Akumangazi yini ukuthi ezweni eligcwele inzondo engenangqondo esongela impucuko ngokwayo, abesilisa nabesifazane, abadala nabancane, ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele bazihlukanisa nomzila omubi wokuphila kwansuku zonke ukuze bazinikele ekutshalweni kobuhle, ukusabalalisa ulwazi, ukwelapha izifo, ukuncipha kokuhlupheka, sengathi ngesikhathi esifanayo abekho abashisekeli abaphindaphinda ubuhlungu, ububi nokuhlushwa? Umhlaba ubulokhu uyindawo edabukisayo nedidayo, nokho izimbongi, amaciko nososayensi baziba izinto ezingathi uma zikhulunywa zingabakhubaza. Ngokombono ongokoqobo, ukuphila kobuhlakani kanye nokomoya, uma uthi nhlá, kuyimisebenzi engenamsebenzi, futhi abantu bayahlanganyela kuyo ngoba bazuza izinga elikhulu lokwaneliseka ngale ndlela kunokunye. Kulo msebenzi, nginesithakazelo embuzweni wokuthi kunini lapho ukuphishekela lezi zinjabulo ezingenamsebenzi ngokungalindelekile kuvele kube umthombo wenjongo ethile engakaze iphuphe.
Sitshelwa kaningi ukuthi iminyaka yethu iyinkathi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Futhi into eyinhloko kuyo ukunwetshwa kwamaketanga okusabalalisa izinto ezibonakalayo kanye namathuba ezwe. Ukuthukuthela kwalabo abangenacala ngokuphucwa la mathuba kanye nokusatshalaliswa kahle kwezimpahla kushayela isibalo esikhulu sabafundi kude nesayensi oyise abafunda ngayo, ukuya ezifundweni ezibalulekile ngokulinganayo nezingabalulekile kangako kwezenhlalo, izindaba zezomnotho nezikahulumeni. Anginalutho olumelene nalo mkhuba. Umhlaba esiphila kuwo uwukuphela komhlaba esinikezwe wona ngemizwa. Uma ungayithuthukisi futhi uyenze ibe nobulungisa, izigidi zabantu zizoqhubeka zifa buthule, ngokudabuka, ngokufutheka. Mina ngokwami benginxusa iminyaka eminingi ukuthi izikole zethu zibe nesithombe esicacile somhlaba lapho abafundi bazo kanye nabafundi bemiselwe ukuchitha izimpilo zabo. Ngezinye izikhathi ngiyaye ngizibuze ukuthi ingabe lokhu kwamanje sekunamandla kakhulu, nokuthi bekuyoba khona yini ithuba elanele lokuphila ukuphila okwanelisayo ukube umhlaba ubungasuswa izinto ezingenamsebenzi eziwunikeza ukubaluleka okungokomoya. Ngamanye amazwi, ingabe umqondo wethu wokusebenziseka uye waba mncane kakhulu ukuba uvumelane namakhono aguqukayo nangalindelekile omoya womuntu.
Lolu daba lungacatshangelwa ezinhlangothini ezimbili: ezesayensi nezobuntu, noma ezingokomoya. Ake sikubheke ngokwesayensi kuqala. Ngakhunjuzwa ingxoxo enganginayo noGeorge Eastman eminyakeni embalwa edlule ngesihloko sezinzuzo. UMnu. Eastman, indoda ehlakaniphile, enesizotha, nebona kude, enesiphiwo somculo nobuciko, wangitshela ukuthi uhlose ukutshala ingcebo yakhe ekukhuthazeni ukufundisa izifundo eziwusizo. Ngaba nesibindi sokumbuza ukuthi ubani ombheka njengomuntu owusizo kakhulu emkhakheni wesayensi emhlabeni. Ngokushesha waphendula: “Marconi.” Ngase ngithi: “Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sithola injabulo engakanani emsakazweni futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi obunye ubuchwepheshe obungenawaya bucebisa ukuphila komuntu, empeleni umnikelo kaMarconi awusho lutho.”
Angisoze ngabukhohlwa ubuso bakhe obumangele. Wangicela ukuba ngichaze. Ngamphendula ngokuthi: “Mnumzane Eastman, ukubukeka kukaMarconi kwakungenakugwenywa. Umklomelo wangempela wakho konke okwenziwa emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe obungenawaya, uma imiklomelo eyisisekelo enjalo inganikezwa noma ngubani, iya kuSolwazi Clerk Maxwell, owathi ngo-1865 wenza izibalo ezingaqondakali futhi okunzima ukuziqonda emkhakheni wemagnetism kanye ugesi. UMaxwell wethula amafomula akhe angabonakali encwadini yakhe yesayensi eyanyatheliswa ngo-1873. Emhlanganweni olandelayo weNhlangano YaseBrithani, uProfesa G.D.S. USmith wase-Oxford wamemezela ukuthi “asikho isazi sezibalo, ngemva kokufunda le misebenzi, esingahluleka ukuqaphela ukuthi lo msebenzi wethula inkolelo-mbono ehambisana kakhulu nezindlela nezindlela zezibalo ezimsulwa.” Phakathi neminyaka engu-15 eyalandela, okunye okwatholwa yisayensi kwahambisana nombono kaMaxwell. Futhi ekugcineni, ngo-1887 no-1888, inkinga yesayensi isabalulekile ngaleso sikhathi, ehlobene nokuhlonza kanye nobufakazi bamagagasi kagesi angabathwali bezimpawu ezingenantambo, yaxazululwa nguHeinrich Hertz, isisebenzi se-Helmholtz Laboratory eBerlin. UMaxwell noHertz abazange bacabange ngokuba wusizo komsebenzi wabo. Umcabango onjalo awuzange uvele kubo. Abazange bazibekele umgomo osebenzayo. Umqambi ngomqondo wezomthetho, kunjalo, nguMarconi. Kodwa yini ayisungula? Imininingwane yokugcina nje yobuchwepheshe, namuhla eyithuluzi lokwamukela eliphelelwe isikhathi elibizwa ngokuthi i-coherer, esesivele ilahliwe cishe yonke indawo.”
