Amasistimu okusebenza ayinsika yemboni yesimanje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, basebenzisa izinsiza ezibalulekile zeseva ezingase zisetshenziswe kokuthile okuwusizo kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlelo lokusebenza lusebenza njenge-orchestrator yezinhlelo zokusebenza zeseva futhi likuvumela ukuthi uguqule uhlelo lwekhompiyutha olunomsebenzi owodwa lube iplatifomu yokwenza izinto eziningi, futhi lusiza nokusebenzelana kwawo wonke amaqembu anentshisekelo ngemishini. Manje okujwayelekile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zeseva yiWindows Server + ukusatshalaliswa kweLinux kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza inobuhle bayo, ububi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zayo. Namuhla sizokhuluma kafushane ngamasistimu afika namaseva ethu.
IWindows Server
Lolu hlelo lokusebenza ludume kakhulu engxenyeni yebhizinisi, nakuba abasebenzisi abaningi abajwayelekile bahlobanisa iWindows nenguqulo yedeskithophu yama-PC. Kuye ngemisebenzi nengqalasizinda edingekayo ukuze kusekelwe, izinkampani manje sezisebenzisa izinguqulo ezimbalwa ze-Windows Server, eziqala nge-Windows Server 2003 futhi zigcine ngenguqulo yakamuva - i-Windows Server 2019. Sinikezela ngamaseva ngazo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisohlwini, okungukuthi, I-Windows Server 2003, 2008 R2, 2016 kanye no-2019.
I-Windows Server 2003 isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukusekela amasistimu ezinkampani namanethiwekhi akhelwe ku-Windows XP. Ngokumangalisayo, inguqulo ye-Microsoft yedeskithophu OS, eyayekwa cishe eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, isasetshenziswa, njengoba isofthiwe eminingi yokukhiqiza yobunikazi yayibhalelwe yona ngesikhathi esisodwa. Okufanayo kuya ku-Windows Server 2008 R2 kanye ne-Windows Server 2016 - yizona ezihambisana kakhulu nesofthiwe endala kodwa esebenzayo ngakho-ke zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zamaseva asebenzisa i-Windows ukunethezeka kokuphatha, ungqimba olukhulu lolwazi, iziqondiso kanye nesofthiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kweseva ye-Windows uma i-ecosystem yenkampani ihlanganisa isofthiwe noma izixazululo ezisebenzisa imitapo yolwazi nezingxenye ze-kernel yezinhlelo ze-Microsoft. Ungakwazi futhi ukwengeza ubuchwepheshe be-RDP ukuze umsebenzisi afinyelele izinhlelo zokusebenza zeseva kanye nokuguquguquka okuphelele kohlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iWindows Server inenguqulo engasindi ngaphandle kwe-GUI esetshenziswa insiza ezingeni lokusatshalaliswa kweLinux - IWindows Server Core, mayelana nayo. . Sithumela wonke amaseva e-Windows anelayisensi evuliwe (mahhala kubasebenzisi abasha).
Ukungalungi kweWinserver kufaka phakathi imingcele emibili: izindleko zelayisensi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zeseva, i-Windows Server iyona ewalambele kakhulu amandla futhi idinga okungenani umgogodla owodwa wokucubungula futhi isuka kugigabhayithi eyodwa nohhafu ukuya kwezintathu ze-RAM ukuze nje izinkonzo eziwumongo nezijwayelekile zisebenze. Lolu hlelo alufanele ukulungiselelwa kwamandla aphansi, futhi luphinde lube nenani lobungozi obuhlobene ne-RDP nezinqubomgomo zeqembu kanye nabasebenzisi.
Imvamisa, iWindows Server ihloselwe ukuphatha ama-intranethi enkampani kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesoftware ethile, imininingwane yolwazi ye-MSSQL, amathuluzi e-ASP.NET noma enye isoftware edalelwe iWindows ngqo. Ngasikhathi sinye, lokhu kuseyi-OS egcwele ngokuphelele ongathumela kuyo umzila, ukhuphule i-DNS nanoma iyiphi enye insiza.
