Kukhona imibuzo esiyibuzile noma esizama ukuyiphendula: kungani isibhakabhaka siluhlaza, zingaki izinkanyezi ezikhona esibhakabhakeni, ngubani onamandla - ushaka omhlophe noma umkhomo obulalayo, njll. Futhi kukhona imibuzo esingazange siyibuze, kodwa lokho akwenzi impendulo ibe mnandi kangako. Imibuzo enjalo ihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo: yini ebaluleke kangaka ososayensi baseLund (Sweden), Witwatersrand (Ningizimu Afrika), Stockholm (Sweden) kanye neWürzburg (Germany) ehlangene? Lokhu cishe kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ewusizo ngendlela emangalisayo. Hhayi-ke, kunzima ukusho ngokuqinisekile ngalokhu, kodwa kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, okungukuthi, ukuthi amabhungane ahamba kanjani emkhathini. Uma uthi nhlá, yonke into elapha iwubala, kodwa umhlaba wethu ugcwele izinto ezingelula njengoba zibonakala, nezinkubabulongwe ziwubufakazi balokhu. Ngakho-ke, yini ehluke kangaka ngesimiso sokuzulazula sebhungane lobulongwe, ososayensi balihlola kanjani, futhi ukuncintisana kuhlangene ngani nalo? Sizothola izimpendulo zale mibuzo neminye embikweni weqembu locwaningo. Hamba.
I-Protagonist
Okokuqala nje, kufanelekile ukwazi umlingiswa oyinhloko walolu cwaningo. Unamandla, usebenza kanzima, uyaphikelela, muhle futhi uyanakekela. Ibhungane lobulongwe eliphuma emndenini omkhulu we-Scarabaeidae.
Izibhungane zathola igama elingathandeki ngenxa yezintandokazi zazo ze-gastronomic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kubi kancane, kodwa kuyinkubabulongwe kuwumthombo omuhle kakhulu wemisoco, yingakho izinhlobo eziningi zalo mkhaya zingadingi eminye imithombo yokudla ngisho namanzi. Okuwukuphela kwento ehlukile yizinhlobo ze-Deltochilum valgum, abameleli bazo abathanda ukuzitika ngama-centipedes.
Ukwanda kwezinkubabulongwe kuwumona wezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, njengoba zihlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Indawo yokuhlala isukela emahlathini apholile kuya ogwadule olushisayo. Ngokusobala, kulula ukuthola inqwaba yezinkubabulongwe ezindaweni ezihlala izilwane “eziyizimboni” zokukhiqiza ukudla kwazo. Izinkubabulongwe zincamela ukugcina ukudla kwekusasa.
Ividiyo emfushane emayelana nezinkubabulongwe nobunzima bendlela yazo yokuphila (BBC, David Attenborough).
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhungane zinezici zazo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Amanye enza amabhola omquba, asongwa esuka endaweni yokuqoqa bese egqitshwa emgodini. Abanye bamba imihubhe ngaphansi komhlaba, bayigcwalise ngokudla. Futhi abanye, abawaziyo isisho ngoMohammed nosizi, bahlala nje ezindundumeni zobulongwe.
Izimpahla zokudla zibalulekile kubhungane, kodwa hhayi kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu zokuzigcina, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zokunakekela inzalo ezayo. Iqiniso liwukuthi izibungu zebhungane zihlala kulokho umzali wazo ayekuqoqile ngaphambili. Futhi uma umquba omningi, okungukuthi, ukudla kwezibungu, maningi amathuba okuba ziphile.
Ngihlangabezane nalokhu kwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokuqoqa ulwazi, futhi akuzwakali kukuhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ingxenye yokugcina:... Abesilisa balwela abesifazane, bemisa izinyawo zabo ezindongeni zomhubhe, futhi besunduza abaphikisana nabo ngezimila ezinjengophondo ... Abanye abesilisa abanazo izimpondo ngakho-ke abahlanganyeli ekulweni, kodwa banama-gonads amakhulu kanye nokuqapha. owesifazane emhubheni olandelayo ...