UHertz noMaxwell kungenzeka ukuthi abazange basungule lutho, kodwa kwakuwumsebenzi wabo wetiyetha ongenamsebenzi, owakhubeka unjiniyela okhaliphile, owadala izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana nezokuzijabulisa ezavumela abantu ababenokufaneleka okuncane ukuba bathole udumo futhi bathole izigidi. Iyiphi kubo eyayiwusizo? Hhayi uMarconi, kodwa umabhalane uMaxwell noHeinrich Hertz. Babengongqondongqondo futhi bengacabangi ngezinzuzo, futhi uMarconi wayengumsunguli ohlakaniphile, kodwa wayecabanga ngezinzuzo kuphela.
Igama elithi Hertz lalikhumbuza uMnu. Eastman ngamaza omsakazo, futhi ngasikisela ukuba abuze izazi zefiziksi eNyuvesi yaseRochester ukuthi yini ngempela uHertz noMaxwell ababeyenzile. Kodwa angaqiniseka ngento eyodwa: bawenza umsebenzi wabo ngaphandle kokucabanga ngokusebenza okungokoqobo. Futhi kuwo wonke umlando wesayensi, iningi lezinto ezinhle kakhulu ezitholakele, ezigcine zizuzisa kakhulu isintu, zenziwa abantu ababengashukunyiswa isifiso sokusiza, kodwa kuphela isifiso sokwanelisa ilukuluku labo.
Ilukuluku? Kubuza uMnumzane Eastman.
Yebo, ngiphendule, ilukuluku, elingase liholele noma lingaholeli kunoma yini ewusizo, futhi mhlawumbe okuyisici esivelele sokucabanga kwesimanje. Futhi lokhu akuvelanga izolo, kodwa kwavela emuva ngezikhathi zikaGalileo, uBacon kanye noSir Isaac Newton, futhi kufanele bahlale bekhululekile ngokuphelele. Izikhungo zemfundo kufanele zigxile ekukhuliseni ilukuluku. Futhi lapho bephazamiseka kancane ngemicabango yesicelo esisheshayo, maningi amathuba okuba bafake isandla hhayi kuphela enhlalakahleni yabantu, kodwa futhi, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu, ekwaneliseni isithakazelo somqondo, omunye angase athi, kakade isibe amandla aqhuba ukuphila kobuhlakani ezweni lanamuhla.
II
Konke okushiwo ngo-Heinrich Hertz, ukuthi wasebenza kanjani ngokuthula futhi enganakiwe ekhoneni le-laboratory yaseHelmholtz ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, konke lokhu kuyiqiniso kososayensi nezibalo emhlabeni wonke ababephila emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa edlule. Umhlaba wethu awunawo amandla okwenza ugesi. Uma sikhuluma ngokutholakala ngesicelo esisebenzayo esiqondile nesithembisayo, khona-ke siyavuma ukuthi ugesi. Kodwa ubani owathola izinto ezibalulekile eziholele kuzo zonke intuthuko ezisekelwe kugesi eminyakeni eyikhulu ezayo?
Impendulo izothakazelisa. Ubaba kaMichael Faraday wayengumkhandi wensimbi, kanti yena uMichael wayengumbhandi wezincwadi oqeqeshelwa umsebenzi. Ngo-1812, lapho eseneminyaka engu-21 kakade, omunye wabangane bakhe wamyisa eRoyal Institution, lapho alalela khona izinkulumo ezingu-4 nge-chemistry ezivela ku-Humphry Davy. Wagcina amanothi futhi wathumela amakhophi awo kuDavy. Ngonyaka olandelayo waba umsizi elabhorethri kaDavy, exazulula izinkinga zamakhemikhali. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili wahamba noDavy ohambweni oluya ezweni. Ngo-1825, lapho eneminyaka engu-24 ubudala, waba umqondisi laboratory Royal Institution, lapho achitha iminyaka engu-54 yokuphila kwakhe.
