Yini ongayilindela uma ufuna ukuba unjiniyela we-iOS

Kusukela ngaphandle kwe-iOS, ukuthuthukiswa kungabonakala njengeklabhu evaliwe. Ukuze usebenze, udinga ikhompyutha yakwa-Apple; Ngaphakathi ungaphinde uzwe ukungqubuzana ngezinye izikhathi - abanye bathi ulimi lwe-Objective-C ludala futhi luyinkimbinkimbi, kanti abanye bathi ulimi olusha lwe-Swift alunangqondo kakhulu.

Noma kunjalo, onjiniyela bangena kule ndawo futhi, uma sebelapho, banelisekile.

Ngalesi sikhathi, uMarat Nurgaliev noBoris Pavlov basitshela ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo - ukuthi bafunde kanjani lo msebenzi, ukuthi baphumelele kanjani izingxoxo zabo zokuqala, kungani bathola ukwenqaba. Futhi u-Andrei Antropov, umqondisi, wenza njengochwepheshe I-Faculty of iOS Development ku-GeekBrains.

Ngo-2016, uMarat Nurgaliev ovela esifundeni sase-Astrakhan weza ukuzothola umsebenzi njengonjiniyela ohambahambayo enkampanini yendawo kamabonakude. Lena kwakuyinhlolokhono yakhe yokuqala. Wayesanda kubuya ebuthweni, ngaphandle kokuzijwayeza kanye nesipiliyoni, esekhohlwe ngisho nethiyori, ayevele enezinkinga ngayo. Okuwukuphela kokuhlangenwe nakho kukaMarat ekuthuthukisweni kweselula kwaba ithisisi yakhe yokuhlaziya ukuvuza kolwazi kugeleza ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android. Engxoxweni, wabuzwa ngezifundo zakhe, i-OOP kanye neminye imibono, kodwa uMarat akakwazanga ukufihla izikhala olwazini lwakhe.

Kodwa-ke, akazange anqatshelwe, kodwa wanikwa umsebenzi ongokoqobo - ukusebenzisa ukubonisa uhlu lwezindaba usebenzisa i-API emasontweni amabili. Kokubili i-iOS ne-Android. “Uma nginolwazi ku-Android, belingekho ngisho ithuluzi lokudala inguqulo ye-iOS. Indawo yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-iOS itholakala kuphela ku-Mac. Kodwa ngemva kwamasonto amabili ngabuya futhi ngabonisa engingakwenza ku-Android. Nge-iOS kwadingeka ngikuthole ngokushesha. Ekugcineni bangithatha. Ngabe sengihlala e-Astrakhan. Noma yimuphi umsebenzi we-IT oneholo elingaphezu kwamashumi amabili wawungifanela.”

Obani abathuthukisi be-iOS?

Onjiniyela beselula benza izinhlelo zokusebenza zanoma iyiphi idivayisi ephathekayo. Ama-smartphone, amathebulethi, amawashi ahlakaniphile nazo zonke ezinye izinkundla ezisekela i-Android noma i-iOS. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuthuthukiswa kweselula azihlukile ekuthuthukisweni okuvamile, kodwa ngenxa yamathuluzi athile, ihlukaniswe yaba isiqondiso esihlukile. Isebenzisa amathuluzi ayo, izilimi zokuhlela nezinhlaka.

“Ukuze usebenze ne-iOS, udinga iMacBook, ngoba yiyona kuphela enendawo edingekayo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Xcode. Kumahhala futhi kusakazwa nge-AppStore. Ukuze ufake, udinga ukuba ne-ID yakho ye-Apple futhi akukho okunye. Ku-Xcode ungakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zanoma yini - ifoni, ithebhulethi, iwashi. Kunesifanisi esakhelwe ngaphakathi nesihleli sayo yonke into,” kusho u-Andrey Antropov, umphathi womnyango wokuthuthukiswa kwe-iOS kwaGeekBrains.

