E-Russian Federation, kusukela ngoJanuwari 01, 2021, Federal Law No. 31.07.2020-FZ kaJulayi 259, XNUMX ""(ngemuva kwalokhu - uMthetho). Lo mthetho uwushintsha kakhulu okhona (bheka. ) umthetho osemthethweni wokusetshenziswa kwe-cryptocurrencies kanye ne-blockchain e-Russian Federation.
Cabangela imiqondo eyisisekelo echazwe yilo Mthetho:
Ileja esabalalisiwe
Ngokusho kwesigaba 7 se-Art. 1 Umthetho:
Ngezinjongo zalo Mthetho Wombuso, ileja esabalalisiwe iqondwa njengesethi yolwazi, ubunikazi bolwazi oluqukethwe kulo oluqinisekiswa ngesisekelo sama-algorithms amisiwe (i-algorithm).
Le ncazelo ayiyona neze incazelo yeleja esabalalisiwe ngomqondo wendabuko; ngokusemthethweni, noma iyiphi isethi yolwazi lapho ukuphindaphinda kwenziwa khona noma ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ngezikhathi ezithile. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi noma iyiphi i-database, kanye nesofthiwe ngokuvamile, isebenza ngesisekelo se-algorithms esunguliwe. Okusho ukuthi, ngokusemthethweni, noma yiluphi uhlelo lapho izingosi zolwazi ezimbalwa zivumelanisa khona idatha ngokombono woMthetho "incwadi esabalalisiwe". Kusukela ngomhlaka-01.01.2021 Januwari XNUMX, noma yiluphi uhlelo lwemininingwane yasebhange luzothathwa ngokusemthethweni “njengeleja esabalalisiwe”.
Yiqiniso, incazelo yangempela yeleja esabalalisiwe ihluke kakhulu.
Yebo, indinganiso , inikeza incazelo elandelayo ye-blockchain neleja esabalalisiwe:
I-Blockchain iyirejista esabalalisiwe enamabhulokhi aqinisekisiwe ahlelwe ngochungechunge olungezwe ngokulandelana kusetshenziswa izixhumanisi ze-cryptographic.
Ama-Blockchains ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi angavumeli izinguquko kumarekhodi futhi amele amarekhodi athile angashintshiwe agcwalisiwe encwadini.Ukubhaliswa okusabalalisiwe kuyirejista (yamarekhodi) esatshalaliswa kusethi yamanodi asabalalisiwe (noma amanodi enethiwekhi, amaseva) futhi avumelaniswe phakathi kwawo kusetshenziswa indlela yokuvumelana. Ukubhaliswa okusabalalisiwe kuklanywe ngendlela yokuthi: kuvinjwe izinguquko kumarekhodi (kurejista); ukunikeza ikhono lokwengeza, kodwa hhayi ukushintsha amarekhodi; ziqukethe ukuthengiselana okuqinisekisiwe nokuqinisekisiwe.
Kubonakala sengathi incazelo eyiphutha yerejista esabalalisiwe kulo Mthetho ayinikezwanga ngenhlanhla, kodwa ngamabomu, njengoba kufakazelwa yizimfuneko ezibekwe emthethweni zalokho okuqokwe “njengesistimu yolwazi”, ehlanganisa “nezinhlelo zolwazi ezisekelwe kurejista esabalalisiwe”. Lezi zimfuneko ziwukuthi kulokhu asikhulumi ngokusobala ngebhukwana elisabalalisiwe ngencazelo evamile yaleli gama.
Izimpahla zezezimali zedijithali
Ngokusho kwesigaba 2 se-Art. 1 Umthetho:
Izimpahla zezezimali zedijithali zingamalungelo edijithali, okuhlanganisa izimangalo zezimali, ithuba lokusebenzisa amalungelo ngaphansi kwezibambiso zokulingana, ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza enhlokodolobha yenkampani ehlangene ne-stock joint, ilungelo lokufuna ukudluliswa kwezibambiso zokulingana, ezinikeziwe. ngoba ngesinqumo sokukhipha izimpahla zezezimali zedijithali ngendlela esungulwe yilo Mthetho Wombuso, ukukhishwa, ukubalwa kwezimali kanye nokusabalalisa okungenzeka kuphela ngokwenza (ukushintsha) amarekhodi ohlelweni lolwazi ngokusekelwe kurejista esabalalisiwe, kanye nolunye ulwazi. izinhlelo.
Incazelo ye "digital right" iqukethwe ku :
- Amalungelo edijithali aqashelwa kanjalo emthethweni, izibopho namanye amalungelo, okuqukethwe nemibandela yokusetshenziswa enqunywa ngokuhambisana nemithetho yesistimu yolwazi ehlangabezana nemibandela esungulwe umthetho. Ukusebenzisa, ukuchithwa, okuhlanganisa ukudluliswa, isithembiso, ukugajwa kwelungelo ledijithali ngezinye izindlela noma ukuvinjelwa kokulahlwa kwelungelo ledijithali kungenzeka kuphela ohlelweni lolwazi ngaphandle kosizo kumuntu wesithathu.