Ngokushesha izithakazelo zikaFaraday zashintshela kugesi nakuzibuthe, anikela kukho ukuphila kwakhe konke. Ngaphambilini umsebenzi kule ndawo wenziwa u-Oersted, Ampere noWollaston, owawubalulekile kodwa okunzima ukuwuqonda. UFaraday wabhekana nezinkinga abashiya zingakaxazululwa, futhi ngo-1841 wayesephumelele ukutadisha ukufakwa kwamandla kagesi. Eminyakeni emine kamuva, inkathi yesibili nencane kakhulu ekhazimulayo yomsebenzi wakhe yaqala, lapho ethola umphumela kazibuthe ekukhanyeni kwe-polarized. Ukutholwa kwakhe kwasekuqaleni kwaholela ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo okungenakubalwa lapho ugesi wehlisa umthwalo futhi andisa inani lamathuba empilweni yomuntu wanamuhla. Ngakho, lokho akuthola kamuva kwaholela emiphumeleni engasebenzi kakhulu. Ingabe kukhona okushintshile kuFaraday? Lutho neze. Wayengenandaba nokusetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isigaba somsebenzi wakhe owawungenakuqhathaniswa. Wayegxile ekwambuleni izimfihlakalo zendawo yonke: okokuqala evela emhlabeni wesayensi yamakhemikhali kwase kulandela emhlabeni we-physics. Akazange angabaze ukuba wusizo. Noma ikuphi ukusikisela ngaye kunganciphisa ilukuluku lakhe lokungazinzi. Ngenxa yalokho, imiphumela yomsebenzi wakhe yathola ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo, kodwa lokhu akuzange kube umbandela wokuhlola kwakhe okuqhubekayo.
Mhlawumbe ngenxa yomumo okhungethe umhlaba namuhla, sekuyisikhathi sokugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi indima edlalwa isayensi ekwenzeni impi ibe umsebenzi oqhubeka ucekela phansi futhi ohlasimulisa umzimba isiphenduke into enganakile futhi engahlosiwe yomkhiqizo wesayensi. ULord Rayleigh, uMongameli weNhlangano YaseBrithani Yokuthuthukiswa Kwesayensi, enkulumweni yakamuva wadonsela ukunakekela eqinisweni lokuthi kuwubuwula bomuntu, hhayi izinhloso zososayensi, obunembangela yokusetshenziswa okulimazayo kwamadoda aqashwe ukuba abambe iqhaza. impi yesimanje. Ucwaningo olumsulwa lwamakhemikhali e-carbon compounds, oluthole inqwaba yezicelo, lubonise ukuthi isenzo se-nitric acid ezintweni ezifana ne-benzene, i-glycerin, i-cellulose, njll., aholelanga nje ekukhiqizweni okuwusizo kodayi we-aniline, kodwa futhi ukwakhiwa kwe-nitroglycerin, engasetshenziselwa kokubili okuhle nokubi. Kamuva, u-Alfred Nobel, ebhekene nenkinga efanayo, wabonisa ukuthi ngokuxuba i-nitroglycerin nezinye izinto, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza iziqhumane eziqinile eziphephile, ikakhulukazi i-dynamite. Kuwukwenza kube lula ukuthi sikweleta inqubekelaphambili yethu embonini yezimayini, ekwakhiweni kwemihubhe yezitimela efana nale njengoba manje ingena e-Alps nezinye izintaba. Kodwa-ke, osopolitiki namasosha bayisebenzisa kabi i-dynamite. Futhi ukusola ososayensi ngalokhu kufana nokubasola ngokuzamazama komhlaba nezikhukhula. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngegesi enobuthi. UPliny wafa ngokuhogela i-sulphur dioxide phakathi nokuqhuma kweNtaba iVesuvius cishe eminyakeni engu-2000 XNUMX edlule. Futhi ososayensi abazange bayihlukanise i-chlorine ngezinjongo zempi. Konke lokhu kuyiqiniso ngegesi yesinaphi. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto kwakungase kulinganiselwe ngezinjongo ezinhle, kodwa lapho indiza isipheleliswa, abantu ababenezinhliziyo ezinoshevu nobuchopho babonakele baqaphela ukuthi indiza, into esunguliwe engenacala, umphumela womzamo omude, ongakhethi nowesayensi, wawungashintshwa ithuluzi lokucekela phansi okukhulu kangaka, oh okungekho muntu owaphupha ngalo, noma ngisho nokubeka umgomo onjalo.
Emkhakheni wezibalo eziphezulu umuntu angabala inani elicishe libe lingenakubalwa lamacala afanayo. Isibonelo, umsebenzi wezibalo ongacacile wekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX wawubizwa ngokuthi “i-Non-Euclidean Geometry.” Umqambi wayo, uGauss, nakuba ayehlonishwa abantu besikhathi sakhe njengesazi sezibalo esivelele, akazange alokothe ashicilele imisebenzi yakhe ku-“Non-Euclidean Geometry” ingxenye yesine yekhulunyaka. Eqinisweni, inkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana ngokwayo, nakho konke okusebenzayo okungapheli, bekungeke kwenzeke ngokuphelele ngaphandle komsebenzi uGauss awenza ngesikhathi ehlala eGöttingen.
Futhi, lokho namuhla okwaziwa ngokuthi "ithiyori yeqembu" kwakuyithiyori yezibalo engacacile futhi engasebenzi. Yathuthukiswa abantu abanelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi nokuncenga kwabo kwabaholela endleleni eyinqaba. Kodwa namuhla "ithiyori yeqembu" iyisisekelo se-quantum theory ye-spectroscopy, esetshenziswa nsuku zonke ngabantu abangenalo ulwazi lokuthi yavela kanjani.