Hhayi-ke, ake sisuke emazwini engoma siye ocwaningweni ngokwalo.
Njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, ezinye izinhlobo zezinkubabulongwe zenza amabhola futhi ziwagoqe ngendlela eqondile, kungakhathaliseki izinga noma ubunzima bomzila okhethiwe, emgodini wokugcina. Yilokhu kuziphatha kwala mabhungane esikujwayele kakhulu ngenxa yamadokhumentari amaningi. Siyazi futhi ukuthi ngaphezu kwamandla (ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zingakwazi ukuphakamisa izikhathi ezingu-1000 isisindo sazo), izintandokazi ze-gastronomic kanye nokunakekela inzalo yazo, izibungu zobulongwe zinokuma okuhle kakhulu kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yizona kuphela izinambuzane ezikwazi ukuhamba ebusuku zisebenzisa izinkanyezi.
ENingizimu Afrika (indawo okubhekwa kuyo), inkubabulongwe, lapho ithole “inyamazane”, yenza ibhola bese iqala ukuligoqa ngendlela eqondile ngendlela engahleliwe, okubaluleke kakhulu kude nabancintisana nabo abangeke bangabaze ukulithatha. ukudla elikutholile. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ukubaleka kuphumelele, udinga ukuhamba ngendlela efanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngaphandle kokuphuma endleleni.
Ilanga liyindawo eyinhloko yokubhekisela, njengoba sesiyazi kakade, kodwa akulona elithembeke kakhulu. Ukuphakama kwelanga kushintsha usuku lonke, okunciphisa ukunemba kokuma ngakunye. Kungani amabhungane engaqali ukugijima eyindilinga, adideke aqonde lapho ebheka khona futhi ehlola imephu njalo ngemizuzu emi-2? Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ilanga alikona ukuphela komthombo wokwaziswa okukhomba indawo emkhathini. Futhi-ke ososayensi basikisela ukuthi indawo yesibili okubhekiselwa kuyo amabhungane umoya, noma kunalokho isiqondiso sawo. Lesi akusona isici esiyingqayizivele, njengoba izintuthwane ngisho namaphela ekwazi ukusebenzisa umoya ukuze athole indlela yawo.
Emsebenzini wabo, ososayensi banquma ukuhlola ukuthi izinkubabulongwe zisebenzisa kanjani lolu lwazi lwezinzwa eziningi, lapho zithanda ukuzulazula ngelanga nalapho ziqondiswa umoya, nokuthi zisebenzisa zombili lezi zindlela ngesikhathi esisodwa yini. Ukubhekwa nokulinganisa kwenziwa endaweni yemvelo yezifundo, kanye nasezimweni ezilingisayo, zaselabhorethri ezilawulwayo.
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Kulolu cwaningo, indima yesihloko esiyinhloko yadlalwa yibhungane lohlobo Scarabaeus lamarcki, kanye nokubhekwa endaweni yemvelo kwenziwa endaweni yepulazi le-Stonehenge, eduze kwaseGoli (eNingizimu Afrika).
Isithombe esingu-1: izinguquko zesivinini somoya phakathi nosuku (А), izinguquko endleleni yomoya emini (В).
Izilinganiso zokuqala zesivinini somoya nendlela eya khona zenziwa. Ebusuku, ijubane laliphansi kakhulu (<0,5 m/s), kodwa lenyuka ngokusondela ekuntweleni kokusa, lifinyelele inani eliphakeme lansuku zonke (3 m/s) phakathi kuka-11:00 no-13:00 (ukuphakama kwelanga ~70°).
Amanani esivinini ayaphawuleka ngoba adlula umkhawulo ongu-0,15 m/s odingekayo ukuze kumiswe i-menotactic yezibungu zobulongwe. Kulokhu, isivinini somoya esiphezulu sihambisana nesikhathi sosuku nomsebenzi ophezulu wamabhungane Scarabaeus lamarcki.