“Kodwa indawo yokuthuthuka ingafakwa kuWindows uma usebenzisa i-Hackintosh. Lena inketho esebenzayo, kodwa ezungezayo - abekho kubathuthukisi abakhulu abenza lokhu. Abaqalayo bathenga i-MacBook endala. Futhi abanolwazi ngokuvamile bangakwazi ukuthenga imodeli yakamuva.”

Izilimi - Swift noma Objective-C

Cishe konke ukuthuthukiswa kwe-iOS kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ulimi lokuhlela lwe-Swift. Yavela eminyakeni emihlanu edlule futhi manje isithatha kancane kancane ulimi oludala lwe-Objective-C, i-Apple elusebenzise kuzo zonke izinhlelo zayo zokusebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30.

“Kuqoqwe isisekelo esikhulu sekhodi ku-Objective-C, ngakho-ke abathuthukisi bazo zombili izilimi basadingeka, kuya ngenkampani, imisebenzi yayo kanye nezicelo. Izicelo ezabhalwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule zisekelwe ku-Objective-C. Futhi wonke amaphrojekthi amasha athuthukiswa ku-Swift ngokuzenzakalelayo. Manje i-Apple yenza okuningi ukwenza ukuthuthukiswa kanyekanye kwefoni, ithebhulethi, iwashi ne-MacBook kube lula ngangokunokwenzeka. Ikhodi efanayo ingahlanganiswa futhi isebenze yonke indawo. Lokhu akuzange kwenzeke ngaphambili. Ku-iOS sathuthukela ku-Swift, ku-MacOS sasebenzisa i-Objective-C.”

Ngokuka-Andrey, i-Swift iwulimi olulula kakhulu olunobungani kwabaqalayo. Ibhalwe ngokuqinile, okuvumela ukuthi ubambe amaphutha amaningi esigabeni sokuhlanganiswa kwephrojekthi, futhi ikhodi engalungile ngeke isebenze.

“I-Objective-C iwulimi oludala kakhulu - iminyaka efanayo nolimi lwe-C++. Ngesikhathi ithuthukiswa, izidingo zezilimi zazihluke ngokuphelele. Lapho u-Swift ephuma, kwakuyi-buggy, ukusebenza kwakunomkhawulo, futhi i-syntax yayinzima. Futhi abantu babenezandla ezigcwele i-Objective-C. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi ithuthukiswa, wonke amaphutha akhona alungisiwe. Kodwa manje ngicabanga ukuthi i-Swift inhle njenge-Objective-C. Nakuba i-Apple isasebenzisa kokubili kumaphrojekthi ayo. Izilimi ziyashintshana kakhulu futhi ziyahambisana. Izakhiwo nezinto zolunye ulimi zingaguqulwa zibe izinto nezakhiwo zolunye ulimi. Kuhle ukwazi zombili lezi zinketho, kodwa kwabaqalayo i-Objective-C ivamise ukubonakala ithusa futhi idida."

Izifundo zokuqeqesha

“Emsebenzini wami wokuqala, umphathi wami wangiqeqesha, wangisiza ekusebenziseni nasekumiseni iphrojekthi,” kusho uMarat, “Kodwa ukusebenza ku-Android ne-iOS ngesikhathi esifanayo kunzima. Kuthatha isikhathi ukwakha kabusha, ukushintsha kusuka kuphrojekthi kuye kuphrojekthi, kusuka olimini kuye olimini. Ekugcineni, nganquma ukuthi kwakudingeka ngikhethe indlela eyodwa futhi ngiyifunde. Ngithengiswe ku-interface ye-Xcode kanye ne-syntax elula ye-Swift. "

UMarat ungene emnyangweni wokuthuthukiswa kwe-iOS kwaGeekBrains. Ekuqaleni kwakulula kakhulu, ngoba wayazi izinto eziningi ngesipiliyoni somsebenzi. Isifundo sonyaka sihlukaniswe izingxenye ezine. Ngokuka-Andrey, eyokuqala inikeza kuphela izisekelo eziyisisekelo: “Isisekelo solimi lwe-Swift, ulwazi lwezinhlaka eziyisisekelo, inethiwekhi, ukugcinwa kwedatha, umjikelezo wokuphila wohlelo, isilawuli, izakhiwo eziyisisekelo, imitapo yolwazi eyinhloko esetshenziswa yiwo wonke umuntu, ukufunda okuningi nokufana izicelo.”