- Ngaphandle uma kuhlinzekwe ngomthetho ngenye indlela, umnikazi welungelo ledijithali ngumuntu, ngokuhambisana nemithetho yesistimu yolwazi, onethuba lokulahla leli lungelo. Ezimeni nangezizathu ezihlinzekwe ngumthetho, omunye umuntu uqashelwa njengomnikazi welungelo ledijithali.
- Ukudluliswa kwelungelo ledijithali ngesisekelo somsebenzi akudingi imvume yomuntu onesibopho ngaphansi kwalelo lungelo ledijithali.
Njengoba ama-DFA aqanjwe emthethweni njengamalungelo edijithali, kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi angaphansi kwemibandela ye-Art. 141-1 ye-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation.
Nokho, akuwona wonke amalungelo edijithali achazwa ngokusemthethweni njengezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali, njengokuthi “amalungelo edijithali asetshenziswayo” achazwe ku- Umthetho Wesifunda No. 02.08.2019-FZ wangomhla zi-259 Agasti 20.07.2020 (njengoba uchitshiyelwe ngomhla ka-XNUMX Julayi, XNUMX) "Ekutshalweni Kwezimali Okuheha Ngokusebenzisa Amapulatifomu Wokutshalwa Kwezimali kanye Nasezichibiyelweni Zemithetho ethile Yenhlangano YaseRussian Federation" ayisebenzi ku-CFA. I-DFA ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezine kuphela zamalungelo edijithali:
- izicelo zemali,
- amathuba okusebenzisa amalungelo ngaphansi kwezibambiso zokukhishwa,
- ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza enhlokodolobha yenkampani okungezona ezomphakathi ezihlangene,
- ilungelo lokufuna ukudluliswa kwezibambiso zebanga lokukhishwa
Izimangalo zemali ziyizicelo zokudluliswa kwemali, ngoba ruble of the Russian Federation noma imali yangaphandle. Ngendlela, ama-cryptocurrencies afana ne-bitcoin ne-ether akuyona imali.
Izibambiso ezikhona ngokuya nge Federal Law No. 22.04.1996-FZ yangomhla zingama-39 kuMbasa, 31.07.2020 (njengoba uchitshiyelwe ngoJulayi XNUMX, XNUMX) "Emakethe Yezokuphepha" lezi yinoma yiziphi izibambiso ezibonakala ngesikhathi esisodwa izici ezilandelayo:
- ukulungisa isamba sempahla kanye namalungelo okungewona awempahla ngaphansi kwesitifiketi, isabelo kanye nokuzivocavoca okungenamibandela ngokuhambisana nefomu nenqubo esungulwe yilo Mthetho Wombuso;
- zibekwe yizindaba noma izindaba ezengeziwe;
- babe nobubanzi obulinganayo kanye nemibandela yokusebenzisa amalungelo ngaphakathi kwendaba eyodwa, kungakhathaliseki isikhathi sokutholwa kwezibambiso;
Umthetho wase-Russian uhlanganisa amasheya, amabhondi, izinketho zabakhiphi kanye namarisidi ediphozithi ase-Russian phakathi kwezibambiso zezabelo.
Kufanele futhi kukhanselwe ukuthi i-CFA e-Russian Federation ihlanganisa kuphela ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza enhloko-dolobha yenkampani ehlangene ehlangene, kodwa hhayi ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza kwezinye izinkampani zebhizinisi, ikakhulukazi, azibandakanyi ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza enkampanini enesibopho esilinganiselwe ebhaliswe e-Russian Federation. Lapha kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi izinkampani noma izinkampani ezibhaliswe kwezinye izindawo zingase zingahambelani ncamashi nezincazelo zezinhlangano zebhizinisi ezisungulwe ngumthetho we-Russian Federation.
Imali yedijithali
Ngokusho kwesigaba 3 se-Art. 1 Umthetho:
Imali yedijithali isethi yedatha ye-elekthronikhi (ikhodi yedijithali noma igama) equkethwe ohlelweni lolwazi olunikezwayo futhi (noma) ingamukelwa njengendlela yokukhokha okungeyona iyunithi yezimali ye-Russian Federation, iyunithi yezimali izwe langaphandle kanye (noma) izimali zamazwe ngamazwe noma iyunithi ye-akhawunti, futhi (noma) njengokutshalwa kwezimali futhi maqondana nalapho kungekho muntu onesibopho kumnikazi ngamunye waleyo datha kagesi, ngaphandle komqhubi kanye (noma) namanodi uhlelo lolwazi, olunesibopho kuphela sokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nenqubo yokukhipha le datha ye-elekthronikhi kanye nokusebenzisa maqondana nezenzo zokwenza (ukushintsha) okufakiwe ohlelweni olunjalo lolwazi ngemithetho yalo.