Amabhungane agingqa inyamazane yawo ngomugqa oqondile ukusuka endaweni eqoqwe kuwo ukuya ebangeni elikhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, wonke umzila uthatha amaminithi angu-6.1 ± 3.8. Ngakho-ke, ngalesi sikhathi kufanele balandele umzila ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka.
Uma sikhuluma ngokuqondisa komoya, khona-ke phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza okuphezulu kwamabhungane (kusuka ku-06:30 kuya ku-18:30), ukuguqulwa okujwayelekile kokuqondisa komoya phakathi nenkathi yemizuzu engu-6 ayikho ngaphezu kuka-27.0 °.
Ngokuhlanganisa imininingwane ngesivinini somoya nendlela eya ngakhona usuku lonke, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izimo zezulu ezinjalo zanele ukuzulazula kwamabhungane ngezindlela eziningi.
Isithombe #2
Isikhathi sokubheka. Ukuze kuhlolwe ithonya elingaba khona lomoya ezicini zokuma kwendawo yezibhungane zobulongwe, kwadalwa “inkundla” eyindilinga enokudla phakathi nendawo. Amabhungane ayekhululekile ukugoqa amabhola awakha kunoma iyiphi indlela ukusuka enkabeni phambi kokulawulwa, ukugeleza komoya okuzinzile ngesivinini esingu-3 m / s. Lezi zivivinyo zenziwa ngezinsuku ezicacile lapho ukuphakama kwelanga kuhlukahluka usuku lonke ngale ndlela elandelayo: ≥75 ° (phezulu), 45-60 ° (maphakathi), kanye ne-15-30 ° (ephansi).
Izinguquko ekugelezeni komoya nendawo yelanga zingashintsha zifike ku-180° phakathi kokuvakashela amabhungane amabili (I-2A). Kuyafaneleka futhi ukucabangela iqiniso lokuthi amabhungane awahlushwa yi-sclerosis, ngakho-ke ngemva kokuvakasha kokuqala akhumbula umzila awukhethile. Ukwazi lokhu, ososayensi bacabangela izinguquko ze-angle yokuphuma enkundleni ngesikhathi sokungena okulandelayo kwebhungane njengenye yezinkomba zempumelelo yokuma.
Lapho ukuphakama kwelanga okungu-≥75° (ukuphakama), izinguquko ku-azimuth ngokusabela ekushintsheni okungu-180° ekuqondeni komoya phakathi kwamasethi okuqala nesesibili kwakuhlanganiswe cishe ku-180° (P <0,001, V ukuhlolwa) noshintsho olumaphakathi lwe-166.9 ± 79.3 ° (2B). Kulokhu, ukuguqulwa endaweni yelanga (kusetshenziswe isibuko) ngo-180 ° kubangele ukusabela okucashile kwe-13,7 ± 89,1 ° (umbuthano ophansi uvuliwe. 2B).
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezindaweni eziphakeme zelanga ezimaphakathi neziphansi, amabhungane anamathela emizileni yawo naphezu kwezinguquko endleleni yomoya - isilinganiso sokuphakama: -15,9 ± 40,2 °; P <0,001; ukuphakama okuphansi: 7,1 ± 37,6°, P <0,001 (2C и 2D). Kodwa ukushintsha isiqondiso semisebe yelanga ngo-180 ° kwaba nokusabela okuphambene, okungukuthi, ushintsho olukhulu endleleni yebhungane - ukuphakama okulinganiselwe: 153,9 ± 83,3 °; ukuphakama okuphansi: −162 ± 69,4°; P <0,001 (imibuthano ephansi phakathi I-2A, I-2С и 2D).
Mhlawumbe umumo awuthonywa umoya ngokwawo, kodwa ngamaphunga. Ukuhlola lokhu, iqembu lesibili lamabhungane ahlolayo lakhishwa izingxenye zawo ezikude, ezibhekene nomuzwa wazo wokuhogela. Izinguquko zomzila ekuphenduleni izinguquko ezingu-180° endleleni yomoya ezivezwa yila mabhungane zazisahlangene ngokuphawulekayo cishe ku-180°. Ngamanye amazwi, awukho neze umehluko ezingeni lokuma phakathi kwamabhungane anenzwa yokuhogela nangenayo.