Ubuntu
Ubuntu bungenye yezinto ezisatshalaliswa kakhulu futhi ezikhula kancane zomndeni we-Linux, ezikhishwe okokuqala ngo-2004. Kwake kwaba "ukuya kwamakhosikazi asekhaya" kugobolondo le-Gnome, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi Ubuntu baba yi-OS yeseva ezenzakalelayo ngenxa yomphakathi wayo obanzi kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo. Inguqulo yakamuva edumile yi-18.04, kodwa futhi sinikezela ngamaseva we-16.04, futhi cishe isonto eledlule , okwaletha izinto eziningi ezimnandi.
Uma i-Windows Server isetshenziswe njenge-OS ukusekela isofthiwe ethile kanye ne-Windows-oriented, khona-ke Ubuntu njengokusabalalisa kwe-Linux yindaba emayelana nomthombo ovulekile nokuthuthukiswa kwewebhu. Ngakho-ke, amaseva e-Linux asetshenziselwa ukusingatha amaseva ewebhu ku-Nginx noma i-Apache (ngokungafani ne-Microsoft IIS), ukusebenza ne-PostgreSQL ne-MySQL noma izilimi zokuthuthukiswa kombhalo ezidumile okwamanje. Izinsizakalo zokulawula umzila kanye nokuphathwa kwethrafikhi nazo zizolingana kahle kuseva ye-Ubuntu.
Izinzuzo zifaka ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kwezisetshenziswa kuneWindows Server, kanye nomsebenzi womdabu onekhonsoli nabaphathi bephakheji bazo zonke izinhlelo ze-Unix. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ubuntu, ekubeni ekuqaleni “i-Unix yasekhaya yedeskithophu”, isebenziseka kalula, okwenza kube lula ukuphatha.
Ububi obukhulu yi-Unix, nakho konke okushiwoyo. Ubuntu bungase bube nobungane, kodwa buhlobane kuphela nezinye izinhlelo ze-Linux. Ngakho-ke ukusebenza nayo, ikakhulukazi ekucushweni okuphelele kweseva - okungukuthi, kuphela nge-terminal - uzodinga amakhono athile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ubuntu bugxile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni komuntu siqu futhi abufaneleki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuxazulula amacala ezinkampani.
Debian
Kuyaxaka ukuthi uDebian ungumsunguli wobuntu obudume kakhulu esishiwo ngaphambili. Ukwakhiwa kokuqala kweDebian kwanyatheliswa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-25 edlule - emuva ngo-1994, futhi kwakuyikhodi ye-Debian eyakha isisekelo sobuntu. Eqinisweni, i-Debian ingenye yezinto ezindala kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusatshalaliswa okuqinile phakathi komndeni wezinhlelo zeLinux. Naphezu kwakho konke ukufana kwe-Ubuntu, ngokungafani "nomlandeli" wakhe, u-Debian akazange athole izinga elifanayo lobungane bomsebenzisi njengesistimu encane. Nokho, lokhu nakho kunezinzuzo zako. I-Debian ivumelana nezimo kuno-Ubuntu futhi ingacushwa ngokujulile futhi ixazulule ngokuyimpumelelo inani lemisebenzi ethile, okuhlanganisa nelezinkampani.
Inzuzo enkulu ye-Debian ukuphepha kwayo okukhulu nokuzinza uma kuqhathaniswa no-Ubuntu futhi, ikakhulukazi, iWindows. Futhi-ke, njenganoma yiluphi uhlelo lwe-Linux, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kwensiza, ikakhulukazi ngendlela ye-OS yeseva esebenzisa ukuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi we-Debian ungumthombo ovulekile, ngakho-ke lolu hlelo lugxile kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngendlela efanele nangempumelelo ngezixazululo zamahhala.
Kodwa-ke, ukuguquguquka, ukuqina nokuphepha kuza ngentengo. I-Debian ithuthukiswa umphakathi womthombo ovulekile ngaphandle komnyombo ocacile ngohlelo lwabaphathi bamagatsha, nakho konke ekushoyo. Ngesinye isikhathi, i-Debian inezinguqulo ezintathu: ezinzile, engazinzile nokuhlola. Inkinga ukuthi igatsha lokuthuthukiswa okuzinzile lisalela kakhulu ngemuva kwegatsha lokuhlola, okungukuthi, kungase kube nezingxenye eziphelelwe yisikhathi namamojula ku-kernel. Konke lokhu kuholela ekwakhiweni kabusha kwe-kernel ngesandla noma ngisho nokushintshela egatsheni lokuhlola uma imisebenzi yakho idlula amandla enguqulo ezinzile ye-Debian. Ku-Ubuntu azikho izinkinga ezinjalo ngokuhlukana kwenguqulo: lapho, abathuthukisi bakhipha inguqulo ye-LTS ezinzile njalo eminyakeni emibili.