Akukacaci kahle ukuthi kwakushiwo ukuthini “iyunithi yemali yamazwe ngamazwe noma yokubalwa kwezimali”, futhi, ngokusemthethweni nje, lokho kungacatshangwa. noma bitcoin, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, ngeke abe ngaphansi kwemikhawulo ehlinzekwe ngumthetho we-Russian Federation ngezimali zedijithali. Kodwa sisazocabanga ukuthi ekusebenzeni, i-Ripple noma i-Bitcoin izobhekwa njengezimali zedijithali.
Isigatshana esithi "okungekho muntu obophezelekile kumnikazi ngamunye waleyo datha ye-elekthronikhi" kuphakamisa ukuthi sikhuluma ngama-cryptocurrensets ajwayelekile njenge-bitcoin noma i-ether, adalwe phakathi nendawo futhi angasho izibopho zanoma yimuphi umuntu.
Uma leyo ndlela yokukhokha isho isibopho semali somuntu, okuyisimo kwamanye ama-stablecoins, khona-ke ukusakazwa kwamathuluzi anjalo e-Russian Federation kuyoba okungekho emthethweni ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zolwazi ezigunyazwe yiBhange LaseRussia noma cha ngokushintshaniswa okubhalisiwe. opharetha, ngenxa yokuthi amathuluzi anjalo awela ngaphansi kwencazelo CFA.
Izakhamizi zaseRussian Federation, ngokomthetho, zinelungelo lokuba, ukuthenga nokudayisa imali yedijithali, ukuboleka nokubolekisa, ukunikela, ukuyithola, kodwa abanalo ilungelo lokuyisebenzisa ukukhokhela izimpahla, imisebenzi kanye amasevisi (isigatshana sesi-5 se-athikili 14 yoMthetho) :
Izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezisemthethweni wazo umthetho waseRussia, amagatsha, amahhovisi abamele kanye nezinye izigatshana ezihlukene zezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlangano zomthetho zangaphandle, izinkampani nezinye izinhlangano zezinkampani ezinamandla omthetho womphakathi, ezisungulwe endaweni ye-Russian Federation, abantu abahlala eRussia. I-Federation okungenani izinsuku eziyi-183 phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-12 zilandelana, ayinalungelo lokwamukela imali yedijithali njengokucatshangelwa kwezimpahla ezidluliswa yibona (bona), umsebenzi owenziwe yibona (bona), izinsizakalo ezinikezwa yibona (bona), noma kunoma iyiphi enye. indlela evumela ukuthi umuntu athathe inkokhelo ngemali yedijithali yezimpahla (imisebenzi, izinsizakalo).
Okungukuthi, umhlali waseRussian Federation angathenga imali yedijithali, athi, ngamadola avela kumuntu ongeyena umhlali, futhi angayithengisa ngama-ruble kumuntu ohlala khona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isistimu yolwazi esetshenzisiwe lapho lokhu kwenzeka khona ingase ingahlangabezani nezimfuneko ezibekwe emthethweni zesistimu yolwazi lapho ama-DFA akhishwa khona ngokuvumelana nalo Mthetho.
Kodwa umhlali we-Russian Federation akakwazi ukwamukela imali yedijithali njengenkokhelo noma akhokhe ngayo izimpahla, imisebenzi, izinsizakalo.
Lokhu kufana nombuso wokusetshenziswa kwemali yangaphandle eRussian Federation, nakuba kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi i-CB akuyona imali yangaphandle, futhi imithetho yemithetho yemali yangaphandle ayisebenzi ngokuqondile ku-CB. Izakhamuzi zaseRussian Federation nazo zinelungelo lokuba ngabanikazi, ukuthenga nokudayisa imali yangaphandle. Kepha akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa, yithi, amadola aseMelika ukukhokha.
Umthetho awukhulumi ngokuqondile mayelana nokwenzeka kokwethulwa kwemali yedijithali enhloko-dolobha egunyaziwe yenkampani yezomnotho yaseRussia. E-Russian Federation, lo mkhuba usuvele wenzeka, i-bitcoin yanikelwa enhloko-dolobha egunyaziwe yenkampani ye-Artel, lokhu kwenziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokudluliselwa kokufinyelela esikhwameni se-elekthronikhi (bheka. )
Njengoba umnikelo emalini egunyaziwe ungewona umsebenzi wokudayiswa kwemisebenzi noma amasevisi, sikholelwa ukuthi lo Mthetho awukuvimbeli ukwenza okunjalo esikhathini esizayo.
Njengoba sike sasho ngaphambili (cf. ) ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenza koMthetho e-Russian Federation, kwakungekho imingcele ekusebenzeni nge-cryptocurrency, kuhlanganise nokushintshaniswa kwayo kwezimpahla, imisebenzi, izinsizakalo. Futhi, ngakho-ke, "imali yedijithali" etholwe yisakhamuzi saseRussian Federation lapho ethengisa izimpahla zakhe, imisebenzi, izinsizakalo ngokushintshanisa imali yedijithali ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenza koMthetho, ngemva kokusebenza kwawo, kufanele kubhekwe njengokutholwe ngokusemthethweni. impahla.
