Ngizibuze umbuzo okhona obekwe esihlokweni ekwakhiweni kukaGrebenshchikov ngemuva kwesinye isiqephu sengxoxo komunye wemiphakathi mayelana nokuthi umthuthukisi we-backend oyisiqalo udinga ulwazi lwe-SQL, noma ukuthi i-ORM izokwenza yonke into noma kunjalo. Nginqume ukubheka impendulo kabanzi kune-ORM ne-SQL kuphela, futhi ngokuyisisekelo ngizama ukuhlela ukuthi obani abantu manje abazongena kwinhlolokhono yezikhundla zokuthuthuka ezisezingeni eliphansi naphakathi, ukuthi uyini umlando wabo nokuthi yimuphi umhlaba. hlala ku. Ngokuvamile, nganginombono, kodwa wakhiwa isipiliyoni sokuqashwa komuntu siqu futhi walungiswa ngokucacile emakethe yendawo. Ngokuvamile, kwaba okuthakazelisayo. Nakhu esikutholile.
Isibalo sonjiniyela bomhlaba
Ukuze ngandlela thize ngibhekane nombuzo, nginqume ukuqala ngokusesha idatha yokuthi bangaki onjiniyela abakhona emhlabeni namuhla nokuthi lesi sibalo sabantu sishintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izilinganiso emithonjeni ehlukahlukene zibeka izinombolo ebangeni ukusuka kubantu abayizigidi eziyi-12 kuye kwezingama-30. Inqume ukuma ku , ngoba indlela yabo yokwenza izinto yayibonakala ilinganisela futhi ifaneleka izidingo zami. Ekuhloleni kwabo, bacabangele inani lama-akhawunti nezinqolobane ku-Github, inani lama-akhawunti ku-StackOverflow, ama-akhawunti we-npm kanye nedatha evela emithonjeni esemthethweni mayelana nokuqashwa e-US naseYurophu. Baphinde balungisa izinombolo eziwumphumela besebenzisa ezabo izifundo eziyi-16, ezihlanganisa cishe abantu abangu-20 kuhlolo ngalunye.
Ngokusho kwe-SlashData, bekunabathuthukisi abacishe babe yizigidi eziyi-2018 emhlabeni engxenyeni yesine ka-18.9, abayizigidi eziyi-12.9 kubo okungabathuthukisi abangochwepheshe, okungukuthi, benza uhlelo lokuphila. Labo abangebona onjiniyela abangochwepheshe njengamanje abantu okuwuhlelo lwabo lokuzilibazisa, kanye nalabo abafundela ubungcweti njengamanje (abafundi abahlukahlukene nabazifundisile). Hhayi-ke, okungukuthi, nansi inkomba ngobukhulu beqembu engithakaselayo - abantu abayizigidi ezi-6. Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, lokhu kungaphezu kwalokho ebengikulindele.
Isimanga sesibili kimi kwakuyizinga lokukhula kwenani labahleli bohlelo: kusukela engxenyeni yesibili ka-2017 kuya engxenyeni yesine ka-2018, lenyuke lisuka ku-14.7 laya ku-18.9 million eshiwo, noma lenyuke ngo-21% ngo-2018! Uma ngicelwa ukuba ngilinganise izinga lokukhula kwenani labahleli bezinhlelo, ngingasho ukuthi lilinganiselwa ku-5% ngonyaka nokunyuka kancane kwezinga minyaka yonke. Futhi lapha kuvela ukuthi cishe 20%.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SlashData ilinganisela ukuthi inani labantu lizofinyelela ezigidini ezingama-2030 ngo-45. Kulula ukuthola ukuthi lokhu kusho ukukhula okungaphezudlwana kuka-8% ngonyaka, hhayi u-20%, kodwa kubhekiselwa ekulungisweni kwe-akhawunti yokungena ku-inthanethi (okwamanje cishe ngama-57% emhlabeni jikelele). ) nezinye izici ezimbalwa, njengenombolo yonjiniyela nge-capita ngayinye. Ngokwendawo, inani lonjiniyela likhula kakhulu e-India nase-China; i-India kulindeleke ukuthi idlule i-United States ngenani lonjiniyela ngo-2023 (lokhu sekuvele ).
Ngokuvamile, kuzoba nezinhlelo eziningi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubheka kanjani, ngoba isidingo siyakhula. Ngendlela, mayelana nesidingo.
