Owokuqala ukusuka kwesokunxele nguMarvin Minsky, owesibili ukusuka kwesobunxele ngu-Alan Kay, bese kuba uJohn Perry Barlow noGloria Minsky.
Umbuzo: Ungawuhumusha kanjani umbono kaMarvin Minsky wokuthi “Isayensi Yekhompyutha isivele inohlelo lolimi. Akudingayo izincwadi.”?
Alan Kay: Isici esithakazelisa kakhulu sokuqoshwa (okuhlanganisa nokuphawula) ukuthi akukho ukubhekisela komlando kulo mbono okungatholakala noma kuphi. Eqinisweni, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 edlule ku-60s kwakunezinkulumo eziningi mayelana nalokhu futhi, njengoba ngikhumbula, izihloko eziningana.
Ngaqala ukuzwa ngalo mbono ku-Bob Barton, ngo-1967 ngisesikoleni esiphakeme, lapho engitshela ukuthi lo mbono wawuyingxenye yokugqugquzela uDonald Knuth lapho ebhala I-Art of Programming, izahluko zazo ezazivele zisakazwa. Omunye wemibuzo kaBob oyinhloko ngaleso sikhathi wawumayelana "nezilimi zokuhlela eziklanyelwe ukufundwa abantu kanye nemishini." Futhi lokho kwakuyisisusa esiyinhloko sezingxenye zomklamo we-COBOL ekuqaleni kwawo-60s. Futhi, mhlawumbe okubaluleke nakakhulu kumongo wesihloko sethu, lo mbono ubonakala ngolimi lwasekuqaleni kakhulu noluklanywe kahle kakhulu olusebenzisanayo lwe-JOSS (ikakhulukazi u-Cliff Shaw).
Njengoba uFrank Smith aphawula, izincwadi ziqala ngemibono okufanele ixoxwe futhi ibhalwe phansi; ngokuvamile ikhiqiza izethulo ngokwengxenye futhi inwebe izilimi ezikhona namafomu; kuholela emibonweni emisha ngokufunda nokubhala; futhi ekugcineni emibonweni emisha eyayingeyona ingxenye yesisusa sokuqala.
Ingxenye yombono "we-literaturization" ukufunda, ukubhala, nokubhekisela kwezinye izindatshana ezingahle zithakazelise. Isibonelo, inkulumo kaMarvin Minsky's Turing Award iqala ngokuthi: .
Wayesho ukuthi into ebaluleke kakhulu ku-computing incazelo nokuthi ingabukwa futhi imelelwe kanjani, ngokuphambene nenye yezindikimba ezinkulu zama-60s mayelana nendlela yokuhlaziya izinhlelo nezilimi zemvelo. Kuye, into ethakazelisa kakhulu ngethesis kaTerry Winograd yomfundi we-Master kungaba ukuthi nakuba yayingalungile kakhulu ngokohlelo lolimi lwesiNgisi (yayiyinhle kakhulu), kodwa yayingenza umqondo walokho okushiwo futhi ithethelele lokho okushiwo. kusho usebenzisa le value. (Lokhu kuwukubuyisela emuva lokho uKen abika kubhulogi likaMarvin).
Indlela efanayo yokubheka "ukufunda ulimi olutholakala yonke indawo." Kuningi okungenziwa ngaphandle kokushintsha ulimi noma ngisho nokwengeza isichazamazwi. Lokhu kufana nokuthi ngezimpawu zezibalo kanye ne-syntax kulula kakhulu ukubhala ifomula. Lokhu ngokwengxenye uMarvin akuthola. Kuyahlekisa ukuthi umshini weTuring osencwadini kaMarvin ethi Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines (enye yezincwadi engizikhonzile) iyikhompyutha ejwayelekile enemiyalelo emibili (engeza oku-1 ukuze ubhalise futhi ukhiphe oku-1 kurejista nasemagatsheni uwuyise emfundisweni omusha uma irejista ingaphansi 0 - kunezinketho eziningi.)
Ulimi olujwayelekile lokuhlela, kodwa qaphela izingibe. Isixazululo esinengqondo "sokufunda emhlabeni wonke" kuzodingeka futhi sibe nezinhlobo ezithile zamandla okuveza okungenzeka zidinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokufunda.
Intshisekelo ka-Don kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "uhlelo lokufunda nokubhala" kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwesistimu yokugunyaza (eyaziwa ngokomlando ngokuthi i-WEB) eyayizovumela u-Don ukuba achaze lona kanye uhlelo olwalubhalwa, futhi olwaluhlanganisa izici eziningi ezazivumela izingxenye zohlelo ukuba zenzeke. ikhishelwe isifundo somuntu. Umqondo wawuwukuthi idokhumenti ye-WEB yayiwuhlelo, futhi umdidiyeli angakhipha izingxenye ezihlanganisiwe nezisebenzisekayo kulo.
Okunye okusha kwasekuqaleni kwakuwumbono wemidiya eguquguqukayo, okwakuwumbono odumile ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s, futhi kwabaningi bethu kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yekhompyutha ye-PC esebenzisanayo. Esinye sezisusa eziningana zalo mbono kwakuwukuba nokuthile okufana ne "Newton's Principles" lapho "izibalo" zazishukumisayo futhi zingaqhutshwa futhi ziboshwe kumahluzo, njll. Lokhu kwakuyingxenye yesisusa sokuthuthukisa umbono weDynabook ngo-1968 ngonyaka. Elinye lamagama aqala ukusetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi kwaba “i-eseyi esebenzayo,” lapho izinhlobo zokubhala nempikiswano umuntu angalindela endabeni ithuthukiswa uhlelo lokuxoxisana ngokuba olunye lwezinhlobo eziningi zemidiya zohlobo olusha lombhalo.