Yonke ithiyori yamathuba atholwe izazi zezibalo intshisekelo yazo yangempela kwakuwukuthethelela ukugembula. Ayisebenzanga ngendlela engokoqobo, kodwa le thiyori yavula indlela yazo zonke izinhlobo zomshwalense, futhi yasebenza njengesisekelo sezindawo eziningi zefiziksi ekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Ngizocaphuna kumagazini wakamuva we-Science:
“Ukubaluleka kobuhlakani bukaProfesa Albert Einstein kwafinyelela iqophelo eliphezulu lapho kwaziwa ukuthi isazi sesayensi yezibalo nesezibalo eminyakeni engu-15 edlule sakha umshini wezibalo manje osiza ekuxazululeni izimfihlakalo zekhono elimangalisayo le-helium lokungaqini emazingeni okushisa acishe abe sezingeni elifanele. uziro. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba i-American Chemical Society's Symposium on Intermolecular Interaction, uProfesa F. London waseNyuvesi yaseParis, manje osenguprofesa ovakashile eDuke University, unikeze udumo kuProfesa Einstein ngokudala umqondo wegesi "ekahle", evele emaphepheni. eyanyatheliswa ngo-1924 nango-1925.
Imibiko ka-Einstein ngo-1925 yayingekho mayelana nethiyori yokuhlobana, kodwa yayimayelana nezinkinga ezazibonakala zingenamsebenzi ongokoqobo ngaleso sikhathi. Bachaza ukuwohloka kwegesi “ekahle” emikhawulweni ephansi yezinga lokushisa. Ngoba Kwakwaziwa ukuthi wonke amagesi aphenduka abe uketshezi emazingeni okushisa acatshangwayo, ososayensi cishe babengawunakanga umsebenzi ka-Einstein eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu edlule.
Nokho, okutholwe muva nje ekuguquguqukeni kwe-helium ewuketshezi kuye kwanikeza ukubaluleka okusha emcabangweni ka-Einstein, owawulokhu ungekho ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma selehlile, uketshezi oluningi luyakhula ku-viscosity, luyancipha uketshezi, futhi lunamathele. Endaweni engeyona eyochwepheshe, i-viscosity ichazwa ngegama elithi "kubanda kune-molasses ngoJanuwari," okuyiqiniso ngempela.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-helium ewuketshezi yinto ehlukile edidayo. Ezingeni lokushisa elaziwa ngokuthi “iphoyinti le-delta,” elingamadigri angu-2,19 kuphela ngaphezu kukaziro ophelele, i-helium ewuketshezi igeleza kangcono kunasemazingeni okushisa aphakeme futhi, empeleni, icishe ibe namafu njengegesi. Enye imfihlakalo ekuziphatheni kwayo okungavamile yi-conductivity yayo ephezulu yokushisa. Endaweni ye-delta iphakeme izikhathi ezingu-500 kunethusi ekamelweni lokushisa. Ngazo zonke izinto ezididayo, i-helium ewuketshezi yenza imfihlakalo enkulu kososayensi befiziksi nosokhemisi.
USolwazi London uthe indlela engcono kakhulu yokuhumusha ukuguquguquka kwe-liquid helium ukukucabanga njengegesi ye-Bose-Einstein efanelekile, kusetshenziswa izibalo ezathuthukiswa ngo-1924-25, futhi kucatshangelwa nomqondo wokusebenza kukagesi wezinsimbi. Ngokusebenzisa izifaniso ezilula, uketshezi olumangalisayo lwe-helium oluwuketshezi lungachazwa kancane kuphela uma uketshezi luboniswa njengento efana nokuzulazula kwama-electron ezinsimbi lapho kuchazwa ukuhamba kukagesi.”
Ake sibheke isimo ngakolunye uhlangothi. Emkhakheni wezokwelapha nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, i-bacteriology ibambe iqhaza eliphambili iminyaka eyikhulu. Ithini indaba yakhe? Ngemva kweMpi YaseFranco-Prussia ngo-1870, uhulumeni waseJalimane wasungula iNyuvesi yaseStrasbourg enkulu. Uprofesa wakhe wokuqala we-anatomy kwakungu-Wilhelm von Waldeyer, futhi kamuva waba uprofesa we-anatomy eBerlin. Encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo, waphawula ukuthi phakathi kwabafundi abahamba naye eStrasbourg phakathi nesemester yakhe yokuqala, kwakukhona insizwa eyodwa engabonakali, ezimele, emfishane eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa ubudala okuthiwa uPaul Ehrlich. Inkambo evamile ye-anatomy yayihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic yezicubu. U-Ehrlich akazange akunake ukuhlukaniswa, kodwa, njengoba uWaldeyer ephawula encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo:
“Ngaqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi u-Ehrlich wayengasebenza edeskini lakhe isikhathi eside, egxile ngokuphelele ocwaningweni oluncane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itafula lakhe kancane kancane limbozwa amabala anemibala azo zonke izinhlobo. Lapho ngimbona esemsebenzini ngolunye usuku, ngaya kuye ngambuza ukuthi wenzani ngalo lonke lolu hlu lwezimbali ezimibalabala. Lapho-ke lo mfundi osemusha wesemester yokuqala, cishe ethatha izifundo ezivamile ze-anatomy, wangibuka futhi waphendula ngesizotha: “Ich probiere.” Lesi sisho singahunyushwa ngokuthi “ngiyazama”, noma njengokuthi “Ngiyazikhohlisa”. Ngathi kuye, “Kuhle kakhulu, qhubeka uzikhohlisa.” Ngokushesha ngabona ukuthi, ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi isiqondiso ngakimi, ngangithole e-Ehrlich umfundi osezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu.”
