Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe emkhakheni we-software kanye ne-hardware, ukuvela kwezivumelwano ezintsha zokuxhumana kuye kwaholela ekwandeni kwe-Inthanethi Yezinto (IoT). Inombolo yamadivayisi ikhula usuku nosuku futhi akhiqiza inani elikhulu ledatha. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo sesakhiwo esikahle sesistimu esikwazi ukucubungula, ukugcina nokudlulisa le datha.
Manje izinsiza zamafu zisetshenziselwa lezi zinhloso. Kodwa-ke, i-paradigm ye-fog computing eyandayo (Inkungu) ingahambisana nezixazululo zamafu ngokukala kanye nokwenza kahle ingqalasizinda ye-IoT.
Amafu ayakwazi ukumboza izicelo eziningi ze-IoT. Isibonelo, ukuhlinzeka ngokuqapha kwezinsizakalo, ukucutshungulwa okusheshayo kwanoma yiliphi inani ledatha ekhiqizwa amadivayisi, kanye nokubonwa kwawo. Ukwenza ikhompuyutha kwenkungu kusebenza kakhulu lapho kuxazulula izinkinga zesikhathi sangempela. Banikeza impendulo esheshayo ezicelweni kanye nokubambezeleka okuncane ekucutshungulweni kwedatha. Okusho ukuthi, inkungu igcwalisa "amafu" futhi yandisa amakhono ayo.
Kodwa-ke, umbuzo oyinhloko uhlukile: konke lokhu kufanele kuhlanganyele kanjani kumongo we-IoT? Yiziphi izimiso zokuxhumana ezizosebenza kakhulu uma usebenza ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe lwe-IoT-Fog-Cloud?
Ngaphandle kokubusa okubonakalayo kwe-HTTP, kunenombolo enkulu yezinye izixazululo ezisetshenziswa kuzinhlelo ze-IoT, Inkungu namafu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-IoT kufanele ihlanganise ukusebenza kwezinzwa zedivayisi ezihlukahlukene nokuvikeleka, ukuhambisana, nezinye izidingo zabasebenzisi.
Kodwa awukho nje umqondo owodwa mayelana nokwakhiwa kwereferensi kanye nezinga lokuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, ukudala iphrothokholi entsha noma ukulungisa ekhona yemisebenzi ethile ye-IoT kungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ebhekene nomphakathi we-IT.
Imaphi amaphrothokholi asetshenziswayo njengamanje futhi anganikeza ini? Ake sikuthole. Kodwa okokuqala, ake sixoxe ngezimiso ze-ecosystem lapho amafu, inkungu kanye ne-inthanethi yezinto zihlangana khona.
I-IoT Fog-to-Cloud (F2C) Architecture
Cishe ubonile ukuthi ungakanani umzamo owenziwayo ukuhlola izinzuzo nezinzuzo ezihlobene nokuphathwa okuhlakaniphile nokuhlelekile kwe-IoT, ifu nenkungu. Uma kungenjalo, nazi izinyathelo ezintathu zokumisa: , ΠΈ .
Uma ngaphambilini bekucatshangelwa amaleveli angu-2 kuphela, amafu nemishini yokugcina, khona-ke isakhiwo esihlongozwayo sethula ileveli entsha - ikhompyutha yenkungu. Kulokhu, izinga lenkungu lingahlukaniswa libe amaleveli amancane ambalwa, kuye ngokucaciswa kwezisetshenziswa noma isethi yezinqubomgomo ezinquma ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi ahlukene kulawa maleveli angaphansi.
Lokhu kukhishwa kungase kubukeke kanjani? Nansi i-ecosystem evamile ye-IoT-Fog-Cloud. Amadivayisi e-IoT athumela idatha kumaseva asheshayo namadivayisi ekhompyutha ukuze axazulule izinkinga ezidinga ukubambezeleka okuphansi. Kuhlelo olufanayo, amafu anesibopho sokuxazulula izinkinga ezidinga inani elikhulu lezinsiza zekhompyutha noma indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ama-Smartphones, amawashi ahlakaniphile namanye amagajethi nawo angaba yingxenye ye-IoT. Kodwa amadivaysi anjalo, njengomthetho, asebenzisa izivumelwano zokuxhumana zobunikazi ezivela kubathuthukisi abakhulu. Idatha ekhiqiziwe ye-IoT idluliselwa kusendlalelo senkungu ngephrothokholi ye-REST HTTP, ehlinzeka ngokuguquguquka nokusebenzisana lapho udala amasevisi a-RESTful. Lokhu kubalulekile ngenxa yesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana emuva nengqalasizinda yekhompyutha ekhona esebenza kumakhompyutha wendawo, amaseva noma iqoqo leseva. Izinsiza zasendaweni, ezibizwa ngokuthi βama-fog nodes,β zihlunga idatha etholiwe futhi zicubungule endaweni noma ziyithumele emafini ukuze uthole izibalo ezengeziwe.
