Ubani phakathi kwethu ongeke athande ukufunda ngokushesha futhi akhumbule ulwazi olusha ngempukane? Abacwaningi bahlobanise amakhono aqinile engqondo nezinto ezihlukahlukene. Abanqumi kuphela ikhono lokukhumbula, kodwa futhi nempilo esezingeni eliphezulu - nansi umsebenzi ophumelelayo, ukuhlalisana okusebenzayo kanye nethuba lokumane ujabule ngokuchitha isikhathi sakho samahhala.
Akuwona wonke umuntu onenhlanhla yokuzalwa enenkumbulo yezithombe, kodwa akusona isizathu sokuphelelwa ithemba. Kungenzeka ukwenza okuthile esimweni esinjalo. Abanye abantu babamba ngekhanda i- "Eugene Onegin," abanye bathenga amamanyuwali namaqoqo ngokuzivocavoca okukhethekile. Kanti abanye baya ngokuya benaka izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithembisa abasebenzisi bazo imiphumela emangalisayo uma bezimisele ukunikela ngemizuzu eyi-10-15 ukuze bazivocavoce nsuku zonke. Sizokutshela ukuthi lezi zifanisi zisekelwe kuphi nokuthi yini ongayilindela kuzo.
Isithombe: /unsplash.com
Sikhumbula kanjani
Ucwaningo olunzulu lwezemfundo ngalolu daba lwaqala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX. Ukuhlonishwa kokunye okubalulekile okutholwe kule ndawo kungekaprofesa waseJalimane uHermann Ebbinghaus. Yimiphumela yakhe esasetshenziswa nanamuhla ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa inkumbulo.
U-Ebbinghaus uhlole izinqubo zenkumbulo ezijulile ezikhona ngokunganaki umongo. Lokhu kuhlukanisa umsebenzi wakhe ocwaningweni lweFreud efanayo. Ubaba we-psychoanalysis wafunda ukuthi kungani sikhohlwa izinto ezingajabulisi kithi noma amafomu angalungile ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa izinkumbulo ezivame kakhulu "ezilula". Ebbinghaus - wafunda inkumbulo mechanical. Isebenza ngesisekelo sokuphindaphinda kwezinto.
Ngakho-ke, ekuhloleni kwakhe usosayensi wabamba ngekhanda ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ezintathu (unkamisa owodwa phakathi kongwaqa ababili - "ZETS", "MYUSCH", "TYT"). Imfuneko yayiwukuthi lezi zinhlanganisela azizange zakhe amagama anencazelo futhi azifani nawo. Ngalesi sizathu, ngokwesibonelo, wayezonqaba okuthi “BUK”, “MYSHCH” noma “TIAN”. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sosuku, u-Ebbinghaus wayefunda amaketanga alawo magama ngokuzwakalayo ekubaleni kwe-metronome. Uphinde waphawula ukuthi zingaki izimpinda ezidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ukulandelana ngendlela efanele.
Umphumela wale mizamo kwaba “ijika lokukhohlwa.” Ibonisa ukushelela kolwazi olusuka enkumbulweni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lesi akusona isifenqo, kodwa ukuncika kwangempela okuchazwa yifomula.
, lapho u-b eyinani lezinto ezisele kumemori (ku-%) futhi u-t kuyisikhathi esidlulile (ngamaminithi).
Kuyafaneleka ukugcizelela ukuthi imiphumela yalo msebenzi yaqinisekiswa kamuva. Ngo-2015, ososayensi Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ebbinghaus futhi kuzuze cishe imiphumela efanayo.
Ukutholwa kuka-Ebbinghaus kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola iziphetho ezimbalwa mayelana nenkumbulo eyimishini. Okokuqala, usosayensi wathola ukuthi ubuchopho buzama ukuthola okuthile okuvamile ngisho nasezintweni ezingasho lutho ngamabomu. Okwesibili, ulwazi luphunyuka enkumbulweni ngokungalingani - ngehora lokuqala ngaphezu kwengxenye yezinto ezibonakalayo "ziyahamba", ngemva kwamahora ayishumi umuntu angakhumbula ingxenye yesithathu kuphela, futhi lokho angeke akukhohlwe ngesonto, cishe uzokwazi. ukukhumbula ngenyanga.
Okokugcina, isiphetho esibaluleke kakhulu siwukuthi ungasebenzela ekhanda ngokubuyela ngezikhathi ezithile kulokho okufundile ngaphambili. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi ukuphindaphinda kwezikhala. Yasungulwa okokuqala ngo-1932 yisazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseBrithani uCecil Alec Mace kwenye yezincwadi zakhe.
Phinda ngokuhlakanipha
Nakuba abacwaningi bafakazela ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokuphindaphinda ngeminyaka yawo-30, yathola ukuthandwa kabanzi ngemva kweminyaka engu-40, lapho usosayensi waseJalimane uSebastian Leitner eyisebenzisa ekufundiseni izilimi zakwamanye amazwe. Incwadi yakhe ethi “How to Learn to Learn” (So lernt man lernen, 1972) isibe esinye seziqondiso ezisebenzayo ezithandwayo ezimayelana nengqondo yokufunda.