UWaldeyer wahlakanipha ngokumshiya yedwa. U-Ehrlich wasebenza ngendlela yakhe ohlelweni lwezokwelapha ngamazinga ahlukahlukene empumelelo futhi ekugcineni waphothula, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi kwaba sobala koprofesa bakhe ukuthi wayengenanhloso yokwenza ubudokotela. Wabe eseya e-Wroclaw, lapho asebenzela khona uProfessor Konheim, uthisha kaDkt Welch wethu, umsunguli nomsunguli wesikole sezokwelapha iJohns Hopkins. Angicabangi ukuthi umqondo wokusebenziseka uke wafika ku-Ehrlich. Wayenesithakazelo. Wayenelukuluku lokwazi; waqhubeka nokuzikhohlisa. Yiqiniso, le tomfoolery yakhe yayilawulwa umzwelo wemvelo ojulile, kodwa kwakuyisisusa sesayensi kuphela, hhayi esiwusizo. Lokhu kwaholelaphi? U-Koch nabasizi bakhe basungula isayensi entsha - i-bacteriology. Manje ukuhlola kuka-Ehrlich kwenziwa umfundi akanye naye u-Weigert. Wangcolisa amagciwane, okwasiza ukuba ahlukanise. U-Ehrlich ngokwakhe wenza indlela yokugcotshwa kwemibala eminingi yegazi ngamadayi lapho ulwazi lwethu lwesimanje lokuma kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu namhlophe lusekelwe khona. Futhi nsuku zonke, izinkulungwane zezibhedlela emhlabeni wonke zisebenzisa indlela ye-Ehrlich ekuhloleni igazi. Ngakho, i-tomfoolery engenanjongo ekamelweni lika-Waldeyer eStrasbourg yakhula yaba isici esiyinhloko sokwelashwa kwansuku zonke.
Ngizonikeza isibonelo esisodwa embonini, esithathwe ngokungahleliwe, ngoba... kukhona inqwaba yazo. USolwazi Berle weCarnegie Institute of Technology (Pittsburgh) ubhala lokhu okulandelayo:
Umsunguli wokukhiqizwa kwesimanje kwezindwangu zokwenziwa yi-French Count de Chardonnay. Kuyaziwa ukuthi wasebenzisa ikhambi
III
Angisho ukuthi yonke into eyenzekayo kumalabhorethri ekugcineni izothola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingalindelekile, noma ukuthi izicelo ezingokoqobo ziyisizathu sangempela sayo yonke imisebenzi. Ngikhuthaza ukuthi kuqedwe igama elithi "isicelo" futhi kukhululwe umoya womuntu. Yebo, ngale ndlela sizophinde sikhulule ama-eccentrics angenabungozi. Yebo, sizomosha imali ethile ngale ndlela. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi sizokhulula ingqondo yomuntu emaketangweni ayo, futhi siyikhulule ibheke emicimbini, ngakolunye uhlangothi, eyathatha uHale, uRutherford, u-Einstein nozakwabo izigidi nezigidi zamakhilomitha ukujula endaweni ekude kakhulu. amakhona omkhathi, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, akhulula amandla angenamkhawulo avaleleke ngaphakathi kwe-athomu. Okwenziwa uRutherford, uBohr, uMilikan nabanye ososayensi ngenxa yelukuluku lokuzama ukuqonda ukwakheka kwamandla e-athomu ayengaguqula ukuphila komuntu. Kodwa udinga ukuqonda ukuthi umphumela onjalo wokugcina futhi ongalindelekile awusona isizathu semisebenzi yabo kaRutherford, Einstein, Millikan, Bohr noma yimuphi ozakwabo. Kodwa asibayeke. Mhlawumbe akekho umholi wezemfundo okwazi ukubeka indlela abantu abathile okufanele basebenze phakathi kwayo. Ukulahlekelwa, futhi ngiyakuvuma futhi, kubonakala kukhulu, kodwa empeleni konke akunjalo. Zonke izindleko eziphelele ekuthuthukisweni kwe-bacteriology azilutho uma ziqhathaniswa nezinzuzo ezitholakala ekutholweni kukaPasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Theobald Smith nabanye. Lokhu bekungeke kwenzeke ukube umcabango wokuthi kungenzeka usetshenziswe wawubathathele ezingqondweni zabo. Lezi zingcweti ezinkulu, okungososayensi kanye nezazi ze-bacteriologist, zakha umoya owawukhona ezindaweni zokucwaninga lapho nje zazilandela ilukuluku labo lemvelo. Angizigxeki izikhungo ezifana nezikole zobunjiniyela noma izikole zomthetho, lapho izinto ezisetshenziswayo zibusa ngokungenakugwenywa. Ngokuvamile isimo siyashintsha, futhi ubunzima obungokoqobo okuhlangatshezwana nabo embonini noma ezindaweni zokucwaninga kukhuthaza ukuvela kocwaningo lwethiyori olungase luxazulule noma lungaxazululi inkinga ekhona, kodwa olungase luphakamise izindlela ezintsha zokubheka inkinga. Le mibono ingase ingabi nalusizo ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa ibe neziqalo zezimpumelelo zesikhathi esizayo, kokubili ngomqondo ongokoqobo nangomqondo wethiyori.
