Esihlokweni esedlule Ngibheke izindlela eziyisi-7 zokuhlola ngokushesha amakhono ochwepheshe be-IT, angasetshenziswa ngaphambi kokwenza inhlolokhono enkulu, enamandla futhi edla isikhathi. Lapho ngabheka ingqikithi yalezi zindlela nendlela yami yokuzisebenzisa, kanye nezizathu zokuthi kungani ngizithanda noma ngingazithandi.
Kulesi sihloko, ngifuna ukukhuluma ngomqondo wesimanje wokuthatha izinqumo komuntu, ukuthi uhlobana kanjani nokuhlolwa kwamakhono omsebenzi, nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zokuhlola amakhono ezifana nezingxoxo nezinto zokuhlola ezihlolwayo ngempela.
A little ofory
Ososayensi baye bakhathazeka amakhulu eminyaka ngombuzo: kanjani futhi kungani umuntu enza izinqumo ezithile? Enkathini ngayinye, lo mbuzo waphendulwa ngendlela ehlukile - ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, inkolelo yokudalelwa kanye nentando yonkulunkulu yayibusa, kwase kunesikhathi eside kunombono odumile wokuthi umuntu uyisidalwa esinengqondo, ngokuyisisekelo, esenza izinto ngokuhlakanipha nangokuhlakanipha. . Uguquko lwesayensi lwaholela ocwaningweni oluningi ezimpendulweni zokuziphatha zeHomo sapiens engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20. Futhi okwamanje, umqondo wanamuhla futhi owaziwa kakhulu emibuthanweni yesayensi iyimodeli ye-hybrid yokuziphatha komuntu, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uDaniel Kahneman esibhale kahle kakhulu ezihlokweni zakhe zesayensi nasezincwadini zesayensi ezithandwayo. UDaniel wathola uMklomelo KaNobel Kwezomnotho ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi wakhe wawuphikisa imibono eminingi yezomnotho esekelwe emibonweni yokuthatha izinqumo eziphusile komuntu. UDaniel Kahneman wabonisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu ezimweni eziningi kunqunywa ukusabela okuzenzakalelayo kokuziphatha okwakhiwa ngesisekelo sokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila.
Ngokombono kaDaniel Kahneman, ukuziphatha komuntu kubuswa izinhlelo ezimbili zokuthatha izinqumo. Isistimu 1 iyashesha futhi iyazenzakalela, iqinisekisa ukuphepha komzimba futhi ayidingi umzamo omkhulu wokwenza isisombululo. Ukunemba kwezinqumo zalesi simiso kuncike ekuhlangenwe nakho nokuqeqeshwa, futhi isivinini sincike ezicini zesimiso sezinzwa zomuntu ngamunye. Isistimu 2 ihamba kancane futhi idinga umzamo nokugxilisa ingqondo. Kusinikeza ukucabanga okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukuqagela okunengqondo, kanye nezibikezelo ezinolwazi. Isivinini sokwenza izinqumo salolu hlelo singaphansi kwamashumi futhi izikhathi ezingamakhulu kunejubane leSistimu 1. Kungesikhathi sokusebenza kweSistimu 2 lapho amandla aphelele obuhlakani bomuntu embulwa khona. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwalolu hlelo, izinsiza zisetshenziswa kakhulu - kokubili ngokomzimba (amandla) nokunakwa, okuphuma ezinsizakalweni eziningi. Ngakho-ke, izinqumo eziningi zenziwa yiSistimu 1.
Ngicabanga ukuthi ngamunye wenu uye waqaphela ukuthi awukwazi ukucabanga kanzima futhi uxazulule izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi isikhathi esingaphezu kwesikhathi esithile silandelana. Lesi sikhawu sihlukile kumuntu ngamunye. Abanye abantu bangacabanga kakhulu isigamu sehora kuphela ngosuku, kanti abanye bangaxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi amahora angu-3 aqondile. Leli khono lingathuthukiswa, kodwa liza nokuzikhandla okukhulu nokuzikhandla ngokwakho, futhi insiza yokunaka izoba nomkhawulo.
Zombili izinhlelo zisebenza ndawonye. Ulwazi oluvela ezinzwa luqale lucutshungulwe Isistimu 1 esheshayo, ebona izimo eziyingozi futhi iphendule ngokushesha uma kunezinsongo. Isistimu 1 iphinde ibone izimo ezingajwayelekile kuyo futhi inqume ukungazinaki noma ivule iSistimu 2.