Yini edingekayo?
Ukulinganisa isidingo, ngisebenzise idatha ye-HackerRank и ngonyaka.
Mayelana nezilimi zokuhlela, isidingo esikhulu ngeJavaScript, iPython neJava cishe kuzo zonke izimboni, ngaphandle kweComputer Hardware. Ekugcineni, isidingo esikhulu kakhulu se-C/C++, okuqondakalayo; amaphrojekthi wehadiwe asenezidingo zokuqina kwensiza nokusebenza kwesoftware ehambisanayo.
Mayelana nezinhlaka, i-AngularJS, i-Node.js ne-React zifunwa kakhulu, futhi zinegebe elikhulu kakhulu phakathi kokunikezwa nokufunwa, okubonakala kuchazwa isivinini i-JavaScript ecosystem eshintsha ngaso, ngoba isibonelo, i-ExpressJS , ukunikezwa sekuvele kudlula isidingo.
Ngokwamakhono, abaqashi ngokuyinhloko balindele amakhono okuxazulula Izinkinga kumakhandidethi. Cishe u-95% wabaqashi ubalula la makhono njengabalulekile. Ikhono Lokuhlela Ulimi lisendaweni yesibili ngama-56%. Ngendlela, awukho nhlobo umugqa onolwazi oluyisisekelo lwama-algorithms, izakhiwo zedatha nezinye i-Computer Science, noma ngabe bekungekho kuhlu lwemibuzo, noma ulwazi lwezemfundo alusadingeki ngezinga elikhulu.
I-Database Design idingeka ku-23.2% wezinkampani ezingaphansi kwabantu abayi-100, kanye no-18.8% wezinkampani ezingaphezu kwabantu abayi-1000. Yebo, kubukeka sengathi kumayelana ne-ORM ne-SQL! Incazelo enengqondo, ye-IMHO, ukuthi ezinkampanini ezinkulu kunendima ezinikele ye-DBA, ebhekele lesi sici, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthambisa izidingo zabathuthukisi futhi baqashe ngokushesha. Kodwa nge-System Design kungenye indlela: 37.0% kwabancane, 44.1% kwezinkulu. Kungabonakala sengathi abakhulu kufanele babe nabadwebi bezakhiwo abazinikele, kodwa mhlawumbe abakwazi ukumboza inani lezinhlelo ezikhiqizwayo. Noma ama-algorithms afanayo ayisisekelo kanye nezakhiwo zedatha kufakwa ku-System Design, bese kucaca kancane.
Izinkampani ezincane zidinga I-Framework Proficiency kakhulu futhi kancane i-System Design eshiwo ngenhla, lapho singathola khona isiphetho sikakaputeni sokuthi kubalulekile kwabaqalayo ukwethula umkhiqizo osebenza ngandlela thize ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi kusasa kuzoba kusasa.
Bafundani abafundi?
Lapha ngithembele kudatha evela kwenye .
Kubalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi phezu kokuthi izinhlelo zohlelo ngandlela thize zifundiswa emanyuvesi (sengisho iziqu zeComputer Science), ngaphezu kwesigamu salabo abacwaningwayo bathe nabo bayazifundisa.
Abafundi besimanje bancamela ukufunda ku-YouTube, kuyilapho onjiniyela abadala bencike ezifundweni nasezincwadini. Bobabili basebenzisa i-StackOverflow ngenkuthalo. Lokhu ngikubalela eqinisweni lokuthi ividiyo iyisiteshi semidiya esijwayelekile sesizukulwane Z, kuyilapho abamele isizukulwane Y basesenkathini engenabo ama-blogger.
Bafundisa lokho okufunwa ngabaqashi: JavaScript, Java, Python. Bakhombisa ukuthi bayayazi i-C/C++, kodwa lokhu mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi lezi zilimi zisetshenziselwa ukufundisa emanyuvesi. Bafundisa izinhlaka ze-JS, kodwa isidingo siphezulu kakhulu kunokunikezwayo, ngakho-ke ngokusobala bafunda ngenkuthalo ngemva kokuthola umsebenzi wabo wokuqala.
Ngokuvamile, njengoba kulindelekile, bafundisa lokho okudingekayo.