Ikota yesibili yengeza i-Objective-C. Isifundo siqhutshwa mayelana nezakhiwo kanye namaphethini wokuhlela ayisisekelo. Ngekota yesithathu, bafundisa indlela efanele yokubhala ikhodi. Ichaza ukuthi iyini imboni, ukubhala izivivinyo ngendlela efanele, ukudala amaphrojekthi, ukuthi iyini i-Git-Flow, Ukuhlanganiswa Okuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa i-Fast Lane. Ikota yesine neyokugcina inikezelwe ekusebenzeni kweqembu, imisebenzi eyenziwayo kanye nama-internship.

“Ikota yokuqala ibilula,” kusho uMarat, “kodwa ngabe sengiqala ukufunda izinhlelo ku-Objective-C, ngafunda amaphethini wokuklama, imigomo ye-Solid, i-Git-Flow, i-architecture yephrojekthi, ukuhlolwa kweyunithi kanye ne-UI yezinhlelo zokusebenza, ukumisa ukugqwayiza ngokwezifiso. - ngase ngiba mnandi ukufunda.”

"Akuzange kuqale kahle kimina kwa-GeekBrains," kusho u-Boris Pavlov, futhi indlela yakhe yokuthuthukiswa kwe-iOS ngokuvamile yayingaqondile kakhulu. Umfana wakhuliswa ugogo wakhe. Wayengumakhi, isazi sezibalo nomklami futhi wagxilisa ku-Boris uthando lokuklama, wamfundisa ukudweba ngesandla nokudweba. Umalume wakhe wayengumqondisi wesistimu futhi ethanda umshana wakhe kumakhompyutha.

U-Boris wayengumfundi omuhle kakhulu, kodwa walahlekelwa isithakazelo sokufunda futhi wasiyeka isikole ngemva kwamabanga ayisishiyagalolunye. Ngemva kokuqeda isikole, waqala ukugibela ibhayisikili, futhi amakhompyutha afiphala ngemuva. Kodwa ngolunye usuku u-Boris wathola ukulimala komgogodla, okwamvimbela ukuba aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe wezemidlalo.

Waqala ukufunda i-C++ nothisha e-Irkutsk Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics. Ngabe sengiba nentshisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwegeyimu futhi ngazama ukushintshela ku-C #. Futhi ekugcineni, njengoMarat, wakhangwa ulimi lwe-Swift.

“Ngithathe isinqumo sokwenza izifundo zamahhala e-GeekBrains. Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, wayeyisicefe kakhulu, evilapha futhi engaqondakali,” kukhumbula uBoris, “uthisha wayekhuluma ngezici zolimi, kodwa egijima esuka kwesinye isihloko eya kwesinye ngaphandle kokuwudalula umongo. Lapho kuphela isifundo, ngangingakaqondi lutho.”

Ngakho-ke, ngemva kwesifundo sokuqala, u-Boris akazange abhalise ukuqeqeshwa okuthatha unyaka wonke, kodwa ezifundweni ezimfushane zezinyanga ezintathu, lapho befundisa khona izinto eziyisisekelo zomsebenzi. Ngathola othisha abakahle kakhulu, futhi bachaza yonke into ngokucacile.”

