwenkwe eSaint Louis, waba nomdla wokwakha iinqwelomoya eziyimodeli. Mhlawumbi oku kwakungenxa yokwanda kweshishini leenqwelomoya kwisixeko sakhe. Mhlawumbi ngenxa kaLindbergh, owenza kuphela ukujikeleza kwe-solo kuLwandle lweAtlantiki kwinqwelo ebizwa ngokuba nguMoya waseSaint Louis. Okanye mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba iinqwelo-moya zaziyimimangaliso yeteknoloji yesizukulwana. Ayinamsebenzi—amakhwenkwe aseSaint Louis ayeyimodeli ephambeneyo yabenzi beenqwelomoya. Kwaye akukho mntu unokuphinda azidale ngcono kunoRobnett Licklider. Ngemvume yabazali bakhe, wajika igumbi lakhe laba yinto efana nemithi yesikhokho. Wathenga iifoto kunye nezicwangciso zenqwelomoya, waza wazoba nemizobo eneenkcukacha yeenqwelomoya ngokwakhe. Wakrola izikhewu zomthi webhalsamu ngononophelo olubuhlungu. Kwaye wahlala ubusuku bonke ebeka amaqhekeza kunye, egubungela amaphiko kunye nomzimba nge-cellophane, ngokuqinisekileyo ukupenda iinkcukacha, kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukugqithisa ngeglue ye-aircraft model. Wayeyincutshe kuyo kangangokuba inkampani yekiti yokumisela yamhlawula ukuba aye kumboniso womoya e-Indianapolis, kwaye wakwazi ukubonisa ootata noonyana balapho ukuba imifuziselo yenziwa njani.
Kwaye ke, njengoko ixesha lisondela kumhla wokuzalwa obalulekileyo weshumi elinesithandathu, umdla wakhe watshintshela kwiimoto. Kwakungekho mnqweno wokuqhuba oomatshini, wayefuna ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuyila kunye nokusebenza kwabo. Ngoko abazali bakhe bamvumela ukuba athenge inqwelo-mafutha endala, ngemiqathango yokuba akayi kuyiqhubela phambili kunendlela yabo ende enamajiko-jiko.
URobnett oselula wawuqhawula ngovuyo lo matshini wamaphupha waphinda wawuhlanganisa kwakhona, eqala nge-injini kwaye esongeza inxalenye entsha rhoqo ukuze abone ukuba kwenzeke ntoni: “Kulungile, nantsi indlela osebenza ngayo ngokwenene.” UMargaret Licklider, ethabathekile yile ngcaphephe ikhulayo yezobuchwepheshe, wema ecaleni kwakhe njengoko wayesebenza phantsi kwemoto waza wamnika izitshixo awayezidinga. Unyana wakhe wafumana ilayisenisi yakhe yokuqhuba ngoMatshi 11, 1931, usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lweshumi elinesithandathu. Yaye kwiminyaka yamva, wala ukuhlawula ngaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu eedola ngemoto, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yayinjani na, wayenokuyilungisa aze ayenze iqhube. (Ejongene nobushushu bokunyuka kwamaxabiso, kwanyanzeleka ukuba anyuse loo mda ukuya kutsho kwi-150 yeedola.)
URob oneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ubudala, njengoko wayesaziwa ngoku kwabo afunda nabo, wakhula waba mde, emhle, engumdlali wezemidlalo kwaye enobuhlobo, eneenwele ezitshiswe lilanga kunye namehlo aluhlaza, nto leyo eyamenza wafana kakhulu noLindbergh ngokwakhe. Wadlala i-tennis ekhuphisanayo ngokukhawuleza (kwaye waqhubeka eyidlala de kwaba yi-20, xa wafumana ukulimala okwamthintela ekudlaleni). Kwaye, ewe, wayenesimilo sasezantsi esigqibeleleyo. Wayebophelelekile ukuba abe nabo: wayehlala ejikelezwe ngabafazi abagqibeleleyo abavela emazantsi. Le ndlu indala nenkulu, eyayikwisiXeko saseYunivesithi, ihlomela-dolophu leYunivesithi yaseWashington, kwabelwana ngayo ngabakwaLickliders nonina kaJoseph, udade boMargaret owatshata noyise, kunye nomnye udade ongatshatanga, uMargaret. Rhoqo ngorhatya, ukusukela kwiminyaka emihlanu ubudala, uRobnett wayenomsebenzi nembeko yokunikela isandla sakhe kumakazi wakhe, amkhaphe ukuya etafileni yesidlo sangokuhlwa, aze ambambe njengendoda enesidima. Naxa sele emdala, uLeek wayesaziwa njengendoda enoburhalarhume nenobuchule engazange iphakamise ilizwi layo ngomsindo, eyayisoloko inxiba ibhatyi kunye neqhina lokuqukumbela nasekhaya, nowakufumanisa kunzima ukuhlala xa umfazi engena egumbini. .