Ukuvikelwa kokwahlulela kwabanikazi bezimali zedijithali
Esigabeni sesi-6 se-Art. Isigaba 14 soMthetho siqukethe lokhu okulandelayo:
Izimangalo zabantu okukhulunywe ngabo esigabeni 5 salesi sihloko (labo. izakhamuzi Russian Federation - ababhali) okuhlotshaniswa nokuba nemali yedijithali kungaphansi kokuvikelwa yinkantolo kuphela uma bekwazisa ngamaqiniso okuba nemali yedijithali kanye nokwenziwa kwemisebenzi yomthetho womphakathi kanye (noma) nokusebenza ngemali yedijithali ngendlela esungulwe umthetho waseRussia. Inhlangano yezintela nezinkokhelo.
Ngakho-ke, uMthetho ubeka ukuthi kubahlali baseRussian Federation, amalungelo ahlobene nokuba nemali yedijithali angaphansi kokuvikelwa kwezomthetho kuphela uma ulwazi lunikezwa ehhovisi lentela, futhi akukho mkhawulo onjalo kwabangewona abahlali.
Labo. uma umuntu ehlala endaweni yeRussian Federation isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinsuku eziyi-183 phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-12 zilandelana, futhi waboleka omunye umuntu imali yedijithali, khona-ke angakwazi ukubuyisela inani lemali ebolekiwe enkantolo yaseRussia kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulazisile yini ihhovisi lentela mayelana. okwenziwayo, kodwa uma eyi-RF ehlala, ukwamukelwa noma ukwaneliseka kwesimangalo sokubuyiselwa kwemali mboleko ngaphakathi kwencazelo yalesi sihloko kufanele kwenqatshwe uma kutholakala ukuthi ummangali akazange azise iziphathimandla zentela mayelana nemalimboleko. ukuthengiselana.
Lokhu, vele, kuyinkambiso ephambene nomthethosisekelo, futhi akufanele isetshenziswe yizinkantolo ngokoqobo.
Ingxenye 1 Art. Umthethosisekelo Wenhlangano YaseRussia ubeka ukuthi wonke umuntu uyalingana phambi komthetho nezinkantolo, futhi abangebona izakhamuzi akufanele babe nesivikelo sokwahlulela esingaphezu kwezakhamuzi.
Kodwa, noma ngabe ukuvinjelwa okunjalo kungeniswa kwabangewona abahlali, bekuyobe kusangqubuzana nomthethosisekelo, ngoba. Ingxenye 1 Art. Umthethosisekelo weRussian Federation uqinisekisa wonke umuntu ukuvikelwa kwezomthetho kwamalungelo akhe.
Kufanele futhi kubhekwe lokho I-European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, esebenzayo e-Russian Federation, iqinisekisa wonke umuntu ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala uma kwenzeka kuba nengxabano ngamalungelo nezibopho zomphakathi (zomphakathi).
Isistimu yolwazi kanye no-opharetha wesistimu yolwazi.
P. 9 Art. 1 woMthetho uthi:
Amagama athi "isistimu yolwazi" kanye "no-opharetha wesistimu yolwazi" asetshenziswa kulo Mthetho Wesifunda ngezincazelo ezichazwe uMthetho Wombuso No. 27-FZ wangomhla zingama-2006 kuJulayi, 149 "Ngolwazi, Ubuchwepheshe Bolwazi kanye Nokuvikelwa Kolwazi".
iqukethe incazelo elandelayo yesistimu yolwazi (isigatshana sesi-3, i-athikili 2) kanye nomsebenzisi wesistimu yolwazi (isigatshana 12, isiqephu sesi-3):
isistimu yolwazi - iqoqo lolwazi oluqukethwe kusizindalwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi kanye nezindlela zobuchwepheshe eziqinisekisa ukucutshungulwa kwalo
umqhubi wesistimu yolwazi - isakhamuzi noma inhlangano esemthethweni esebenza ohlelweni lolwazi, okuhlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kolwazi oluqukethwe kusizindalwazi salo.
Umthetho usungula inani lezidingo zesistimu yolwazi lapho amarekhodi angenziwa khona ngosizo lapho ukusakazwa kwezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali kubhalwa khona. Lezi zidingo ziwukuthi ngokobuchwepheshe uhlelo olunjalo lolwazi alukwazi neze ukuba i-blockchain noma incwadi esabalalisiwe ngomqondo owamukelekayo wale migomo.
Ikakhulukazi, sikhuluma ngeqiniso lokuthi uhlelo olunjalo lolwazi (okuzobizwa ngalo kamuva ngokuthi i-IS) kufanele lube "no-opharetha wesistimu yolwazi".