Umbandela oyinhloko ohlongozwe u-Leitner ukuthi isikhawu ngasinye esilandelayo ngaphambi kokuphindaphinda okulandelayo kwezinto kufanele sibe sikhulu kunedlule. Ubukhulu bokumisa isikhashana kanye namandla okukhula kwawo kungahluka. Izikhawu zemizuzu engama-20 - amahora ayisishiyagalombili - amahora angama-24 zinikeza ngekhanda lesikhathi esifushane esisebenzayo. Uma udinga ukukhumbula okuthile ngokuqhubekayo, udinga ukubuyela kulwazi olunjalo njalo: ngemuva kwemizuzwana emi-5, bese kuthi ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-25, imizuzu emi-2, imizuzu eyi-10, ihora eli-1, amahora ama-5, usuku olu-1, izinsuku ezi-5, izinsuku ezingama-25, Izinyanga ezi-4, iminyaka emi-2.
Isithombe: /Pixabay.com
Ngama-70s, u-Leitner wahlongoza ukusebenzisa amakhadi okwakulotshwe kuwo izincazelo zamagama angaphandle. Njengoba ukwaziswa kwakubanjwe ngekhanda, amakhadi ayesuswa eqenjini ngokuphindaphinda okuvame kakhulu ukuya kwalawo angajwayelekile. Ngokufika kwamakhompiyutha kanye nesoftware ekhethekile, ingqikithi yenqubo ayishintshile.
Ngo-1985, umcwaningi wasePoland u-Piotr Woźniak wakhipha uhlelo lwe-SuperMemo. Isiphenduke enye yezinhlelo zenkumbulo ezihamba phambili. Isixazululo sikhona kuze kube namuhla, futhi ama-algorithms ayo asetshenziswe kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi.
Isofthiwe ye-Wozniak ikuvumela ukuthi usebenze cishe nganoma yiluphi ulwazi, njengoba kungenzeka ukwengeza idatha. Okulandelayo, uhlelo luzolandelela "ijika lokukhohlwa" lamakhadi ngamanye bese lwenza umugqa wawo ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokuphindaphinda okuhlukaniswe ngezikhala.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, kwakhululwa ama-analogue ahlukahlukene e-SuperMemo kanye nezinguqulo zangempela zezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amakhono okukhumbula ngekhanda. Izinhlelo eziningi ezinjalo zikufakazele ukusebenza kahle kwazo - sikhulume ngalokhu ku-habrapost yangaphambilini. Kodwa, maye, ukugxekwa kwalandela.
Isipuni setiyela
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-Leitner iwusizo kangakanani ukufunda izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, ukubamba ngekhanda amafomula ezibalo noma izinsuku zomlando, ososayensi abatholanga bufakazi bokuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwenkumbulo kunoma yisiphi isihloko kuthuthukisa ikhono lenkumbulo jikelele.
Kudingeka futhi uqonde ukuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo nazo azisizi ukulwa nokuwohloka kwamakhono okuqonda, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yokulimala, noma yisiphi isifo noma izinguquko ezihlobene neminyaka.
Isithombe: /Pixabay.com
Eminyakeni yamuva, lesi sihloko sivame ukuxabanisa ochwepheshe. Futhi umuntu angafunda kanjani endaweni evulekile , eyasayinwa inqwaba yososayensi abavelele ngo-2014, iningi lalezi zinhlelo, kuhlanganise nemidlalo ehlukahlukene yengqondo, isebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kohlaka lwaleyo misebenzi abayixazulula ngokwabo, kodwa ayikwazi ukufaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni "ikhwalithi" yenkumbulo. . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulezi “zinsolo” abaphikisi futhi ingxabano iyaqhubeka.
Kodwa noma ngabe kunjalo, ngenxa yezinqubo ezalandela, okungenani umthuthukisi oyedwa “wezilingisi zobuchopho” waphoqeleka ukuba alungise amagama.
Ngo-2016, i-US Federal Trade Commission Ukukhanya ukuze ukhokhe u-$2 wezigidi ngokukhangisa okungalungile. Umlawuli uphethe ngokuthi inkampani idlale ngokwesaba umphakathi izinguquko ezihlobene nobudala futhi yafaka amathemba amanga kubasebenzisi. Manje le phrojekthi ithuthukisa izinsizakalo zayo njengamathuluzi "okuvula amandla obuchopho bomuntu."
Ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngesihloko luya ngokuya luthambekele ekuphakamiseni ukuthi kusekhona umphumela othile ovela ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke, kodwa cishe ukuxazulula izindida ku-smartphone ngeke kuthuthukise ukubekezela kwakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ezinye izifanisi zeselula zikholisa kangakanani.
Futhi ukukhumbula ngekhanda amagama angaphandle ngosizo lwesofthiwe enjalo kuzokusiza ukuthi okungenani ngandlela-thile ukhulume ulimi olusha ngonyaka noma emibili, okungcono kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, noma ubani ofuna ukuthuthukisa inkumbulo yakhe akufanele anake kakhulu "amathuluzi" okukhumbula ngekhanda kuphela, kodwa futhi agxile endaweni yamakhono owadingayo futhi angalahlekelwa umbono wezinto. , ikhono lokugxila futhi emithwalweni yezemfundo.
Ukufunda okwengeziwe:
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Source: www.habr.com