Nangona kunjalo, uRob Licklider naye wakhula waba ngumfana onengqondo eyakhe ingqondo. Xa wayeseyinkwenkwana, ngokutsho kwebali awayesoloko elibalisa kamva, uyise wayengumfundisi kwicawa yabo yasekuhlaleni yaseBhaptizi. Xa uYosefu wathandaza, umsebenzi wonyana wakhe yayikukungena phantsi kwezitshixo zelungu aze asebenzise izitshixo, enceda i-organ endala eyayingakwazi ukwenza oko ngokwayo. Ngobunye ubusuku bangoMgqibelo obuthongo, kanye xa uRobnett wayeza kulala phantsi kwe-organ, weva umhlambi kayise ukhwaza, “Abo bafuna usindiso, vukani!” . Kunokuba afumane usindiso, wabona iinkwenkwezi.
ULeek wathi, la mava amenza waqonda ngoko nangoko kwindlela yenzululwazi: Ngalo lonke ixesha yiphaphele kangangoko kunokwenzeka emsebenzini wakho nasekuvakaliseni ukholo lwakho.
Isiqingatha sesithathu senkulungwane emva kwesi siganeko, ngokuqinisekileyo, akunakwenzeka ukufumanisa ukuba uRobnett oselula wafunda ngokwenene esi sifundo ngokubetha izitshixo. Kodwa ukuba sivavanya izinto azifezileyo ebudeni bobomi bakhe bamva, ngoko sinokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo wasifunda esi sifundo ndaweni ithile. Emva komnqweno wakhe ochubekileyo wokwenza izinto nokufun’ ukwazi okungalawulekiyo yayikukungabi namonde ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi ongekho mgangathweni, kwizicombululo ezilula, okanye iimpendulo ezingacacanga. Wala ukwaneliseka zizinto eziqhelekileyo. Umfana owayeza kuthetha kamva nge "Intergalactic Computer System" kwaye apapashe amaphepha ochwepheshe anesihloko esithi "System of Systems" kunye ne "Frameless, Wireless Rat Shocker" yabonisa ingqondo eyayihlala ikhangele izinto ezintsha kunye nokudlala rhoqo.
Naye wayenesiphithiphithi esingephi. Ngokomzekelo, xa wayejongene nobudenge obusemthethweni, akazange ajongane nayo ngokuthe ngqo, inkolelo yokuba umntu ohloniphekileyo akazange enze umcimbi yayisegazini lakhe. Wayethanda ukumbhukuqa. Xa wajoyina i-Sigma Chi fraternity kunyaka wakhe omtsha kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington, wayalelwa ukuba ilungu ngalinye le-fraternity lifanele liphathe iintlobo ezimbini zecuba kunye naye ngamaxesha onke, xa ilungu elidala le-fraternity licela icuba. nangaliphi na ixesha emini okanye ebusuku. Ekubeni wayengatshayi, waphuma ngokukhawuleza waza wathenga eyona midiza imbi kakhulu yaseYiputa awayenokuyifumana eSaint Louis. Akukho mntu wamcela ukuba aphinde atshaye emva koko.