Isiphetho esimaphakathi siwukuthi izinkubabulongwe zisebenzisa ilanga nomoya lapho zibheke khona. Kulesi simo, ngaphansi kwezimo zaselabhorethri ezilawulwayo, kwatholakala ukuthi ikhampasi yomoya ibusa phezu kwekhampasi yelanga esimweni sokuphakama kwelanga, kodwa isimo siqala ukushintsha lapho ilanga lisondela emkhathizwe.
Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi kunohlelo lwekhampasi olushintshashintshayo lwe-multimodal, lapho ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kushintsha ngokolwazi lwezinzwa. Okusho ukuthi, ibhungane lihamba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku, lithembele emthonjeni onokwethenjelwa wolwazi ngaleso sikhathi (ilanga liphansi - ilanga liyisithenjwa; ilanga liphakeme - umoya uyisithenjwa).
Ngokulandelayo, ososayensi banquma ukuhlola ukuthi umoya uyasiza yini ekuqondiseni amabhungane noma cha. Ngale njongo, kwalungiswa inkundla enobubanzi obuyimitha eyi-1 enokudla phakathi nendawo. Sekukonke, amabhungane enza ukushona kwelanga okungu-20 endaweni ephakeme yelanga: 10 ngomoya kanye no-10 ngaphandle komoya (2F).
Njengoba kwakulindelekile, ukuba khona komoya kwandisa ukunemba kokuma kwamabhungane. Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi ekubonweni kokuqala kokunemba kwekhampasi yelanga, ukuguqulwa kwe-azimuth phakathi kwamasethi amabili alandelanayo kuphindwe kabili endaweni ephakeme yelanga (>75 °) uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo ephansi (<60 °).
Ngakho-ke, saqaphela ukuthi umoya udlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondisweni kwezibungu zobulongwe, unxephezela ukungalungi kwekhampasi yelanga. Kodwa ibhungane likuqoqa kanjani ukwaziswa mayelana nesivinini somoya nokuthi uyaphi? Yiqiniso, into esobala kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngezimpondo. Ukuqinisekisa lokhu, ososayensi benza izivivinyo ngaphakathi endlini ngokugeleza komoya okungaguquki (3 m/s) ngokubamba iqhaza kwamaqembu amabili amabhungane - anezimpondo nangaphandle (3A).
Isithombe #3
Umbandela oyinhloko wokunemba kokuma kwaba ukushintshwa kwe-azimuth phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili lapho ukugeleza komoya kushintsha ngo-180°.
Izinguquko endleleni yokunyakaza kwamabhungane anezimpondo zahlanganiswa cishe ngo-180°, ngokungafani nezibhungane ezingenazo izimpondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushintsho oluphelele lwe-azimuth yezibhungane ezingenazo izimpondo lwalungu-104,4 ± 36,0 °, oluhluke kakhulu ekushintsheni okuphelele kwamabhungane anezimpondo - 141,0 ± 45,0 ° (igrafu ku- I-3B). Okusho ukuthi, amabhungane angenazo izimpondo ayengakwazi ukuhamba ngendlela evamile emoyeni. Nokho, babesakwazi ukuhamba kahle lapho bebona ilanga.
Esithombeni I-3A ibonisa ukusethwa kokuhlola ukuhlola ikhono lamabhungane lokuhlanganisa ulwazi oluvela ezindleleni ezihlukene zezinzwa ukuze kulungiswe umzila wawo. Ukwenza lokhu, ukuhlolwa kwakuhlanganisa kokubili izimpawu zendawo (umoya + ilanga) ngesikhathi sokufika kokuqala, noma uphawu olulodwa kuphela (ilanga noma umoya) ngesikhathi sesibili. Ngale ndlela, i-multimodality kanye ne-unimodality yaqhathaniswa.