Isinqumo sokukhipha i-DFA singenzeka kuphela ngokubekwa kwalesi sinqumo kuwebhusayithi yesisebenzisi se-IP. Ngamanye amazwi, uma opharetha enqaba ukubeka isinqumo esinjalo kuwebhusayithi yakhe, khona-ke ukukhululwa kwe-DFA ngaphansi koMthetho angeke kwenziwe.
Umsebenzisi we-IP angaba yinhlangano esemthethweni yaseRussia kuphela, futhi kuphela ngemva kokuba ifakwe iBhange LaseRussia “kurejista yabasebenzi besistimu yolwazi” (isigatshana 1, isiqephu sesi-5 soMthetho). Uma u-opharetha ekhishiwe kurejista, ukusebenza ne-DFA ku-IS kuyamiswa (isigatshana 10, isiqephu sesi-7 soMthetho).
Umsebenzisi we-IS lapho kukhishwa khona i-IS unesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukubuyisela ukufinyelela komnikazi wezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali kumarekhodi esistimu yolwazi ngesicelo somnikazi wezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali, uma ukufinyelela okunjalo ulahlekelwe nguye (isigaba somthetho 1, isigaba 1, isiqephu sesi-6 soMthetho). Ayicacisi ukuthi kusho ukuthini "ukufinyelela", kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusho ukufinyelela kokufunda noma ukubhala, noma kunjalo, kusukela encazelweni yesigaba sesi-2 se-Art. 6, singacabanga ukuthi u-opharetha kusafanele abe nokulawula okugcwele kumalungelo omsebenzisi:
Umsebenzisi wesistimu yolwazi lapho kukhishwa khona izimpahla zezezimali zedijithali uphoqelekile ukuthi aqinisekise ukufakwa (ushintsho) lwamarekhodi ezimpahleni zezimali zedijithali ngesisekelo sesenzo sokwahlulela esingene emthethweni, idokhumenti ephezulu, okubandakanya isinqumo somsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo, izenzo zezinye izinhlaka kanye nezikhulu ekusebenziseni imisebenzi yazo ehlinzekwe ngumthetho weRussian Federation, noma esikhishwe ngendlela enqunywe ngumthetho, isitifiketi selungelo lefa, esihlinzekela ukudluliselwa. wezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali zohlobo oluthile ngokulandelana kokulandelana kwendawo yonke, kungakedluli usuku lwebhizinisi olulandela usuku isicelo esifanele sitholwa yilolu hlelo lolwazi lomsebenzisi.
Ngokuhambisana nesigaba sesi-7 se-Art. 6 woMthetho:
Umphumela wokutholwa kwezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali ezihlangabezana nemibandela enqunywe yiBhange LaseRussia ngokuhambisana neNgxenye 9 yeSigaba 4 salo Mthetho Wenhlangano ngumuntu ongeyena umtshali-zimali oqeqeshiwe, okuhlanganisa uma lowo muntu eqashelwa ngokungemthetho njengomtshali-zimali. umtshali-zimali oqeqeshiwe, ukubekwa ku-opharetha wesistimu yolwazi, lapho udaba lwalezo zimpahla zezezimali zedijithali lwenziwa, isibopho, ngesicelo somuntu othile othole izimpahla zezezimali zedijithali, ukuthola lezi zezimali zedijithali. impahla evela kuye ngezindleko zakhe futhi umbuyisele zonke izindleko ezenziwe nguye.
Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ekuhwebeni ne-DFA, ukutholwa okungenziwa kuphela ngumuntu ongumtshali-zimali oqeqeshiwe, ukudluliselwa kwe-DFA kuzokwenziwa kuphela ngokugunyazwa komsebenzisi we-IP.
Ububanzi bomthetho we-Russian Federation ku-CFA.
Ngokuhambisana nesigaba sesi-5 se-Art. 1 woMthetho:
Umthetho waseRussia uzosebenza ebudlelwaneni obungokomthetho obuvela ekukhishweni, ukubalwa kwezimali kanye nokusakazwa kwezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali ngokuhambisana nalo Mthetho Wombuso, okuhlanganisa nokubamba iqhaza kwabantu bangaphandle.
Uma sibhekana nala magama ngokusemthethweni, khona-ke umthetho waseRussia usebenza kuphela kulezo zimpahla zezezimali ezikhishiwe, ukubalwa kwezimali kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwazo okwenzeka ngendlela echazwe eMthethweni. Uma zingenzeki ngale ndlela, umthetho waseRussia awusebenzi kubo nhlobo. Ngisho noma bonke abahlanganyeli ekuthengiseni kungabahlali baseRussian Federation, wonke amaseva aseRussian Federation, isihloko sokuthengiselana isabelo noma izibopho zemali zenkampani yaseRussia, kodwa i-IP ayisebenzi njengoba kuchazwe emthethweni, khona-ke ingaphandle kobubanzi bomthetho waseRussia. Isiphetho sinengqondo ngokuphelele, kodwa siyinqaba. Mhlawumbe ababhali balo mthetho babefuna ukusho okunye, kodwa bakwenza ngendlela ababekubeke ngayo.