Kwangaxeshanye, ukwala kwakhe ngonaphakade ukwaneliseka zizinto eziqhelekileyo kwamkhokelela kwimibuzo engapheliyo ngentsingiselo yobomi. Watshintsha nobuntu bakhe. Wayengu "Robnett" ekhaya kunye no "Rob" kubafundi afunda nabo, kodwa ngoku, ngokucacileyo ukuba agxininise isimo sakhe esitsha njengomfundi wekholeji, waqala ukuzibiza ngegama lakhe eliphakathi: "Ndibize i-Lick." Ukususela ngoko, yaba ngabahlobo bakhe abadala kuphela ababenombono wokuba ngubani u-"Rob Licklider".
Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezinokwenziwa ekholejini, umfana uLeek wakhetha ukufunda- wakhula ngolonwabo njengengcali kulo naliphi na icandelo lolwazi kwaye nanini na uLeek esiva umntu ochwayitileyo malunga necandelo elitsha lokufunda, naye wayefuna ukuzama. ukufunda le ndawo. Kunyaka wakhe wokuqala wokufunda, waba yincutshe kwezobugcisa, emva koko watshintshela kubunjineli. Emva koko watshintshela kwi-physics kunye nezibalo. Kwaye, eyona nto ingathandekiyo, naye waba yingcali yehlabathi lokwenyani: ekupheleni konyaka wakhe wesibini, amasela atyhutyha inkampani ye-inshurensi kayise kwaye ke yavalwa, eshiya uYosefu emsebenzini kunye nonyana wakhe ngaphandle kwemfundo. ULeek kwanyanzeleka ukuba ayeke isikolo unyaka wonke aye kusebenza njengeweyitala kwindawo yokutyela yabaqhubi beemoto. Yayingomnye wemisebenzi embalwa eyayinokufunyanwa ngexesha lokuDodobala Okukhulu. (UJoseph Licklider, ephambana ehleli nje ekhaya engqongwe ngabafazi abavela emazantsi, kwaye ngenye imini wafumana intlanganiso yamaBhaptizi emaphandleni efuna umfundisi; yena noMargaret bagqibela bechitha iintsuku zabo eziseleyo bekhonza icawa emva kwenye, Ndiziva ndonwabe kakhulu.) Xa uLik wabuyela ekufundiseni, esiza nenzondelelo engathethekiyo efunekayo kwimfundo ephakamileyo, omnye wemisebenzi yakhe yesingxungxo yayikukujonga izilwanyana zovavanyo kwisebe lezengqondo. Yaye xa waqalisa ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zoonjingalwazi ababezenza, waqonda ukuba uphando lwakhe lwaluphelile.
Into awadibana nayo yayiyi "physiological" psychology - le nkalo yolwazi ngelo xesha yayiphakathi kokukhula kwayo. Namhlanje, le ntsimi yolwazi ifumene igama eliqhelekileyo le-neuroscience: benza uphando oluchanekileyo, olucacileyo lwengqondo kunye nokusebenza kwayo.
Yayiluqeqesho oluneengcambu ezibuyela emva kwinkulungwane ye-19, xa izazinzulu ezifana noThomas Huxley, oyena ummeli kaDarwin onenzondelelo, baqalisa ukuphikisa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha, amava, ingcamango, kunye nokuqonda kwakunesiseko sezinto ezihlala engqondweni. Le yayiyimeko engqongqo ngezo mini, kuba yayingachaphazeli kangako inzululwazi njengenkolo. Enyanisweni, izazinzulu ezininzi kunye neengcali zefilosofi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba zazama ukuphikisa ukuba kungekhona nje ingqondo eyenziwe yinto engavamile, kodwa yayiyindawo yengqondo kunye nesihlalo somphefumlo, ephula yonke imithetho ye-physics. Noko ke, ngokukhawuleza oko kwaphawulwa kwabonisa okwahlukileyo koko. Ekuqaleni kuka-1861, uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lwezigulana ezonakaliswe ingqondo ngugqirha wengqondo ongumFrentshi uPaul Broca wenza amakhonkco okuqala phakathi komsebenzi othile wengqondo-ulwimi-kunye nommandla othile wobuchopho: indawo yehemisphere yasekhohlo yengqondo. ingqondo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yindawo Broca. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwakusele kusaziwa ukuba ubuchopho lilungu lombane, elinamandla adluliselwa ngeebhiliyoni zeeseli ezicekethekileyo ezifana nentambo ekuthiwa ziineurons. Ngo-1920, kwasekwa ukuba imimandla yobuchopho ejongene nezakhono zemoto kunye nokuchukumisa ibekwe kwimicu emibini ehambelanayo yezicubu ze-neuronal ezibekwe emacaleni obuchopho. Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba amaziko ajongene nombono abekwe emva kwengqondo - ngokumangalisayo, le ndawo yeyona ndawo ikude kakhulu emehlweni - ngelixa amaziko okuva abekwe apho, ngokwengqiqo, umntu uya kucinga: kwi-lobe yesikhashana, emva nje kwe-lobe. iindlebe.