Ngokuqoqwa okusheshayo kolwazi "olungenamsebenzi" noma lwethiyori, kwavela isimo lapho kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqala ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingokoqobo ngendlela yesayensi. Akubona abaqambi kuphela, kodwa futhi nososayensi “beqiniso” bayazibandakanya kulokhu. Ngakhuluma ngoMarconi, umsunguli okwathi nakuba engumzuzisi wohlanga lwesintu, empeleni “wasebenzisa ubuchopho babanye.” U-Edison usesigabeni esifanayo. Kodwa uPasteur wayehlukile. Wayengusosayensi omkhulu, kodwa akazange agweme ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingokoqobo, ezifana nesimo samagilebhisi aseFrance noma izinkinga zokuphisa. U-Pasteur akazange nje abhekane nezinkinga eziphuthumayo, kodwa futhi wakhipha ezinkingeni ezingokoqobo ezinye iziphetho zethiyori ezithembisayo, “ezingenamsebenzi” ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa mhlawumbe “eziwusizo” ngendlela ethile eyayingalindelekile esikhathini esizayo. U-Ehrlich, owayengumcabango, wabhekana nenkinga yogcunsula futhi wasebenza kuyo ngenkani engavamile waze wathola ikhambi lokusebenzisa ngokushesha (isidakamizwa esithi "Salvarsan"). Ukutholwa kukaBanting kwe-insulin yokulwa nesifo sikashukela, kanye nokutholakala kwesibindi esikhishwe nguMinot noWhipple ukwelapha i-anemia eyingozi, kungokwesigaba esifanayo: zombili zenziwa ososayensi abaqaphela ukuthi lungakanani ulwazi "olungenamsebenzi" olwaluqoqwe ngabantu , bengenandaba imithelela engokoqobo, futhi leso yisikhathi esifanele manje sokubuza imibuzo ngokusebenziseka ngolimi lwesayensi.
Ngakho, kuba sobala ukuthi umuntu kumelwe aqaphe lapho okutholwe ngokwesayensi kubangelwa ngokuphelele umuntu oyedwa. Cishe konke okutholakele kwandulelwa indaba ende neyinkimbinkimbi. Othile uthole okuthile lapha, futhi omunye uthole okuthile lapho. Esinyathelweni sesithathu, impumelelo yadlula, njalo njalo, kuze kube yilapho ubuhlakani bothile buhlanganisa yonke into futhi yenze umnikelo wayo owujuqu. Isayensi, njengoMfula iMississippi, isuka emifudlaneni emincane ehlathini elithile elikude. Kancane kancane, eminye imifudlana ikhulisa ivolumu yayo. Ngakho, emithonjeni eminingi, kwakheka umfula onomsindo, ubhodloze amadamu.
Angikwazi ukuhlanganisa lolu daba ngokuphelele, kodwa ngingakusho lokhu kafushane: phakathi neminyaka eyikhulu noma amakhulu amabili, umnikelo wezikole zemisebenzi yezandla ezinhlotsheni ezifanele zomsebenzi cishe ngeke uhlanganise nokuqeqesha abantu, mhlawumbe kusasa. , bayoba onjiniyela abaqeqeshiwe, abameli, noma odokotela, kangangokuthi ngisho nalapho kuphishekela imigomo engokoqobo, kuyokwenziwa umsebenzi omningi obonakala ungenamsebenzi. Kulo msebenzi ongenamsebenzi kuvela okutholakele okungase kubonakale kubaluleke kakhulu engqondweni nasemoyeni womuntu kunokuzuza izinhloso eziwusizo ezadalelwa zona izikole.
Izinto engizibalulile zigqamisa, uma kudingekile ukugcizelela, ukubaluleka okukhulu kwenkululeko engokomoya nengokwengqondo. Ngikhulume ngesayensi yokuhlola nezibalo, kodwa amazwi ami ayasebenza nasemculweni, ubuciko, nokunye ukubonakaliswa komoya okhululekile womuntu. Iqiniso lokuthi kuletha ukwaneliseka emphefumulweni olwela ukuhlanzwa nokuphakanyiswa yisizathu esidingekayo. Ngokuthethelela ngale ndlela, ngaphandle kokubhekisela okucacile noma okungacacile kokusetshenziswayo, sihlonza izizathu zokuba khona kwamakolishi, amanyuvesi, nezikhungo zocwaningo. Izikhungo ezikhulula izizukulwane ezilandelayo zemiphefumulo yabantu zinalo lonke ilungelo lokuba khona, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lesi noma leso sifundo senza lokho okuthiwa umnikelo owusizo olwazini lomuntu noma cha. Inkondlo, i-symphony, umdwebo, iqiniso lezibalo, iqiniso elisha lesayensi - konke lokhu vele kunezizathu ezidingekayo ezidingwa amanyuvesi, amakolishi nezikhungo zocwaningo.
Isihloko okuxoxwa ngaso njengamanje sibucayi kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezithile (ikakhulukazi eJalimane nase-Italy) manje bazama ukukhawulela inkululeko yomoya womuntu. Amanyuvesi ashintshiwe ukuze abe amathuluzi ezandleni zalabo ababambe izinkolelo ezithile zezombusazwe, ezomnotho noma zobuhlanga. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, omunye umuntu ongenandaba kweminye yemibuso embalwa esele yentando yeningi esele kulo mhlaba uyoze akungabaze ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kwenkululeko yemfundo ephelele. Isitha sangempela sesintu asilele kumcabango ongesabi futhi ongenandaba, olungile noma ongalungile. Isitha seqiniso yindoda ezama ukuvala umoya womuntu ukuze ungabi nesibindi sokwelula amaphiko awo, njengoba kwenzeka e-Italy naseJalimane, naseGreat Britain nase-USA.