Sicela uphindaphinde u-65 ngo-15 futhi uziqaphele ukuthi lesi sibalo sikuthathe isikhathi esingakanani.
Isebenza kanjani? Uke wabuka ukuthi abadlali be-chess abaqeqeshiwe badlala kanjani - bashesha kangakanani umnyakazo ekuqaleni komdlalo? Kumuntu ongavamile ukudlala i-chess, kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukwenza izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi kangaka ngokushesha. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ungakwazi ukulungisa ngokugcwele amaphutha abaqeqeshwayo ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho wenza ukubuyekezwa kwekhodi. I-System 1 yakho ingabona amaphutha ajwayelekile abahleli bezinhlelo abasaqalayo futhi iwalungise ngokuzenzakalelayo, njengoba nje umdlali ochwepheshile we-chess efunda isimo ebhodini futhi azi ukuthi kuhamba kanjani, ngokucindezela okuncane noma okungenawo nhlobo ku-System 2 eqaphelayo.
Sicela uphinde uphindaphinde u-65 ngo-15 futhi uziqaphele ukuthi lesi sibalo sikuthathe isikhathi esingakanani.
Ukuhlola okuningi kubonise ukuthi ezimweni esizaziyo, izinqumo cishe zihlale zenziwa yi-Othomathikhi System 1 futhi lokhu kunengqondo ngempela ngokombono wokuphila kwento ephilayo kanye nezindleko zamandla. Kulokhu, senza ngokunengqondo kakhulu nangokufaneleka kakhulu, kodwa hhayi ngomqondo wokucabangela nokufaneleka kwezinqumo ngokwazo, kodwa ngomqondo wokulinganisela phakathi komphumela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemizimba yethu. Uma ushayela edolobheni lapho uya emsebenzini, amaphethini akho okujika kanye nenani lokusheshisa nokubhuleka okwenzayo kungase kungabi kahle, kodwa ngokomsebenzi wokukukhipha ekhaya lakho uye emsebenzini wakho, konke kuhle kakhulu. kahle. Uma ungumshayeli womjaho oshayela imoto yomjaho eduze kwethrekhi yomjaho, izinqumo zakho mayelana ne-trajectory, ukusheshisa nokubhuleka zizobalwa kakhulu.
Ezimweni ezingajwayelekile ezisithakazelisayo noma esingakwazi ukuzigwema, siphoqeleka ukuba senze ngokuqaphela, ukuxhuma ukunaka kanye neSistimu 2. Ngemva kokuphindaphinda izikhathi eziningana zezimo ezifanayo kakhulu, umphumela womsebenzi weSistimu 2 ugcinwa enkumbulweni uhlobo lwezimpawu nokusabela, bese ungasadingeki uchithe amandla nesikhathi ukuze uthole iziphetho ezinengqondo - Isistimu 1 izobe isiqeqeshelwe lo msebenzi futhi izohlinzeka ngesixazululo ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuzayo. Ezinye izimpendulo ezizenzakalelayo ziyalahleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma zingabizwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Amakhono esingawaqeqeshi ayalahleka.
Sicela uphinde uphindaphinde u-65 ngo-15 futhi. Ingabe kukhona inqubekelaphambili oyibonile kusukela emzamweni wakho wangaphambilini wokuxazulula le nkinga?
Konke lokhu kuhlobana kanjani nomsebenzi womsebenzi kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhono?
Ukuhlola okuningi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuqala endaweni entsha yokusebenza, umuntu ojwayelekile, ophile kahle ngokwengqondo uzivumelanisa nezimo futhi azame ukwamukela imithetho, izimo nezinqubo zomsebenzi wendawo entsha yokusebenza. Nokho, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngamunye wethu uyakhululeka futhi aqale ukusebenza ngokusemandleni akhe. Imizamo nenkuthalo kunika ithuba ukusabela okuzenzakalelayo namaphethini afakwe Kusistimu 1. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nangesikhathi sokuvivinywa ezimweni ezicindezelayo lapho kudingeka isinqumo esisheshayo, sisabela sisebenzisa iSistimu 1 esizenzakalelayo futhi hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi ngendlela esifundiswe ngayo kulokhu. indawo entsha yokusebenza.