“Sihlala sigxekwa, kuthiwa izincwadi zethu zokuqeqesha azihambisani neze nesikhathi, kukhona okunganembile. Kodwa izifundo zivuselelwa njalo, futhi othisha bahlale bekhuluma ngezinto ezintsha. Emaqenjini engiwaholayo amaningi athola imisebenzi ngemuva kwekota yokuqala. Yebo, ngokuvamile laba kungabantu abanolwazi lwezinhlelo,” kusho u-Andrey, “Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lonke ulwazi alukwazi ukudluliselwa ngesifundo esisodwa. Ukusebenzisana kweklayenti lenethiwekhi empilweni akukwazi ukungena ezifundweni eziyishumi zamahora amabili. Futhi uma uya ezifundweni kuphela futhi ungenzi lutho olunye, khona-ke ngeke ube nolwazi olwanele. Uma ufunda nsuku zonke unyaka wonke, khona-ke ngalesi sivinini kuphela amavila ngeke athole umsebenzi. Ngoba isidingo emsebenzini siphezulu kakhulu. ”

Ungabona okuningi izikhala zakamuva konjiniyela be-iOS futhi ubhalisele abasha.

umsebenzi

Kodwa uMarat noBoris abazange bawuthole kalula umsebenzi.

“Ezinye izinkampani ezinkulu kudala zakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-iOS ku-Objective-C, futhi ziyaqhubeka nokugcina isisekelo sekhodi endala. Ngeshwa, anginayo impikiswano ephoqayo yokubaphoqa ukuthi basebenzise i-Swift kuphela. Ikakhulukazi labo abasebenzisa umthetho othi "bangathinti okusebenzayo," kusho uMarat, "kunakwa okuncane ekuqondisweni kwe-Objective-C e-Geekbrains. Kungokwemvelo yolwazi. Kodwa zonke izinkampani engixoxisane nazo zabuza mayelana ne-Objective-C. Futhi njengoba izifundo zami zigxile ku-Swift, njengomsebenzi wami wangaphambili, ngithole ukwenqaba ezingxoxweni.”

"Ngemva kokufunda, ngangazi ngedwa izinto eziyisisekelo ezikha phezulu, ngosizo engangikwazi ukudala uhlelo olulula," kusho u-Boris "Ngomsebenzi, kwakunganele, kodwa ngangijabule ngalokhu. Kwakunzima ukuthola umsebenzi e-Irkutsk. Ukunemba kakhudlwana - akunjalo. Nganquma ukuyobheka kwamanye amadolobha. Ngokuphathelene nenani lezikhala, i-Krasnodar, iMoscow neSt. Nganquma ukuya eSt. Petersburg - eduze neYurophu.

Kodwa konke kwabonakala kungekuhle kangako. Ngisho nomncane uzoxolelwa ngalokho angakwazi. Angikawutholi umsebenzi. Ngisebenzela "ngiyabonga", ngithola ulwazi. Ngiyaqonda ukuthi lokhu akukhona engangikufuna, kodwa nginesithakazelo, futhi lokhu kuyangishayela. Ngifuna ukuthola ulwazi."

U-Andrey ukholelwa ukuthi abasanda kuhlanganyela kufanele babheke ama-internship esikhundleni semisebenzi. Uma unolwazi oluncane kakhulu, kujwayelekile ukuthi i-internship ingakhokhelwa. U-Andrey weluleka ngokufaka izicelo zezikhala zomsebenzi ezincane ezinkampanini ezinkulu lapho uhlelo lomsebenzi selusunguliwe.

“Uma uqonda ukuthi inqubo yokuthuthukisa isoftware isebenza kanjani, kuzoba lula kakhulu ukuzulazula nokuthola omunye umsebenzi, kuye ngezifiso zakho. Abanye abantu baya ekuthuthukisweni okuzimele, bazenzele imidlalo, balayishe esitolo, futhi benze imali ngayo ngokwabo. Abanye basebenzela inkampani enkulu enemithetho eqinile. Abanye abantu benza imali ezitudiyo ezincane ezenza isoftware yangokwezifiso, futhi lapho bangabuka yonke inqubo - kusukela ekudaleni iphrojekthi kusuka ekuqaleni kuya ekuyiletheni esitolo. "

Amaholo

Iholo likanjiniyela we-iOS, njenganoma yimuphi omunye, lincike embuzweni othi "Moscow noma Russia". Kodwa ngenxa yemininingwane yomkhakha - umsebenzi omningi oqhelile, amathuba okuthutha kanye nokusebenza hhayi emakethe yesifunda - izinombolo ziya ngokuya zisondelana.