Abafundi balindele ukukhula kochwepheshe emsebenzini wabo wokuqala, ibhalansi yempilo yomsebenzi iza okwesibili (kwamanye amazwe kuqala), futhi imisebenzi ethokozisayo iza isithathu.
Amandla omphakathi wonjiniyela ngezilimi zokuhlela nezinhlobo zesoftware
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu zisendaweni yokuqala ngonjiniyela abalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-16.9. Lena yi-SlashData futhi. Okulandelayo i-Backend Services (izigidi ezingu-13.6), izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula (izigidi ezingu-13.1) kanye nedeskithophu (izigidi ezingu-12.3). Imikhakha ye-AR/VR kanye ne-IoT kancane kancane ithola ukuduma, i-AI/ML/Data Science ikhule kakhulu kule minyaka emibili edlule.
I-Javascript ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu; umphakathi wayo usuvele mkhulu, ukhula ngezigidi ezingu-2018 ngo-2.5 kuphela. Bazama nokubhala kuyo emikhakheni ye-IoT ne-ML.
I-Python ikhule ngezigidi ezingu-2018 ngo-2.2 ngenxa yokuthandwa okukhulayo kwe-ML, lapho inamandla khona ngokwesiko, kanye nangenxa yokufunda kalula nokuba lula kolimi.
I-Java, i-C/C++ ne-C# zikhula ngesilinganiso esiphansi kuneso sonke isibalo sonjiniyela. Manje abavamile ukuba ulimi lwezinhlelo abantu abakhetha ukuqala ngalo. Isidingo sabathuthukisi lapha silingana kakhulu noma kancane nokunikezwayo. Ngicabanga ukuthi i-Java ibizokhula kancane uma bekungeyona i-Android.
I-PHP iwulimi lwesibili oludume kakhulu lokuhlela uhlelo lokusebenza futhi ikhula kakhulu (ngama-32% ngo-2018). Umphakathi wayo ulinganiselwa konjiniyela abayizigidi ezingu-5.9. Ngaphandle kwedumela elihlukanisayo le-PHP, kulula kakhulu ukulifunda futhi lisetshenziswe kabanzi.
Intsha yanamuhla ifunda kanjani uma iqhathaniswa nezizukulwane ezedlule?
Idatha ye-HackerRank futhi. Labo manje abaphakathi kuka-38 no-53 baklelisa imidlalo njengamaphrojekthi abo okuqala.
Ngendlela, ngiyaqinisekisa ukuthi iphrojekthi yami yokuqala engaphezulu noma encane yokusebenza yayiyi-"tic-tac-toe" kuze kube yisihlanu ngokulandelana ngensimu engenamkhawulo, okwesibili kwakuwumdlalo we-15. Ngibhale konke lokhu ku- , kade kukhona , aka BASIC-86 futhi igxile. Eh.
Abahleli bezinhlelo zesimanje (abafika eminyakeni engama-21) babhala izibali namawebhusayithi njengamaphrojekthi abo okuqala.
Phakathi kwabamele isizukulwane X, cishe isigamu saqala ukubhala ikhodi ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-16, abaningi benza kanjalo kusukela ku-5 kuya ku-10 ubudala (ikakhulukazi labo manje abaphakathi kweminyaka engu-35 no-45 ubudala). Kuyacaca ukuthi kungani: bekunemithombo embalwa yolwazi, futhi ukuze ube ngumhleli bekufanele ukufune kabi, futhi labo ababeyifuna ngempela baqale ukuhlela kusenesikhathi. Labo ababengayifuni kakhulu kungenzeka manje sebenomsebenzi ohlukile, ngakho isithombe kusayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu sifana ncamashi nalesi.
Abantu abasha banamuhla bangama-20% kuphela esikhathi abaqala ukuhlela ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-16, iningi labo endaweni ethile phakathi kuka-16 no-20. Kodwa futhi kulula kakhulu kubo ukufunda, manje sekufinyeleleka kakhulu.
okutholakele
Angikayitholi impendulo ebambekayo embuzweni wokuthi ingabe umthuthukisi we-backend oyisiqalo uyayidinga yini i-SQL namuhla, kodwa ngiwulungisile umbono wami wabantu besimanje babahleli.