Futhi lo mbono awumusha. Nguye owakhuthaza u-von Humboldt ukuthi athole iNyuvesi yaseBerlin lapho uNapoleon enqoba iJalimane. Nguye owagqugquzela uMongameli uGilman ukuthi avule i-Johns Hopkins University, okwathi ngemva kwalokho yonke inyuvesi yakuleli, ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane, yafuna ukuzakha kabusha. Lona umbono wokuthi wonke umuntu owazisa umphefumulo wakhe ongafi uyothembeka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani. Kodwa-ke, izizathu zenkululeko engokomoya zihamba phambili kakhulu kunobuqiniso, kungaba emkhakheni wesayensi noma wesintu, ngoba... kusho ukubekezelela uhla oluphelele lokuhlukana kwabantu. Yini engaba yizithutha noma ehlekisayo kunokuthandwa nokungathandwa okusekelwe kuhlanga noma ngokwenkolo kuwo wonke umlando wesintu? Ingabe abantu bafuna ama-symphonies, imidwebo namaqiniso ajulile esayensi, noma bafuna ama-symphonies obuKristu, imidwebo nesayensi, noma amaJuda, noma amaSulumane? Noma mhlawumbe i-Egypt, isiJapane, isiShayina, iMelika, isiJalimane, isiRashiya, ukubonakaliswa kwamakhomanisi noma okulandelanayo kwengcebo engapheli yomphefumulo womuntu?
IV
Ngikholelwa ukuthi omunye wemiphumela emangalisa kakhulu nesheshayo yokungabekezelelani kwazo zonke izinto zangaphandle ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-Institute for Advanced Study, eyasungulwa ngo-1930 nguLouis Bamberger nodadewabo uFelix Fuld ePrinceton, eNew Jersey. Yayitholakala ePrinceton ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuzibophezela kwabasunguli kuhulumeni, kodwa, ngokwazi kwami, futhi ngoba kwakukhona umnyango omncane kodwa omuhle oneziqu edolobheni lapho ukubambisana okuseduze kwakungenzeka. Isikhungo sinesikweletu eNyuvesi yasePrinceton esingasoze saziswa ngokugcwele. I-Institute, lapho ingxenye enkulu yabasebenzi bayo isivele iqashiwe, yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1933. Ososayensi abadumile baseMelika basebenza emandleni abo: izazi zezibalo uVeblen, u-Alexander noMorse; izazi zesintu uMeritt, uLevy noNkosazana Goldman; izintatheli kanye nosomnotho uStewart, Riefler, Warren, Earle kanye noMitrany. Lapha kufanele futhi sengeze ososayensi ababalulekile ngokulinganayo asebevele bakhe enyuvesi, emtatsheni wezincwadi, nasezilabhorethri zedolobha lasePrinceton. Kodwa i-Institute for Advanced Study ikweleta uHitler ngochwepheshe bezibalo u-Einstein, Weyl no-von Neumann; kubameleli be-Humanities Herzfeld kanye nePanofsky, kanye nenani lentsha, phakathi neminyaka eyisithupha edlule, ithonywe yileli qembu elivelele, futhi kakade iqinisa isikhundla semfundo yaseMelika kuwo wonke amagumbi ezwe.
I-Institute, ngokombono wenhlangano, iyisikhungo esilula nesingekho emthethweni umuntu angasicabanga. Iqukethe amakhono amathathu: izibalo, ubuntu, ezomnotho kanye nesayensi yezepolitiki. Ngamunye wabo wayehlanganisa iqembu laphakade loprofesa kanye neqembu elishintsha njalo ngonyaka labasebenzi. Ikhono ngalinye lenza izindaba zalo njengoba libona kufanele. Eqenjini, umuntu ngamunye uzinqumela indlela yokusebenzisa isikhathi sakhe nokusabalalisa amandla akhe. Izisebenzi, ezazivela emazweni angu-22 nasemanyuvesi angu-39, zamukelwa e-United States ngamaqembu amaningana uma zibhekwa njengabafanelekayo. Banikezwa izinga lenkululeko efanayo neloprofesa. Bangasebenza noprofesa oyedwa noma omunye ngesivumelwano; bavunyelwe ukusebenza bodwa, bebonisana ngezikhathi ezithile nomuntu ongaba usizo.
Akukho okujwayelekile, akukho ukuhlukana phakathi koprofesa, amalungu esikhungo noma izivakashi. Abafundi nosolwazi eNyuvesi yasePrinceton kanye namalungu kanye noprofesa eSikhungweni Sokufunda Okuthuthukile baxubana kalula kangangokuthi babengahlukaniseki. Ukufunda ngokwako kwatshalwa. Imiphumela yomuntu ngamunye kanye nomphakathi yayingekho ngaphansi kwenani lentshisekelo. Akukho mihlangano, awekho amakomiti. Ngakho, abantu abanemibono babejabulela indawo ekhuthaza ukuzindla nokubonisana. Isazi sezibalo singakwazi ukwenza izibalo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Kunjalo nangommeleli wabantu, isazi sezomnotho, kanye nososayensi wezepolitiki. Ubukhulu nezinga lokubaluleka komnyango wezokuphatha kwehliswa kwaba sezingeni eliphansi. Abantu abangenayo imibono, abangenalo ikhono lokugxila kuyo, bangazizwa bengakhululekile kulesi sikhungo.