Kodwa nalo msebenzi wawunzima ngokwentelekiso. Ukusukela oko uLeek wadibana nale ndawo yobuchwephesha ngeminyaka yee-1930s, abaphandi baqala ukusebenzisa izixhobo ze-elektroniki eziye zakhula ngakumbi ezisetyenziswa ziinkampani zikanomathotholo kunye neefowuni. Ngoncedo lwe-electroencephalography, okanye i-EEG, babekwazi ukuva umsebenzi wombane wengqondo, befumana ufundo oluchanileyo kwii<em>detectors ezibekwe entloko. Oosonzululwazi banokungena ngaphakathi kukhakhayi kwaye bafake isivuseleli esibhalwe ngokuchanekileyo kwingqondo ngokwayo, emva koko bavavanye ukuba impendulo ye-neural isasazeka njani kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo yemithambo-luvo. (Ngeminyaka yee-1950, enyanisweni, babekwazi ukuvuselela nokufunda umsebenzi wemithambo-luvo enye.) Ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo, izazinzulu zazikwazi ukuchonga imijikelo yemithambo-luvo yobuchopho ngokuchanekileyo ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Ngamafutshane, iingcali ze-physiologists ziye zahamba kwimbono yokuqala ye-19th yenkulungwane yokuba ingqondo yayiyinto engaqondakaliyo kumbono we-20 yenkulungwane yengqondo apho ingqondo yayiyinto eyaziwayo. Yayiyinkqubo entsonkothileyo engakholelekiyo, ukuba kanye kanye. Nangona kunjalo, yayiyinkqubo eyayingahlukanga kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-elektroniki ezisanda zintsonkotha ezazizakha iingcali zefiziksi kunye neenjineli kwiilabhoratri zazo.
Ubuso babusezulwini. Isayikholoji yengqondo yayinayo yonke into awayeyithanda: imathematika, i-electronics, kunye nocelomngeni lokuqonda esona sixhobo sintsokothileyo, ingqondo. Wazijula ebaleni, kwaye kwinkqubo yokufunda ukuba, ewe, wayengenakuyibona kwangaphambili, wathatha inyathelo lakhe lokuqala elikhulu ukuya kula ofisi yasePentagon. Xa sijonga yonke into eyenzekileyo ngaphambili, ukuthanda kukaLick kwangethuba ngesayikholoji kusenokubonakala ngathi kukuphazamiseka, umgca osecaleni, isiphazamiso kumntwana oneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu kukhetho lwakhe lokugqibela kwisayensi yekhompyuter. Kodwa eneneni, imvelaphi yakhe yezengqondo yayiyintsika yengcamango yakhe yokusebenzisa iikhompyutha. Enyanisweni, bonke oovulindlela besayensi yekhompyutheni yesizukulwana sakhe baqala imisebenzi yabo kwi-1940 kunye ne-1950, kunye nemvelaphi kwimathematika, i-physics, okanye ubunjineli bombane, abaqhelana nezobuchwepheshe bakhokelela ekugxininiseni ekwakheni nasekuphuculeni izixhobo-ukwenza oomatshini abakhulu, ngokukhawuleza. , kwaye inokuthenjwa ngakumbi. ULeek wayekhethekile kuba wazisa ebaleni intlonipho enzulu kubuchule bomntu: ukukwazi ukubona, ukuziqhelanisa, ukwenza ukhetho, kunye nokufumana iindlela ezintsha ngokupheleleyo zokusombulula iingxaki ebezingasombululeki ngaphambili. Njengengcali yezengqondo yovavanyo, wafumanisa ezi zakhono zifihlakeleyo kwaye zihloniphekile njengamandla ekhompyuter ukwenza i-algorithms. Yiyo loo nto kuye uvavanyo lokwenyani yayikukudala unxibelelwano phakathi kweekhompyuter kunye nabantu abazisebenzisayo, ukusebenzisa amandla azo zombini.