Enye incazelo engenzeka ukuthi umthetho waseRussia usebenza kunoma iyiphi i-DFA echazwe emthethweni, ngisho nakubantu bakwamanye amazwe. Ngamanye amazwi, uma isihloko sokuthengiselana siwela ngaphakathi kwencazelo ye-CFA emthethweni, noma ngabe abathintekayo ekuthengiseni bangabantu bangaphandle, umthetho waseRussia kufanele usebenze kulokho kuthengiselana. Ngamanye amazwi, ngale ncazelo, umthetho wase-Russian usebenza emisebenzini yazo zonke izimakethe zomhlaba wonke amabhondi okuhweba nezinye izinto eziwela ngaphansi kwencazelo ye-CFA ngaphansi komthetho wase-Russian. Sikholelwa ukuthi ukuhumusha okunjalo namanje akukho emthethweni, njengoba singeke sicabange ukuthi lo Mthetho ungalawula imisebenzi, sithi, iTokyo noma iLondon Stock Exchange uma kukhona ukuthengiselana ngamabhondi e-electronic nezinye izimpahla eziwela ngaphansi komqondo we-CFA.
Ngokwenza, sicabanga ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kuzosetshenziswa ekufinyeleleni kwabahlali baseRussian Federation kunoma yiziphi "izinhlelo zolwazi" ezingahambisani nezidingo zoMthetho, i.e. kunoma yikuphi okungagunyazwanga iBhange LaseRussia, okuhlanganisa nokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kanye nezinhlelo ezisekelwe ku-blockchain, ngaphandle “ku-opharetha wokushintshanisa impahla yezezimali yedijithali” (bheka isigaba 1 seSigaba 10 soMthetho).
I-Digital Financial Asset Exchange Operators
NgokweNgxenye 1 ye-Art. I-10 yoMthetho (okugqamisayo - ababhali):
Ukuthenga nokudayiswa kwezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali, okunye ukuthengiselana okuhlobene nezimpahla zezimali zedijithali, okuhlanganisa ukushintshaniswa kwezimpahla zezimali zedijithali zohlobo olulodwa lwezimpahla zezimali zedijithali zolunye uhlobo noma amalungelo edijithali anikezwe umthetho, okuhlanganisa ukuthengiselana ngezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali ezikhishwe ezinhlelweni zolwazi ezihlelwe ngokuvumelana nomthetho wangaphandle, kanye nokuthengiselana okunamalungelo edijithali ahlanganisa kanyekanye izimpahla zezezimali zedijithali namanye amalungelo edijithali, kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa opharetha wokushintshanisa impahla yezezimali yedijithali, eqinisekisa isiphetho semisebenzi ngezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali ngokuqoqa nokuqhathanisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene zalokho kuthenga noma ngokubamba iqhaza ngezindleko zayo ekuhwebeni ngezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali njengengxenye yalokho kuthenga ngokwezintshisakalo zezinkampani zangaphandle.
Yilapho i-blockchain iqala khona.
Njengoba sesivele sisungule ngenhla, ngokoMthetho we-Russian Federation, akunakwenzeka ukukhipha i-DFA usebenzisa i-blockchain, ngokoMthetho, noma yiluphi uhlelo lolwazi, okuhlanganisa "i-ledger esabalalisiwe", kufanele lube phakathi nendawo.
Kodwa-ke, lesi sihloko sinikeza izakhamuzi ze-Russian Federation ukuthi zenze ukuthengiselana ngezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali ezikhishwe ezinhlelweni zolwazi ezihlelwe ngokuvumelana nomthetho wangaphandle (okungukuthi, ezinhlelweni zolwazi ezingasadingeki zihambisane nezidingo zomthetho waseRussia), uma kunjalo. ukuthengiselana kunikezwa opharetha wokushintshana kwempahla yezezimali yedijithali (ngemuva kwalokhu - OOCFA).
I-OOCFA ingaqinisekisa isiphetho salokho kuthengiselana ngezindlela ezimbili ezishiwo eMthethweni:
1) Ngokuqoqa nokuqhathanisa ama-oda ahlukene walokho kuthenga.
2) Ngokubamba iqhaza ngezindleko zayo ekuhwebeni ngezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali njengengxenye yalokho kuthenga ngokwentshisekelo yezinkampani zangaphandle.
Lokhu akushiwo ngokucacile eMthethweni, noma kunjalo, kubonakala sengathi i-OOCFA ingathengisa futhi ithenge izimali zedijithali ngemali (ekuhwebeni nabahlali baseRussian Federation - ngama-ruble, nabangewona abahlali ngemali yangaphandle).
Umuntu ofanayo angase abe u-opharetha wokushintshaniswa kwezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali kanye nomsebenzisi wesistimu yolwazi lapho ukukhishwa nokusakazwa kwezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali kwenziwa khona.