Ngokuvamile, singasho ukuthi ukubaluleka kwethu okuyisisekelo njengesisebenzi kunqunywa kakhulu ulwazi lwethu - okungukuthi, ukuqeqeshwa koHlelo lwethu 1 ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile ezidingwa umqashi. Ngakho-ke, abaqashi bavame ukufuna umsebenzi hhayi ngobuhlakani obuvelele, kodwa onolwazi emkhakheni othile. Isipiliyoni saziswa kakhulu kunobuhlakani. Lokhu kungachazwa ngezibalo eziyisisekelo. Uma kunesikhathi esanele, noma yimuphi umsebenzi onobuhlakani obanele uzokwazi ukuqonda isihloko futhi axazulule izinkinga ezinikezwe. Kodwa-ke, kuzodingeka achithe isikhathi efunda futhi ezuza ulwazi, futhi yilapho kuphela ezokwazi ukuxazulula ngokuphumelelayo imisebenzi eyabelwe. I-System 2 yakhe kuzofanele ixazulule izinkinga eziningi zokuqeqesha ngaphambi kokuthi i-System 1 yayo ixazulule izinkinga zangempela ngokushesha nangempumelelo. Lokhu kudinga isikhathi, umqashi ngokuvamile angazimisele ukusikhokha ngenani eliphezulu lochwepheshe. Omunye umsebenzi osezixazulule izinkinga ezifanayo uzokwenza umsebenzi ngokushesha okukhulu, ngoba izinqumo eziningi uzonikezwa yi-System 1 yakhe, eqeqeshelwe ukuxazulula izinkinga endaweni efanele. Isisebenzi esinolwazi sizokhiqiza izixazululo zekhwalithi ephezulu hhayi nje ngokushesha, kodwa futhi nokucindezeleka okuncane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinsiza zokunakwa ezingasetshenzisiwe zingaqondiswa ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuthola ulwazi olusha.
Ongakukhetha - isipiliyoni noma ubuhlakani - umqashi unquma esimweni ngasinye ngabanye. Lapho kudingeka ukusabela okusheshayo enkingeni evamile kanye nesixazululo esisheshayo, okuhlangenwe nakho ngokuvamile kukhethwa. Uma kufanele uxazulule izinkinga eziningi ezahlukene, kodwa isikhathi sesixazululo sisaziswa kakhulu, bese ukhetha umuntu onolwazi nohlakaniphile. Uma isikhathi singabucayi kakhulu, khona-ke ungakhetha ungqondongqondo ongenalwazi. Njengoba uqonda, emhlabeni wangempela mincane imisebenzi lapho isikhathi singabalulekile.
Sicela uphinde uphindaphinde u-65 ngo-15 futhi uziqaphele ukuthi lesi sibalo sikuthathe isikhathi esingakanani. Ingabe uqaphele ukuthi uwuthole kanjani umphumela?
Izindlela zokuhlola amakhono ngokombono wokuhlola "Isistimu 1" kanye "Nesistimu 2"
Okuhlangenwe nakho - okungukuthi, ukuqeqeshwa kweSistimu 1 - ngokuvamile kubalulekile, mhlawumbe ngisho nesimiso esinqumayo lapho umqashi ekhetha isisebenzi esisha. Singakuhlola kanjani okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu okhethiwe ngempumelelo kakhulu nangokunembe? Ake sibheke ukuhlolwa kobuchule okudumile mayelana nokuthi balinganisa ini.
izingxoxo
Le fomethi ifaka phakathi ingxoxo phakathi kwekhandidethi nomhloli. Ikakhulukazi, imibuzo ibuzwa umhloli, kodwa ozobhapathizwa unethuba lokufunda izimpawu ezingezona zamagama, abuze imibuzo ecacisayo futhi, njengoba besho, ashintshe impendulo yakhe "ngokuhamba kwesikhathi." Lokhu “ukuhlolwa komlomo” esikujwayele sonke. Njengomthetho, inhlolokhono ilandela uhlelo olujwayelekile futhi imibuzo eminingi nayo ijwayelekile, okusho ukuthi ungayilungiselela. Okusho ukuthi, qeqesha iSistimu 1 yakho ukuze iphumelele izingxoxiswano.
Ukuphumelela kokuhlolwa kwamakhandidethi kuncike emakhonweni okuxhumana abo bobabili ababambiqhaza. Umuntu ozobhapathizwa onolwazi olwanele ekuxoxisaneni angase enze umbono omuhle. Kodwa-ke, lo mphumela awutholakali ngenxa yesipiliyoni somsebenzi, kodwa ngenxa yesipiliyoni sokuxhumana nezingxoxo. Ikhandidethi elilungiselelwe eliphendula imibuzo evamile lithonya kahle umhloli futhi uba qotho kulowo ozobhalwa.