Ukuhlola kubonise ukuthi izinguquko endleleni yokunyakaza kwamabhungane ngemva kokuguquka kusuka endaweni ephawulekayo eya endaweni engavamile kuya kwe-unimodal kwakugxilwe cishe ku-0 °: umoya kuphela: -8,2 ± 64,3 °; ilanga kuphela: 16,5 ± 51,6° (amagrafu phakathi nendawo nakwesokudla 3C).
Lesi sici sokuma asizange sehluke kuleso esitholwe phambi kwezimpawu zendawo ezimbili (ilanga + nomoya) (igrafu kwesokunxele I-3С).
Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, ibhungane lingasebenzisa uphawu olulodwa uma elesibili linganikezi ukwaziswa okwanele, okungukuthi, ukunxephezela ukunganembi kwendawo eyodwa ngolwesibili.
Uma ucabanga ukuthi ososayensi bama lapho, akunjalo. Okulandelayo, kwakudingeka ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi amabhungane agcina kanjani ulwazi mayelana nesinye sezimpawu zendawo, nokuthi ayisebenzisa yini esikhathini esizayo njengesithasiselo. Ngale njongo, kwenziwa izindlela ezi-4: okokuqala kwakukhona uphawu olulodwa (ilanga), okwesibili nokwesithathu kwanezelwa ukugeleza komoya, kanti okwesine kwakukhona ukugeleza komoya kuphela. Kuphinde kwahlolwa lapho izimpawu zomhlaba zilandelana ngokuhlehlayo: umoya, ilanga + umoya, ilanga + umoya, ilanga.
I-tentative theory iwukuthi uma amabhungane akwazi ukugcina ulwazi mayelana kokubili izimpawu zendawo endaweni efanayo yenkumbulo yendawo ebuchosheni, khona-ke kufanele agcine isiqondiso esifanayo ekuvakasheni kokuqala nokwesine, i.e. izinguquko endleleni yokunyakaza kufanele zihlangane cishe ngo-0°.
Isithombe #4
Idatha eqoqwe ekushintsheni kwe-azimuth phakathi nokugijima kokuqala nokwesine iqinisekise ukucabanga okungenhla (4A), okwaqinisekiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokumodela, imiphumela yakho evezwe kugrafu 4C (kwesobunxele).
Njengesheke elengeziwe, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa lapho ukugeleza komoya kwathathelwa indawo indawo ye-ultraviolet (4B no-4C kwesokudla). Imiphumela yayicishe ifane nokuhlolwa kokugeleza kwelanga nomoya.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukubheka и kuyena.
Epilogue
Inhlanganisela yemiphumela evela ekuhlolweni kokubili kwemvelo nezindawo ezilawulwayo ibonise ukuthi ezinkubabunini zobulongwe, ulwazi olubukwayo nolwe-mechanosensory luhlangana kunethiwekhi evamile ye-neural futhi lugcinwa njengesifinyezo sekhampasi ye-multimodal. Ukuqhathaniswa kokuphumelela kokusebenzisa ilanga noma umoya njengesithenjwa kwabonisa ukuthi amabhungane ayevame ukusebenzisa ireferensi eyayiwanikeza ukwaziswa okwengeziwe. Eyesibili isetshenziswa njengesipele noma ehambisanayo.
Lokhu kungase kubonakale kuyinto evamile kithi, kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi ubuchopho bethu bukhulu kakhulu kunobebug encane. Kodwa, njengoba sesifundile, ngisho nezidalwa ezincane kunazo zonke ziyakwazi ukwenza izinqubo zengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba endle ukusinda kwakho kuxhomeke emandleni noma ekuhlakanipheni, futhi ngokuvamile ekuhlanganisweni kwakho kokubili.
NgoLwesihlanu ekuseni:
Ngisho namabhungane alwela inyamazane. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi inyamazane iyibhola lobulongwe.
(BBC Earth, David Attenborough)
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Source: www.habr.com