Ezinye izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zenziwa ku-Hypercard ngu-Ted Cuyler ngokwakhe ngasekupheleni kwawo-80s nasekuqaleni kwawo-90. I-Hypercard ayizange ilungiselelwe lokhu ngokuqondile - imibhalo bekungezona izinto zemidiya zamakhadi, kodwa ungenza umsebenzi othile uthole imibhalo ezoboniswa emakhadini futhi uwenze asebenzisane. Isibonelo esivusa inkanuko ikakhulukazi kwakuyi-"Weasel", okwakuyindatshana esebenzayo echaza ingxenye yencwadi kaRichard Dawkins I-Blind Watchmaker, evumela umfundi ukuba ahlole uhlaka olusebenzisa uhlobo lwenqubo yokuzalanisa ukuze athole imisho eqondiwe.
Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela ukuthi nakuba i-Hypercard yayicishe ilingane ne-inthanethi esafufusa—kanye nokutholwa kwayo okwandile ekuqaleni kwawo-'90s—abantu abadale i-inthanethi bakhetha ukungayimukeli noma imibono emikhulu ka-Engelbart yangaphambili. Futhi i-Apple, eyayinabantu abaningi be-ARPA/Parc ophikweni lwayo lokucwaninga, yenqaba ukubalalela ngokubaluleka kwe-inthanethi nokuthi i-Hypercard izoba kanjani kahle ekuqaliseni uhlelo lokufunda nokubhala olulinganayo. U-Apple wenqabile ukwenza isiphequluli ngesikhathi lapho isiphequluli esihle ngempela bekungaba intuthuko ebalulekile, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi sidlale indima enkulu ekutheni "ubuso bomphakathi" be-inthanethi bube kanjani.
Uma siqhubekela phambili eminyakeni embalwa sithola ubuwula obuphelele - obucishe bube yichilo ngisho - lwesiphequluli sewebhu esingenalo uhlelo lwangempela lokuthuthukisa (cabanga ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-wiki kwakufanele kusebenze kanjani), futhi njengesinye sezibonelo eziningi ezilula, isihloko se-Wikipedia. njenge-LOGO , esebenza kukhompyutha, kodwa ayivumeli umfundi we-athikili ukuthi azame ukuhlela i-LOGO kusuka esihlokweni. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi okwakubalulekile kumakhompyutha kwakuvinjiwe kubasebenzisi ukuze kuvikelwe ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile kwemidiya yakudala.
Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela ukuthi iWikipedia ibiwuhlobo oluyinhloko lokucabanga, ukusungula, ukusebenzisa, nokubhala "izincwadi zekhompyutha" ezidingekayo (futhi lokhu kuhilela kokubili ukufunda nokubhala ngezindlela eziningi ze-multimedia, kuhlanganise nokuhlela).
Okubaluleke nakakhulu ukucabanga ngakho ukuthi angikwazi ukubhala uhlelo lapha kule mpendulo ye-Quora - ngo-2017! - lokhu kuzosiza ukukhombisa ukuthi yini ngempela engizama ukuyichaza, naphezu kwamandla amakhulu ekhompiyutha asekela lo mbono obuthakathaka wemidiya esebenzisanayo. Umbuzo obalulekile uthi "kwenzekani?" akunakwa nhlobo lapha.
Ukuze uthole umbono wenkinga, nali uhlelo lwango-1978 esiluvuse ngokwengxenye eminyakeni embalwa edlule njengesikhumbuzo ku-Ted Nelson futhi ngokwengxenye okokuzijabulisa.
(Sicela ubuke lapha ngo-2:15)
Lonke uhlelo luwumzamo wokuqala walokhu engikhuluma ngakho eminyakeni engama-40 edlule.
Isibonelo esihle singabonakala ngo-9:06.
Ngaphandle kokuthi "izinto eziguquguqukayo", okunye okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile lapha ukuthi "imibono" - imidiya ebonakalayo ekhasini - ingacutshungulwa ngendlela efanayo futhi ngaphandle kokuqukethwe kwayo (sikubiza ngokuthi "amamodeli"). Yonke into "iwindi" (ezinye zinemingcele ecacile kanti ezinye azibonisi imingcele yazo). Zonke zihlanganiswe ekhasini lephrojekthi. Okunye ukuqonda kwaba ukuthi njengoba kufanele uhlanganise futhi uhlanganise izinto ezithile, qiniseka ukuthi yonke into iyahlanganiswa futhi iyaqanjwa.
Ngicabanga ukuthi abasebenzisi abangahlakaniphile bangathethelelwa ngokungakwazi ukugxeka imiklamo emibi. Kodwa abahleli abenza imidiya esebenzisanayo yabasebenzisi, futhi abangenandaba nokufunda ngemidiya nokuklama, ikakhulukazi emlandweni wensimu yabo, akufanele babaleke ngakho kalula futhi akufanele baklonyeliswe ngokwenza kanjalo. “babuthakathaka”.
Okokugcina, insimu engenazo izincwadi zangempela icishe ilingane nokuthi insimu ayiyona insimu. Imibhalo iyindlela yokulondoloza imibono emihle ohlotsheni olusha, nasekucabangeni kwamanje nokuzayo kulowo mkhakha. Lokhu, kunjalo, akukho ezibalweni kunoma yiliphi izinga eliwusizo. Njengesiko le-pop, i-computing isathanda kakhulu ukuthi yini engenziwa ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okubanzi, futhi lapho ukubulawa kubaluleke kakhulu kunemiphumela yemiphumela. Imibhalo ingenye yezindlela lapho ungasuka kokulula nokusheshayo uye kokukhudlwana nokubaluleke kakhulu.
Siyayidinga!
Mayelana ne-GoTo School
- Juni 17-30, Julayi 15-28, Agasti 12-25
Source: www.habr.com