Ngokusho kwe-My Circle salary calculator, umholo omaphakathi wonjiniyela we-iOS ungaphansi kancane Ama-ruble angu-140 000.

"Umuntu osemncane osezingeni eliphansi kakhulu uvame ukusebenza mahhala noma ngemali engokomfanekiso - ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20-30. Uma umncane ethathwa ngenhloso esikhundleni sakhe, uzothola kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-80 ayizinkulungwane. Abaphakathi bathola kusuka ku-100 kuya ku-150, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuze kufike ku-200. Abantu abadala abatholi ngaphansi kwama-200. Ngicabanga ukuthi umholo wabo cishe u-200-300. Futhi kwabahola iqembu, ngokufanelekile, bangaphezu kuka-300. ”

izingxoxo

“Ingxoxo yokuqala yenzeka kuSkype. Okwangimangaza ukuthi kwakuyi-Google,” kukhumbula uBoris, “ngaleso sikhathi ngangisanda kuthuthela eSt. Petersburg futhi ngaqala ukufuna umsebenzi. Ngithole isicelo sesikhundla sikanjiniyela we-iOS. Hhayi omncane, hhayi ophakathi, hhayi ophezulu - unjiniyela nje. Ngajabula futhi ngaqala ukubhalelana nomphathi. Ngacelwa ukuba ngiqedele umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe: Kwadingeka ngibhale isicelo samahlaya ngoChuck Norris. Ngiyibhalile. Bangitshele ukuthi konke kwakukuhle futhi bahlela inhlolokhono ye-inthanethi.

Sabizana. Intombazane enhle yakhuluma nami. Kodwa abazange babuze noma yimiphi imibuzo mayelana nekhono lolimi - izinkinga ezihlukahlukene kuphela ezinengqondo, isibonelo, "Isikhathi ngu-15:15, mangaki amadigri phakathi kwehora nezandla zemizuzu?" noma "Iposi ingamamitha angu-10 ubude, a umnenke ukhasa amamitha angu-3 ukuya phezulu emini, futhi wehla imitha elilodwa ebusuku.” Uzokhasa ngezinsuku ezingaki aye phezulu?”, kanye nezinye ezimbalwa ezifanayo.

Bese kuba nemibuzo exakile - kungani ngithanda u-Apple nokuthi ngizizwa kanjani ngoTim Cook. Ngathi inkampani iyonke ilungile, kodwa kunalokho ingalungile kuye, ngoba imali ibalulekile kuye, hhayi imikhiqizo.

Lapho imibuzo emayelana ne-Swift iqala, ulwazi lwami belanele kuphela amaphethini wokuhlela kanye nezisekelo ze-OOP. Savalelisana, ngemva kweviki baphinde bangifonela bathi angifaneleki. Empeleni, ngithole ulwazi olukhulu kulokhu: udinga ulwazi, udinga oluningi - kokubili inkolelo kanye nokusebenza. "

U-Andrey uthi “into yokuqala wonke umuntu ayibuzayo phakathi nenhlolokhono umjikelezo wokuphila wesilawuli. Bathanda ngempela ukucela iphethini yokuhlela elula. Bazobuza nakanjani mayelana nolwazi lwakho usebenzisa imitapo yolwazi edumile. Nakanjani kuzoba nombuzo mayelana nomehluko we-Swift Value Types kusukela ku-Reference Types, mayelana nokubala kwereferensi okuzenzakalelayo nokuphathwa kwememori. Bangase babuze ukuthi basebenzise kanjani ukugcinwa kwedatha ezinhlelweni zokusebenza, nokuthi basebenzise izicelo zenethiwekhi. Bazobuza mayelana nezisekelo ze-REST ne-JSON. Umncane ngeke abuzwe izinto ezithile kanye nobuqili. Okungenani angibuzi."