Isizukulwane esilandelayo sabathuthukisi bangabantu abavamile, ngandlela thize sifana nesangaphambili; inkinga yezindlu yababona nje kuphela. Banelisa isidingo esidalwa abaqashi. Umkhawulo wokungena kulo mkhakha usuphansi ngenxa yamathuluzi alula kakhulu nezinhlaka ezikuvumela ukuthi uzuze imiphumela ngokushesha. Abantu abaningi manje sebengaba abahleli bezinhlelo; isizukulwane sedijithali (Generation Z) besiphila kwezobuchwepheshe kusukela sazalwa; kubo kuwumsebenzi ojwayelekile, akubi kakhulu kuneminye.
Labo abaziyo ukuthi ukubambezeleka kwenqolobane ye-L1 kungu-~4 imijikelezo, nokuthi kungcono ukungashayi imigqa yenqolobane ngokungadingekile, baba bancane njengephesenti yenani losayizi wabantu. Kodwa-ke, akufanele bakhathazeke ngokuthola umsebenzi; othile, ngemva kwakho konke, kufanele abhale izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi lapho esadingeka khona. Ngokufanayo, labo abanolwazi olujulile oluyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwesistimu futhi baluthola ezimpini ezingokoqobo ezichitha igazi, futhi abagcini nje ngokulandela inkolo yempahla, akufanele bakhathazeke. Ngoba kuzoba nabantu abaningi emaqenjini abangavele “babhale ikhodi” futhi “bamane” basebenzise izinhlaka, futhi ukuze “bagweme ubuhlungu obudlulele beminyaka abayichithe bephila ngokungenanjongo” (c) kuyodingeka balinganisele abantu abanjalo. .
Amakhono athambile ahamba kancane kancane esuka esigabeni sokufiseleka ukuya kokuphoqelekile (anginayo idatha eqondile yokuqinisekisa lokhu, ukubuka nje okungokoqobo). Inani labahleli bohlelo liyakhula, futhi bonke badinga ukuqondiswa ukuze bathole imiphumela, kungaba ngokulawula okuqondile noma okungaqondile, futhi yilokhu kanye amakhono athambile adingekayo.
I-“Enter IT” kimi ibonakala iyindaba yesifunda yendawo, evamile kulezo zindawo lapho imali engenayo yomdidiyeli wezinhlelo ihluka kakhulu emalini engenayo yochwepheshe “ongeyena owe-IT” oqhathaniswayo. E-Minsk, lapho ngihlala khona, lokhu ngokuvamile kuwukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi, nsuku zonke ngibona izikhangiso zezifundo ezintsha zokuthi ungangena kanjani ku-IT efiselekayo, futhi izinkampani zokuhlanza ziqondise abahleli bohlelo ngomlayezo othi “Ingabe uyayiqonda ikhodi kulesi sithombe? Lokhu kusho ukuthi awukwazi ukukuhlanzela indlu yakho, sizokwenzela yonke into.” Kwenzeka okufanayo kwamanye amaNdiya. Anginayo futhi imininingwane efakazela lokhu.
Ngokuvamile, ngokubona kwami, akukho lutho olusongela inani labahleli bohlelo. Asikho isidingo sokukhuluma mayelana neqiniso lokuthi awukwazi ukuthola abahleli bangempela phakathi nosuku, nokuthi abantu abakhethwayo bavame “ukungazi lutho.” Bahlakaniphe ngendlela efanayo futhi banekhono, mhlawumbe bahlakaniphe kakhulu futhi banekhono ngaphezu “kwabahleli bohlelo bangempela”; bamane bathole ulwazi imakethe ekhula ngokushesha eludinga kubo bese bebekela kamuva lokho abangakakudingi futhi ngeke kulethe inzuzo efanele. manje. Bazofunda lapho bedinga, ngoba basafuna ukufunda. Mhlawumbe, akuwona wonke umuntu ozokwazi ukwenza lokhu, kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu ozoyidinga; esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, imakethe izokwamukela kalula abantu abangakwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokushesha omunye umqondo wohlelo lokusebenza besebenzisa uhlaka oluthile.
Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. , wamukelekile.
Ingabe izingxoxo ze-web backender zidinga ulwazi lwe-SQL?
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Yebo, ngiyayifuna ngoba ngiyidinga ngomsebenzi
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Yebo, ngiyakwenza, nakuba kungadingeki kangako emsebenzini.
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Cha, angikudingi, sineNoSQL
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Cha, angikudingi, i-ORM izokwenza konke
Bangu-320 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-230 bagobile.
Source: www.habr.com