Le ndlela ihlola kakhulu i-System 1 yekhandidethi, nakuba ngokuvamile ingeyona isipiliyoni esizodingeka emsebenzini. Ilungele ukuhlola ochwepheshe okuzodingeka bakhulume okuningi mayelana nezibopho zabo zomsebenzi futhi bazivumelanise nezimo ngokushesha, kodwa ukuhlola amakhono obuchwepheshe, ngokubona kwami, le ndlela ayifaneleki. Ukunemba kokuhlola kungathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa imibuzo engajwayelekile kanye nemibhalo yokuxoxisana, kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwabahloli abaningana ku-interview, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zalo mcimbi.
Imisebenzi yokuhlola
Umuntu ozobhapathizwa uthola inkinga ayixazulula ngokuzimela bese ebonisa umphumela wesixazululo. Empeleni, lokhu “ukuhlolwa okubhaliwe” kwethu okujwayelekile. Umuntu ozongenela ukhetho unesikhathi esanele, ithuba lokubuza imibuzo ecacisayo, kanye nokusesha ulwazi ku-inthanethi futhi asebenzise nosizo lwabangane. Uma umsebenzi uyinkimbinkimbi futhi isikhathi esanele sinikezwa, khona-ke le ndlela ihlola iSistimu 2 kuneSistimu 1, okungukuthi, ubuhlakani kunokuhlangenwe nakho. Uma unciphisa isikhathi sokuqeda umsebenzi, khona-ke kukhona amathuba aphezulu okuthi abafundi bazokwenqaba ukuqedela umsebenzi wokuhlola oyinkimbinkimbi. Uma ngesikhathi esifanayo senza umsebenzi ube lula, sinikeze imisebenzi eminingana futhi sinciphise isikhathi, khona-ke le ndlela iba ithuluzi elisebenzayo ngokuphelele, elijwayele kithi kusukela esikoleni. Ihlola kahle iSistimu 1. Nokho, okubi kwayo ukuthi ukuhlola imiphumela kudinga umzamo omkhulu ohlangothini lwabahloli, njengoba isisombululo ngasinye singahluka futhi abahloli kufanele baqonde ingqikithi yesinqumo.
Phila Ukwenza
Umuntu ozobhapathizwa uthola umsebenzi olula, awuxazulula ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukachwepheshe ohlolayo. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi senhlolokhono - lapho abahloli bekhuluma okokuqala bese becela ukuxazulula izinkinga. Kubafundi abangeniswayo abangazange baxoxwe isikhathi eside, le ndlela ngokuvamile ayikhululekile ngokwengqondo, futhi ayibonisi imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Ngokubona kwami, le ndlela kufanele inikezwe abazongenela ukhetho njengenye indlela yomsebenzi wokuhlola. Okusho ukuthi, amahora angama-3-4 omsebenzi ozimele, noma amahora angama-1-1,5 wezingxoxo nokuxazulula izinkinga ku-inthanethi. Uma ikhandidethi selilungile, le ndlela ivumela ukuhlola amakhono ayisisekelo weSistimu 1 emisebenzini evamile eyizingxenye zemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Okusho ukuthi, kufanelekile ukukhetha izakhi zemisebenzi yangempela yomsebenzi njengemisebenzi yokuhlola. Akufanele unikeze imisebenzi engabonakali isisebenzi sakho angeke sihlangane nayo kamuva emsebenzini wabo.
Multiple Choice Tests
Njengoba kungenzeka uyazi, izivivinyo zokugcina ezikoleni zaseRussia manje sezithatha uhlobo lwesivivinyo (i-GIA kanye ne-Unified State Examination). Kwake kwaba nezingxoxo ezishisayo. Izakhamizi ngokuvamile zisibheka kabi lesi sinqumo soMnyango Wezemfundo. Ngokwami, ngicabanga ukuthi, ngaphandle kwamathuba amasha enkohlakalo, ukufaka izivivinyo esikhundleni sezivivinyo ezibhaliwe kuyisixazululo esihle. Ukuhlola imiphumela yokuhlolwa akudingi isikhathi esiningi nokunakwa futhi kuyazenzakalela kalula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuzithoba kokuhlolwa kolwazi kuyancishiswa. Ukuhlolwa kukuvumela ukuthi uhlole ngokufanelekile ulwazi nolwazi oluzuzwe eminyakeni eminingana yokufunda noma ukusebenza emahoreni angu-1-2. Umshayeli we-novice ufunda imithetho yomgwaqo izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi ekuhlolweni kufanele aphendule imibuzo engu-20 kungakapheli imizuzu engu-20. Umkhuba wamashumi eminyaka wokusebenzisa lolu hlobo lokuhlolwa ubonisa ukuthi lokhu kwanele uma imibuzo yokuhlolwa ibhalwe ngendlela efanele futhi miningi.