U-Boris waba nokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile: “Ngisho nalapho ngicela ama-internship, ngaqeda imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe futhi ngithi iholo lami lalingabalulekanga, inqobo nje uma lanele ukuqasha indawo yokuhlala, ngangisanqatshwa. Ngafunda izihloko, ngazama ukuqonda ukuthi yini umuntu oqashayo ayidingayo kumuntu omusha. Kodwa ikakhulukazi behluleka kumathiyori. Ngasizathu simbe babuze imibuzo emaqenjini amakhulu abangabathinti abasanda kungena.”

UMarat waba nenhlanhla. Manje usebenza enkampanini yezokuthutha futhi uyedwa ophethe umnyango we-iOS, kuyilapho eqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ku-faculty. “Njengoba kuyimi ngedwa ophethe i-iOS, umsebenzi wami uhlolwa kuphela yikhono lami lokwenza imisebenzi engiyabelwe, hhayi ngolwazi lwami lwethiyori.”

Umphakathi

U-Andrey uhlala eNizhny Novgorod futhi uthi ngisho nalapho kwakhiwa umphakathi omkhulu. Ezikhathini zasendulo, wayengumthuthukisi we-backend ePython, kodwa abangani bakhe bamhudulela ekuthuthukisweni kweselula - futhi manje yena ngokwakhe ukhuthaza wonke umuntu ukuthi akwenze.

“Umphakathi womhlaba uvamise ukuxhumana nge-Twitter. Abantu babhala amabhulogi abo, barekhode amavidiyo ku-Youtube, bamemelane kumaphodikasti. Ngolunye usuku ngaba nombuzo mayelana nesethulo lapho umholi weqembu le-HQTrivia akhuluma khona. Lona umdlalo wemibuzo waseMelika odlalwa ngasikhathi sinye ngabantu abayizigidi ezimbalwa. Ngimbhalele kuTwitter, wangiphendula, saxoxa, ngambonga. Umphakathi unobungani kakhulu, okuyinto enhle.”

Uhlu lwezincwadi ezinconyiweIleveli yabaqalayo:

• Vasily Usov. I-Swift. Izisekelo zokuthuthukiswa kwesicelo se-iOS ne-macOS
• Keith Harrison. Ukuhlelwa okuzenzakalelayo kwesimanje
• Paul Hudson. Iyashesha ngemizuzwana engamashumi ayisithupha.
• Paul Hudson. Ukugebenga nge-Swift.
• Matthijs Hollemans, Fahim Farook. I-iOS Apprentice.
• Erica Sadun. Isitayela Esisheshayo, Uhlelo Lwesibili

Ileveli emaphakathi:

• Paul Hudson. Izinselele ze-Swift Coding.
• Ithimba lokufundisa le-RW. I-Core Data by Tutorials.
• Ithimba Lokufundisa le-RW. iOS animations by Okokufundisa.
• UMarin Todorov. Umbuso. Ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje ze-Swift nge-Realm database.
• Chris Eidhof, Matt Gallagher, noFlorian Kugler. I-App Architecture.
• Paul Hudson. I-Objective-C Yonjiniyela be-iOS

Izinga eliphezulu:

• Ithimba Lokufundisa le-RW. I-RxSwift: Uhlelo Olusebenzayo nge-Swift
• Chris Eidhof, Ole Begemann, Florian Kugler, kanye Ben Cohen. I-Advanced Swift
• Derek Sealander. Ukulungisa iphutha okuthuthukisiwe kwe-Apple kanye nobunjiniyela bokuhlehlisa.
• Matt Zmuda. I-Flight School Guide eya ku-Swift Coding.

Source: www.habr.com