Amafu asekela izimiso zokuxhumana ezihlukene, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi i-AMQP ne-REST HTTP. Njengoba i-HTTP yaziwa kakhulu futhi yakhelwe i-Intanethi, umbuzo ungaphakama: "akufanele yini siyisebenzisele ukusebenza ne-IoT nenkungu?" Nokho, le protocol inezinkinga zokusebenza. Okuningi ngalokhu kamuva.
Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zezivumelwano zokuxhumana ezifanele uhlelo esiludingayo. Lezi yimpendulo yesicelo futhi shicilela-ubhalise. Imodeli yokuqala yaziwa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwe-server-client. Iklayenti licela ulwazi kuseva, futhi iseva ithola isicelo, isicubungule bese ibuyisela umlayezo wokuphendula. Amaphrothokholi we-REST HTTP ne-CoAP asebenza kule modeli.
Imodeli yesibili yavela esidingweni sokuhlinzeka ngokuhlanganisa okuvumelanayo, okusatshalaliswayo, okuxekethile phakathi kwemithombo ekhiqiza idatha kanye nabamukeli bale datha.
Imodeli ithatha abahlanganyeli abathathu: umshicileli (umthombo wedatha), umdayisi (umthumeli) kanye nobhalisile (umamukeli). Lapha, iklayenti elisebenza njengobhalisile akudingeki licele ulwazi kuseva. Esikhundleni sokuthumela izicelo, ibhalisela imicimbi ethile ohlelweni ngomthengisi, onesibopho sokuhlunga yonke imilayezo engenayo futhi ayihambise phakathi kwabashicileli nababhalisile. Futhi umshicileli, uma kwenzeka umcimbi mayelana nesihloko esithile, usishicilela kumthengisi, othumela idatha ngesihloko esiceliwe kobhalisile.
Empeleni, lesi sakhiwo sisekelwe kumcimbi. Futhi le modeli yokusebenzisana iyathakazelisa ezinhlelweni eziku-IoT, ifu, inkungu ngenxa yekhono layo lokuhlinzeka ngokulinganisa nokwenza lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi ahlukene, ukusekela ukuxhumana okuguquguqukayo okusuka kokuningi kuya kwabaningi kanye nokuxhumana okuvumelanayo. Amanye amaphrothokholi emilayezo ajwayelekile ajwayelekile asebenzisa imodeli yokubhalisa yokushicilela afaka i-MQTT, AMQP, ne-DDS.
Ngokusobala, imodeli yokubhalisela ukushicilela inezinzuzo eziningi:
- Abashicileli nababhalisile akudingeki bazi ngobukhona bomunye nomunye;
- Obhalisile oyedwa angathola ulwazi ezincwadini eziningi ezihlukene, futhi umshicileli oyedwa angathumela idatha kubabhalisile abaningi abahlukene (isimiso sokuningi kuya kwabaningi);
- Umshicileli nobhalisile akudingeki basebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze baxhumane, ngoba umthengisi (osebenza njengohlelo lokubeka umugqa) uzokwazi ukugcina umlayezo kumakhasimende angaxhumekile kunethiwekhi okwamanje.
Nokho, imodeli yokuphendula isicelo nayo inamandla ayo. Ezimeni lapho ikhono lohlangothi lweseva lokusingatha izicelo zamaklayenti amaningi kungeyona inkinga, kunengqondo ukusebenzisa izixazululo ezifakazelwe, ezithembekile.
Kukhona futhi amaphrothokholi asekela womabili amamodeli. Isibonelo, i-XMPP ne-HTTP 2.0, esekela inketho "ye-server push". I-IETF iphinde yakhipha i-CoAP. Emzamweni wokuxazulula inkinga yemiyalezo, ezinye izixazululo ezimbalwa zidaliwe, njengephrothokholi ye-WebSockets noma ukusetshenziswa kwephrothokholi ye-HTTP phezu kwe-QUIC (I-Quick UDP Internet Connections).