Ezweni lanamuhla, izinqumo eziningi zomuntu zehlela ekukhetheni enye yezinketho ezikhona ezifanele kakhulu isimo. Angeke udinge uchwepheshe ozosungula kabusha isondo. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, uzodinga uchwepheshe owazi kahle izinzuzo nezingozi zezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhayisikili nezinhlobo ezifanayo zokuthutha, ozokusiza ukuthi ukhethe ngokushesha imodeli efanelekile futhi uyilungiselele ukuxazulula izinkinga zakho. Izinkinga ze-Logistics ngokuvamile kufanele zixazululwe ngokushesha futhi asikho isikhathi sokusungula kabusha isondo le-innovative. Ngezinye izikhathi (akuvamile kakhulu) kunezimo lapho usadinga ibhayisikili elisha elingakabi khona futhi elidinga ukudalwa. Nokho, ngisho nakulokhu, umuntu owazi kahle umklamo wamabhayisikili uyoba usizo kakhulu kunomsunguli wendawo yonke.
Esinye isibonelo. Uma umklami ekwazi ukusebenzisa ama-algorithms wokuhlunga amaningana, khona-ke umkhulu, kodwa empilweni yangempela kuyoba usizo kakhulu kuye ukwazi izindlela eziyisisekelo zomtapo wezincwadi wekilasi lolimi - izinketho ezimbalwa zokuhlunga cishe sezivele zenziwa lapho, udinga nje ukubiza umsebenzi oyifunayo.
isiphetho
Kubalulekile ukuthi lapho ukhetha indlela yokuhlola amakhono, uvule iSistimu 2 yakho bese ukhetha indlela efanele ngobuhlakani, hhayi ngokwesiko - "ngoba besihlala sikwenza ngale ndlela." Lapho ukhetha indlela yokuhlola amakhono, ngikweluleka ukuthi uqale unqume ukuthi yini ezobaluleke kakhulu kuwe njengomqashi emisebenzini yansuku zonke yesisebenzi sakho. Ingabe kuyoba ikhono lokuxazulula ngokushesha uhla oluthile lwezinkinga ezijwayelekile, noma kuzodingeka ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, zangempela, ze-atypical.
Ezimweni eziningi, ukuhlolwa okukhawulelwe kwesikhathi kuzosebenza kahle kumakhandidethi njengokuhlolwa kwawo kokuqala. Ngincoma ukuhlolwa okuncane okungeke kuthathe imizuzu engaphezu kwe-15-20 ukuqeda. Ngalesi sikhathi, ungabuza imibuzo engama-30-40 futhi uhlole ulwazi lwabafundi ngemininingwane eyanele. Khona-ke ungakwazi ukuqhuba inhlolokhono, lapho ungakwazi ukulungisa amaphutha enziwe abakhethiwe. Isivivinyo singasebenza futhi njengesisekelo senhlolokhono, lapho ungabuza obhalwayo ukuthi kungani ephendule imibuzo yokuhlolwa ngendlela aphendule ngayo nokuthi ngabe baphendule kanjani ukube umbuzo ububuzwe ngendlela ehlukile.
Uma kubalulekile kuwena ukuthi isisebenzi sesikhathi esizayo sisebenza kanjani ngokuzimela emisebenzini emikhulu nengayodwa, kungaba kuhle ukuthi uqale ngenhlolokhono bese unikela ngokuqedela umsebenzi wokuhlola. Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi kuphela ama-20-25% wabafundi abavuma ukuqedela imisebenzi yokuhlola ngaphambi kwenhlolokhono, futhi kulokhu unciphisa kakhulu ifaneli yokukhetha.
Esihlokweni sami esilandelayo, ngizobheka ngokuningiliziwe izici zokudala izivivinyo ukuhlola amakhono abantu abazobhapathizwa.
Source: www.habr.com