CentOS
Hhayi-ke, ake siqedele ingxoxo yethu mayelana nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeseva ye-RUVDS ku-CentOS. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Ubuntu enkulu kakhulu futhi, ikakhulukazi, i-Debian, i-CentOS ibukeka njengentsha. Futhi nakuba uhlelo lwaqala ukuthandwa phakathi kwabantu esikhathini esingengakanani edlule, njenge-Debian noma Ubuntu, ukukhululwa kwenguqulo yayo yokuqala kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-Ubuntu, okungukuthi, emuva ngo-2004.
I-CentOS isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi amaseva abonakalayo, njengoba idinga kakhulu izinsiza kune-Ubuntu noma i-Debian. Sithumela ukulungiselelwa okusebenzisa izinguqulo ezimbili zale OS: I-CentOS 7.6.1810 kanye ne-CentOS 7.2.1510 endala. Icala eliyinhloko lokusetshenziswa yimisebenzi yezinkampani. I-CentOS yindaba emayelana nomsebenzi. Ungalokothi uhlelo lokusebenzisa ikhaya, njengoba kwakunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Ubuntu, i-CentOS yathuthukiswa ngokushesha njengokusabalalisa okufana ne-RedHat okusekelwe kukhodi yomthombo ovulekile. Kuyifa elivela kwaRedHat elinikeza i-CentOS izinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko - gxila ekuxazululeni izinkinga zenkampani, ukuzinza nokuphepha. Isimo esivame kakhulu sokusebenzisa uhlelo ukusingathwa kwewebhu, lapho i-CentOS ikhombisa imiphumela engcono kunezinye ukusatshalaliswa kweLinux.
Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lubuye lube nenani lokubi. Umjikelezo wokuthuthuka nokuvuselelwa okuvinjelwe kakhulu kuno-Ubuntu kusho ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi kuzodingeka ubekezelele ubuthakathaka noma izinkinga esezixazululiwe kakade kokunye ukusatshalaliswa. Uhlelo lokubuyekeza nokufaka izingxenye nalo luhlukile: akukho apt-get, amaphakheji we-yum kanye ne-RPM kuphela. Futhi, i-CentOS ayifanele neze ukusingathwa nokusebenza nezixazululo zesitsha se-Docker/k8s, lapho Ubuntu ne-Debian ziphakeme ngokusobala. Lokhu kokugcina kubalulekile njengoba ukwenziwa ngokubonakalayo kwamaseva ewebhu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokufakwa kweziqukathi kuye kwaba nomfutho endaweni ye-DevOps eminyakeni yamuva nje. Futhi-ke, i-CentOS inomphakathi omncane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-Debian ne-Ubuntu ethandwa kakhulu.
Esikhundleni sokukhipha
Njengoba ubona, noma iyiphi i-OS inobuhle nebubi bayo futhi ithole eyakho i-niche. Amaseva asebenzisa iWindows ahlukene - imvelo ye-Microsoft, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, inomkhathi wayo kanye nemithetho yokusebenza.
Konke ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux kuyefana ngokwemibandela yokusetshenziswa kwensiza, kodwa kunezici zakhona ezithile kanye nomehluko kuye ngomsebenzi owenziwayo. Ubuntu kulula ukuyisebenzisa, i-Debian ihlelwe kahle kakhulu. I-CentOS ingasebenza esikhundleni se-RedHat ekhokhelwayo, ebalulekile uma udinga i-OS yenkampani egcwele kunguqulo ye-unix. Kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, ibuthakathaka ezindabeni zokufakwa kwesitsha nokusetshenziswa kwe-virtualization. Kunoma ikuphi, ungathintana nochwepheshe bethu futhi sizokukhethela isisombululo esidingekayo kanye nokucushwa ngokusekelwe emisebenzini yakho.
Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. , wamukelekile.
Bafundi abathandekayo, iyiphi iseva ye-OS eniyibona iyinhle kakhulu?
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22,9%Windows server119
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32,9%I-Debian171
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40,4%Ubuntu 210
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34,8%I-CentOS181
Bangu-520 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-102 bayenqaba.
Source: www.habr.com