Endabeni ye-WebSockets, nakuba isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa idatha ngesikhathi sangempela isuka kuseva iye kuklayenti lewebhu futhi ihlinzeka ngoxhumo oluqhubekayo nokuxhumana okukabili ngasikhathi sinye, akuhloselwe amadivayisi anezinsiza ezilinganiselwe zekhompiyutha. I-QUIC nayo idinga ukunakwa, njengoba inqubo entsha yezokuthutha inikeza amathuba amaningi amasha. Kepha njengoba i-QUIC ingakamiswa, kusengaphambi kwesikhathi ukubikezela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungenzeka kanye nomthelela ezisombululweni ze-IoT. Ngakho-ke sigcina ama-WebSockets kanye ne-QUIC engqondweni ngeso lekusasa, kodwa ngeke sikufunde kabanzi okwamanje.
Ubani omuhle kunabo bonke emhlabeni: ukuqhathanisa amaphrothokholi
Manje ake sikhulume ngamandla kanye nobuthakathaka bezivumelwano. Uma sibheka phambili, masisheshe senze ukugoba ukuthi akekho umholi ocacile. Iphrothokholi ngayinye inezinzuzo/izinkinga ezithile.
Isikhathi sokuphendula
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zezivumelwano zokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi maqondana ne-inthanethi Yezinto, isikhathi sokuphendula. Kodwa phakathi kwamaphrothokholi akhona, akekho owinile ocacile obonisa izinga elincane lokubambezeleka lapho usebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene. Kepha kunenqwaba yocwaningo kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwamakhono ephrothokholi.
Isibonelo, ukuqhathaniswa kokusebenza ngempumelelo kwe-HTTP ne-MQTT lapho kusebenza ne-IoT kubonise ukuthi isikhathi sokuphendula sezicelo ze-MQTT sincane kunese-HTTP. Futhi nini Isikhathi sokubuya nokubuya (RTT) se-MQTT ne-CoAP siveze ukuthi isilinganiso se-RTT ye-CoAP singaphansi ngo-20% kuneso se-MQTT.
Okunye nge-RTT yezivumelwano ze-MQTT kanye ne-CoAP yenziwa ezimweni ezimbili: inethiwekhi yendawo kanye nenethiwekhi ye-IoT. Kuvele ukuthi isilinganiso se-RTT siphakeme izikhathi ezi-2-3 kunethiwekhi ye-IoT. I-MQTT ene-QoS0 ibonise umphumela ophansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CoAP, futhi i-MQTT ene-QoS1 ibonise i-RTT ephakeme ngenxa yama-ACK ekusetshenzisweni nasezingqimbeni zokuthutha. Kumazinga ahlukene we-QoS, ukubambezeleka kwenethiwekhi ngaphandle kokuminyana bekungama-millisecond e-MQTT, kanye namakhulu ama-microsecond e-CoAP. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi uma usebenza kumanethiwekhi angathembeki kancane, i-MQTT egijima phezu kwe-TCP izobonisa umphumela ohluke ngokuphelele.
isikhathi sokuphendula sezivumelwano ze-AMQP ne-MQTT ngokukhuphula ukukhokhelwa kubonise ukuthi ngomthwalo omncane izinga le-latency licishe lifane. Kodwa lapho udlulisela inani elikhulu ledatha, i-MQTT ibonisa izikhathi ezimfushane zokuphendula. kokukodwa ngaphezulu I-CoAP yaqhathaniswa ne-HTTP esimweni sokuxhumana komshini nomshini ngamadivayisi afakwe phezulu kwezimoto ezifakwe izinzwa zegesi, izinzwa zesimo sezulu, izinzwa zendawo (GPS) kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi yeselula (GPRS). Isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kudluliselwe umlayezo we-CoAP ngenethiwekhi yeselula cishe sasifushane ngokuphindwe kathathu kunesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze usebenzise imilayezo ye-HTTP.
Ucwaningo lwenziwe olungaqhathanisi amaphrothokholi amabili, kodwa amathathu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenza kwezivumelwano ze-IoT i-MQTT, DDS kanye ne-CoAP esimweni sohlelo lwezokwelapha kusetshenziswa i-emulator yenethiwekhi. I-DDS isebenze kahle kakhulu kune-MQTT ngokuya nge-telemetry latency ehloliwe ngaphansi kwezimo zenethiwekhi ezimbi ezihlukahlukene. I-CoAP esekelwe ku-UDP isebenze kahle ezinhlelweni ezidinga izikhathi zokuphendula ngokushesha, nokho, ngenxa yokuthi isekelwe ku-UDP, kube nokulahlekelwa kwephakethe okungalindelekile okuphawulekayo.