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ngeli nqanaba, isalathiso sokukhula kweLik sasicacile. Ngomnyaka we-1937, waphumelela kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington ngeedigri ezintathu kwi-physics, mathematics kunye ne-psychology. Wahlala omnye unyaka ukuze agqibezele isidanga sakhe se-master in psychology. (Irekhodi lokufumana isidanga se-master, esanikezelwa ku-"Robnett Licklider", mhlawumbi yayiyirekhodi yokugqibela yakhe eshicilelweyo.) Kwaye ngo-1938 wangena kwinkqubo yobugqirha kwiYunivesithi yaseRochester eNew York - enye ye amaziko kazwelonke akhokelayo kuphononongo lommandla wokuva wengqondo, ummandla osixelela indlela esifanele sive ngayo.
Ukuhamba kukaLick eMissouri kuchaphazele ngaphezu kokutshintsha kwakhe idilesi. Kumashumi amabini eminyaka okuqala obomi bakhe, uLeek wayengunyana ongumzekelo kubazali bakhe, owayesiya ngokuthembeka iintlanganiso zamaBhaptizi kunye nemithandazo kathathu okanye kane ngeveki. Noko ke, emva kokuba ephumile endlwini, unyawo lwakhe aluzange luphinde luwele umgubasi wecawa. Akazange akwazi ukuxelela abazali bakhe oku, eqonda ukuba babeza kufumana inxeba eliqatha xa besiva ukuba wayelushiyile ukholo ababeluthanda. Kodwa wafumanisa ukuba imida yobomi baseSouthern Baptist bucinezela ngendlela emangalisayo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, wayengenako ukuvakalisa ukholo awayengaluva. Njengoko waphawulayo kamva, xa ebuzwa ngeemvakalelo zakhe, awazifumana kwiintlanganiso zomthandazo, waphendula wathi “andizange ndive nto.”
Ukuba izinto ezininzi zitshintshile, ubuncinane enye yahlala: U-Lick wayeyinkwenkwezi kwiSebe lezeNgqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington, kwaye wayeyinkwenkwezi eRochester. Kwithisisi yakhe ye-Ph.D., wenza imephu yokuqala yomsebenzi we-neuronal kwindawo yokuva. Ngokukodwa, uchonge imimandla ubukho bayo obubaluleke kakhulu ekwahluleni phakathi kwezandi ezahlukeneyo zezandi- esona sixhobo sikuvumela ukuba uqaqambise isingqisho somculo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni waba yingcaphephe enjalo kwi-vacuum tube electronics - singasathethi ke ngokuba yi-wizard yokwenyani ekusekeni imifuniselo - kangangokuba nonjingalwazi wakhe weza kumbonisana.
Ukuvuza kwakhona wagqwesa kwiKholeji yase-Swarthmore, ngaphandle kwe-Philadelphia, apho wayebambe isikhundla sobugqirha emva kokufumana i-Ph.D. imbono yolwazi, iikhoyili zemagneti ezibekwe ngasemva kwentloko yesifundo azibangeli ukugqwetheka kwembono - nangona kunjalo, benza iinwele zomfundi zime ekupheleni.
Lilonke, u-1942 yayingengonyaka olungileyo kubomi bokungakhathali. Umsebenzi kaLeek, njengalowo wabanye abaphandi abaninzi, wawusele uza kuthatha inguqu emandla.
Iinguqulelo ezisele zilungile
Iinguqulelo zangoku onokunxibelelana nazo
umthombo: www.habr.com