I-OOCFA ngokwalo mthetho iphenduka uhlobo lwe-analogue ye-crypto-exchange. IBhange LaseRussia lizogcina "irejista yabasebenzisi bokushintshaniswa kwezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali", futhi abantu abafakwe kurejista kuphela abazokwazi ukwenza imisebenzi enjalo.
Ngakho-ke i-OOCFA e-Russian Federation ingasebenza njengesango phakathi kwezinhlelo “zangaphandle”, ezihlukaniselwe amazwe (kubonakala kithi ukuthi ), kanye nohlelo lwezezimali lwe-Russian Federation. Njengokuqhubeka , ama-akhawunti abasebenzisi ku-OCFA angabonisa amalungelo ezimpahleni ezikhishwe ngamasistimu ahlukaniselwe amazwe, futhi zingadluliswa zisuka ku-akhawunti yomsebenzisi ziye ku-akhawunti yomunye umsebenzisi, futhi zithengwe futhi zidayiswe ngemali. Akunakwenzeka ukuthenga ngokuqondile i-CFA ye-CV e-Russian Federation, kodwa i-OGCF inganikeza ithuba lokuthengisa i-CV ngemali, futhi uthenge i-CFA ngemali efanayo.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuthengiselana nama-DFA akhishwe kumasistimu “angaphandle” amaphakathi kungenziwa ku-IS emaphakathi, ikakhulukazi, kungatholwa kozakwabo bangaphandle kumasistimu ahlukaniselwe amazwe, noma kuhlukaniselwe ozakwabo bangaphandle ekuphumeni kwabo ohlelweni oluhlukaniselwe amazwe.
Isibonelo: I-OOCFA ingahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo kubahlali baseRussian Federation ngokuthengwa kohlobo oluthile lwe-DFA olukhishwe ku-Ethereum blockchain. Impahla etholiwe ohlelweni lwe-Ethereum itholakala ekhelini le-OCFA (kulandela ezinhlinzekweni zoMthetho ukuthi i-OCFA ingakwenza lokhu), futhi ohlelweni lolwazi oluqhutshwa yi-OCFA le mpahla izoboniswa ku-akhawunti umhlali we Russian Federation. Lokhu kwenza umsebenzi ube lula ngezimpahla ezinjalo kumuntu ohlala eRussian Federation, uma kujwayeleke kakhulu ukuthi asebenze nezinhlelo ezimaphakathi ezifinyelelwa kusetshenziswa ukungena ngemvume nephasiwedi kunezinhlelo ezibekwe phansi ezisekelwe okhiye be-cryptographic, ukulahleka kwazo. , ngokwesibonelo, akusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukufinyelela kokutholwa.
Umhlali we-Russian Federation, onama-DFA ku-akhawunti yakhe ne-DFA, angathengisa noma ashintshisane lawa ma-DFA ngosizo lwe-DFA, futhi omunye othintekayo ekuthengiseni kungaba umhlali one-akhawunti ene-DFA efanayo noma ongeyena umhlali osebenzisa uhlelo “lwangaphandle” oluhlukaniselwe izwe.
Izibonelo zezimpahla zedijithali.
Amasheya / amasheya enkampani ku-blockchain.
Inhlangano yokuqala yomhlaba amasheya ayo afakwe ngokusemthethweni kumathokheni e-Ethereum blockchain yabhaliswa ngo-2016 eRiphabhulikhi yaseMarshall Islands. . I Izinkampani zinezinhlinzeko ezilandelayo:
Amasheya ezinkampani amelelwa amathokheni akhishwe ngekhompyutha kunkontileka ehlakaniphile eshumekwe ekhelini ku-Ethereum blockchain.
Ukudluliswa kwamasheya enhlangano kungaba kuphela ngendlela yokudluliselwa kwamathokheni amele amasheya kunkontileka ehlakaniphile eshiwo. Alukho olunye uhlobo lokudlulisa amasheya oluzothathwa njengelusebenzayo.
Ukulinganisa kwenkampani CoinOffering Ltd. imithetho enjalo yasungulwa yi-charter yenhlangano ngokwayo, isebenzisa igunya elikhululekile. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka
Njengamanje, kunezindawo lapho umthetho uhlinzekela ngokusobala ukuthi kungenzeka ukugcina irejista yamasheya/abaninimasheya ku-blockchain, ikakhulukazi, izifundazwe zase-US zaseDelaware (bheka ngezansi). kanye ne-Wyoming (cf. )
Manje kukhona amaphrojekthi athuthukisa izinkundla zokukhipha amasheya e-elekthronikhi ku-blockchain esebenzisa imithetho yalezi zifundazwe, isibonelo,
Umthetho omusha uvula amathuba okudala izakhiwo ezifanayo eRussian Federation. Kungase futhi kube izakhiwo ezixubile ngendlela yenkampani yangaphandle, isibonelo, e-United States, ekhiphe amasheya amathokheni ku-blockchain ehlukanisiwe, futhi ene-subsidiary e-Russian Federation, futhi lawa masheya angamathokheni angathengwa ( futhi ithengiswe) izakhamuzi ze-Russian Federation ngokusebenzisa izimpahla zezezimali ze-Russian digital exchange exchange ngokuvumelana noMthetho omusha.