Mhlawumbe ngingachaza kafushane ngezingcaphuno ezilandelayo. Ukuze kuhehe uprofesa waseHarvard ukuthi azosebenza ePrinceton, kwabelwa iholo, futhi wabhala: “Iyini imisebenzi yami?” Ngaphendula, “Ayikho imithwalo yemfanelo, amathuba nje kuphela.”
Isazi sezibalo esincane esihlakaniphile, ngemva kokuchitha unyaka eNyuvesi yasePrinceton, seza sizovalelisa kimi. Wathi esezophuma wathi:
“Ungase ube nentshisekelo yokwazi ukuthi lo nyaka ungiphatheleni.”
“Yebo,” ngiphendula.
“Izibalo,” eqhubeka. - ikhula ngokushesha; kunezincwadi eziningi. Sekuphele iminyaka engu-10 nganikezwa iziqu zami zobudokotela. Sekuyisikhathi eside ngiqhubeka nesihloko sami sokucwaninga, kodwa kamuva nje sekunzima kakhulu ukwenza lokhu, futhi sekuvele umuzwa wokungaqiniseki. Manje, ngemva konyaka ngilapha, amehlo ami asevuliwe. Kwaqala ukuntwela ukukhanya kwase kuba lula ukuphefumula. Ngicabanga ngezihloko ezimbili engifuna ukuzishicilela maduze.
- Kuyoze kube nini lokhu? - Ngibuzile.
- Iminyaka emihlanu, mhlawumbe eyishumi.
- Khona-ke?
- Ngizobuya lapha.
Futhi isibonelo sesithathu sivela kwesakamuva. Uprofesa wasenyuvesi enkulu yaseNtshonalanga wafika ePrinceton ekupheleni kukaDisemba ngonyaka odlule. Uhlele ukuqala kabusha ukusebenza noSolwazi Moray (wasePrinceton University). Kodwa uphakamise ukuthi axhumane noPanofsky noSvazhensky (abavela eSikhungweni Sokufunda Okuthuthukile). Futhi manje usebenza nabo bobathathu.
“Kufanele ngihlale,” enezela. - Kuze kube Okthoba ozayo.
“Uzobe ushisa lapha ehlobo,” kusho mina.
"Ngizoba matasa kakhulu futhi ngijabule kakhulu ukunakekela."
Ngakho, inkululeko ayiholeli ekumeni, kodwa igcwele ingozi yokusebenza ngokweqile. Muva nje inkosikazi yelinye ilungu eliyiNgisi leNhlangano yabuza: “Ingabe wonke umuntu usebenza ngempela kuze kube ihora lesibili ekuseni?”
Kuze kube manje, i-Institute ibingenazo izakhiwo zayo. Ongoti bezibalo njengamanje bavakashela iFine Hall eMnyangweni Wezibalo wasePrinceton; abanye abameleli besintu - eMcCormick Hall; abanye basebenza ezindaweni ezahlukene zedolobha. Osomnotho manje sebenegumbi ehhotela i-Princeton. Ihhovisi lami lisebhilidini lamahhovisi ku-Nassau Street, phakathi kwabanikazi bezitolo, odokotela bamazinyo, abameli, abameli be-chiropractic, nabacwaningi beNyuvesi yase-Princeton abenza ucwaningo lukahulumeni wendawo kanye nomphakathi. Izitini nemishayo akwenzi mehluko, njengoba uMongameli uGilman afakazela eBaltimore eminyakeni engaba ngu-60 edlule. Nokho, siyakukhumbula ukuxhumana sodwa. Kodwa lokhu kushiyeka kuzolungiswa lapho sakhelwa isakhiwo esiseceleni esibizwa ngokuthi iFuld Hall, okuyinto asebeyenzile abasunguli balesi sikhungo. Kodwa kulapho okumele kuphele khona imicikilisho. ISikhungo kumele sihlale siyisikhungo esincane, futhi kuzoba nombono wokuthi abasebenzi beSikhungo bafuna ukuba nesikhathi samahhala, bazizwe bevikelekile futhi bekhululekile ezindabeni zenhlangano nesimiso, futhi, ekugcineni, kufanele kube nemibandela yokuxhumana okungakahleleki nososayensi abavela ePrinceton. Inyuvesi nabanye abantu , okungenzeka ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile bayengelwa ePrinceton besuka ezindaweni ezikude. Kula madoda kwakukhona uNiels Bohr waseCopenhagen, u-von Laue waseBerlin, uLevi-Civita waseRoma, u-André Weil waseStrasbourg, uDirac noH. H. Hardy baseCambridge, uPauli waseZurich, uLemaitre waseLeuven, uWade-Gery wase-Oxford, kanye nabaseMelika base-Oxford. amanyuvesi aseHarvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, California, Johns Hopkins University nezinye izikhungo zokukhanya nokukhanyiselwa.
Asenzi zithembiso kithina, kodwa silazisa ithemba lokuthi ukuphishekela ngaphandle kwezihibe kolwazi olungenamsebenzi kuzothinta kokubili ikusasa kanye nesikhathi esidlule. Kodwa-ke, asisebenzisi le mpikiswano ekuvikeleni isikhungo. Seliphenduke ipharadesi kososayensi abathi, njengezimbongi nabaculi, bathole ilungelo lokwenza yonke into ngokuthanda kwabo, nabazuza okwengeziwe uma bevunyelwa.
Ukuhumusha: Shchekotova Yana
Source: www.habr.com