Izikweletu zikagesi.
Uhlobo lokuqala lwe-CFA uMthetho obhekisela kulo “izimangalo zezimali”.
Uhlobo olufaneleka kakhulu noluvamile lwezicelo zemali ezingadluliswa zisuka kumuntu oyedwa ziye komunye . Inothi lesithembiso ngokuvamile liyithuluzi lokuxazulula elilula kakhulu nelicatshangelwe kahle, ngaphezu kwalokho, kungathiwa lidala, futhi kuzuzwe umkhuba omningi kulo. Kungaba okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukusebenzisa ukusakazwa kwezikweletu ku-blockchain, ikakhulukazi njengoba umqondo we-CFA eMthethweni ukhomba ngokushesha lokhu.
Nokho, Art. 4 ukufakwa:
Umthethosivivinywa wokushintshana kanye nencwadi yesithembiso kufanele kubhalwe ephepheni kuphela (ikhophi eqinile)
Kungenzeka yini ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusebenzisa "amalungelo edijithali, kuhlanganise nezimangalo zemali" okukhulunywe ngazo esigabeni 2 se-Art. 1 Umthetho ngendlela yamathokheni ku-blockchain?
Sikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka ngokusekelwe kulokhu okulandelayo:
E-Russian Federation isebenza .
Art. 3 yale Ngqungquthela ibeka:
Indlela izibopho ezingaphansi kwebhili yokushintshisana noma inothi lesithembiso zamukelwe ngayo inqunywa umthetho wezwe okusayinwe kulo lezi zibopho.
Okusho ukuthi, Art. 4 tbsp. 4 kufanele isetshenziswe ngaphansi kwezinhlinzeko ze-Art. 3 .
Uma izibopho ngaphansi komthethosivivinywa zisayinwe endaweni yeRussian Federation, khona-ke ukusayina okunjalo kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ephepheni, uma izibopho ngaphansi komthethosivivinywa zisayinwe endaweni lapho izikweletu zokushintshaniswa ngefomu le-elekthronikhi zingavinjelwe, kodwa umthethosivivinywa, ngenxa yezinhlinzeko ngisho nokuba sendaweni ye-Russian Federation kanye / noma ukuba yisakhamuzi se-Russian Federation kuzosebenza. Ukuhambisana nezidingo zoMthetho, futhi, umklamo we-hybrid ungenzeka, lapho umthethosivivinywa okhishwe ngokuhambisana nomthetho wangaphandle ungabhekwa e-Russian Federation njenge-CFA (isimangalo semali) futhi utholwe / uhlukaniswe nge-CFA exchange operator. izakhamuzi zaseRussian Federation, noma ngabe azizange zicatshangelwe ngokusemthethweni njengenothi lesithembiso ngaphansi komthetho waseRussia (ngokuya ngezinhlinzeko zeSigaba 4 )
Isibonelo, ukukhishwa kwezikweletu ezinjalo ze-elekthronikhi ngokuhambisana nemithetho yomthetho wesiNgisi kungenzeka endaweni yesikhulumi (bheka ). Indawo yokukhishwa kwebhili kanye nenkokhelo kubhili ingase ibe se-UK, nokho, ama-DFA anjalo angatholwa futhi ahlukaniswe izakhamuzi zaseRussia ngokusebenzisa opharetha ngokushintshaniswa kwezimpahla zezezimali zedijithali, futhi ukusakazwa kwazo ohlelweni lolwazi oluphakathi nendawo kungenzeka, opharetha okuyindawo ehlala eRussian Federation ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zoMthetho.
Isiphetho.
Ngokuvamile, umthetho wethula imikhawulo ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezimali zedijithali uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo samanje e-Russian Federation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ivula amathuba athakazelisayo okusebenza "nezimpahla zezimali zedijithali" (i-DFA), okuyinto, nokho, edinga indlela efanelekile engxenyeni yabaqhubi besistimu yolwazi kanye nabaqhubi bokushintshaniswa kwezimpahla zedijithali ezibhaliswe yiBhange LaseRussia.
Ukuphrinta ngaphambili.
Ababhali: ,
Imibhalo, izixhumanisi, imithombo:
- Sazhenov A. V. I-Cryptocurrencies: ukuchithwa kwesigaba sezinto emthethweni wezomphakathi. Umthetho. 2018, 9, 115.
- Tolkachev A.Yu., Zhuzhzhalov M.B. I-Cryptocurrency njengempahla - ukuhlaziywa kwesimo samanje somthetho. I-Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2018, 9, 114-116.
- Efimova L.G. Ama-Cryptocurrencies njengento yomthetho womphakathi. Umnotho kanye nomthetho. 2019, 4, 17-25.
Source: www.habr.com