Umkhawulokudonsa
I-MQTT kanye ne-CoAP mayelana nokusebenza kahle komkhawulokudonsa kwenziwa njengesibalo sesamba senani ledatha edluliswayo ngomlayezo ngamunye. I-CoAP ibonise ukusebenza okuphansi kune-MQTT lapho ithumela imilayezo emincane. Kodwa lapho kuqhathaniswa ukusebenza kahle kwezivumelwano ngokwesilinganiso senani lamabhayithi olwazi oluwusizo nenani eliphelele lamabhayithi adlulisiwe, i-CoAP ibonakale iphumelela kakhulu.
ngesikhathi kusetshenziswa i-MQTT, i-DDS (ene-TCP njenge-protocol yezokuthutha) kanye nomkhawulokudonsa we-CoAP, kwatholakala ukuthi i-CoAP ngokuvamile ibonise ukusetshenziswa komkhawulokudonsa ophansi ngokuqhathaniswa, okungazange kwande ngokunyuka kokulahlekelwa kwephakethe lenethiwekhi noma ukwanda kwe-latency yenethiwekhi, ngokungafani ne-MQTT ne-DDS, lapho ukwanda kokusetshenziswa komkhawulokudonsa ezimeni ezishiwo. Esinye isimo sasihilela inani elikhulu lamadivayisi adlulisa idatha ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuyinto evamile ezindaweni ze-IoT. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ekusetshenzisweni okuphezulu kungcono ukusebenzisa i-CoAP.
Ngaphansi komthwalo omncane, i-CoAP isebenzise umkhawulokudonsa omncane, ilandelwa i-MQTT ne-REST HTTP. Kodwa-ke, lapho usayizi wemithwalo ekhokhelwayo ukhuphuka, i-REST HTTP ibe nemiphumela engcono kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla
Indaba yokusetshenziswa kwamandla ihlala ibaluleke kakhulu, futhi ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lwe-IoT. Uma Ngenkathi i-MQTT ne-HTTP zisebenzisa ugesi, i-HTTP idla kakhulu. Futhi i-CoAP ingaphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-MQTT, okuvumela ukuphathwa kwamandla. Nokho, ezimeni ezilula, i-MQTT ifaneleka kakhulu ukushintshanisa ulwazi kumanethiwekhi e-inthanethi Yezinto, ikakhulukazi uma ingekho imikhawulo yamandla.
Ukuhlolwa okuqhathanise amandla e-AMQP kanye ne-MQTT kunethiwekhi yokuhlola engenantambo yeselula noma engazinzile kutholwe ukuthi i-AMQP inikezela ngamakhono okuphepha engeziwe kuyilapho i-MQTT iyonga kakhulu amandla.
Ukuphepha
Ukuphepha kungenye inkinga ebucayi ephakanyiswe lapho kufundwa isihloko se-inthanethi Yezinto kanye ne-fog/cloud computing. Indlela yokuvikela ngokuvamile isekelwe ku-TLS ku-HTTP, MQTT, AMQP ne-XMPP, noma i-DTLS ku-CoAP, futhi isekela kokubili okuhlukile kwe-DDS.
I-TLS ne-DTLS ziqala ngenqubo yokusungula ukuxhumana phakathi kweklayenti nezinhlangothi zeseva ukuze kushintshisane ngamasudi e-cipher asekelwe nokhiye. Zombili izinhlangothi zixoxisana ngamasethi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo kwenzeka esiteshini esivikelekile. Umehluko phakathi kwakho kokubili usekulungisweni okuncane okuvumela i-DTLS esekwe ku-UDP ukuthi isebenze phezu koxhumano olungathembekile.
ngesikhathi Ukuqaliswa okuningana okuhlukene kwe-TLS ne-DTLS kuthole ukuthi i-TLS yenze umsebenzi ongcono. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-DTLS kube yimpumelelo kakhulu ngenxa yokubekezelela amaphutha.
Kodwa-ke, inkinga enkulu ngalezi zimiso ukuthi bezingaklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa ku-IoT futhi bezingahloselwe ukusebenza enkungu noma ifu. Ngokuxhawula izandla, bangeza i-traffic eyengeziwe ngokusungulwa kokuxhumana ngakunye, okudonsa izinsiza zekhompyutha. Ngokwesilinganiso, kunokwenyuka okungu-6,5% ku-TLS kanye no-11% ku-DTLS ku-overhead uma kuqhathaniswa nokuxhumana ngaphandle kongqimba lwezokuphepha. Ezindaweni ezinothile ngezinsiza, ezitholakala ngokujwayelekile izinga, lokhu ngeke kube yinkinga, kodwa ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwe-IoT nezinga lenkungu, lokhu kuba umkhawulo obalulekile.
Yini okufanele uyikhethe? Ayikho impendulo ecacile. I-MQTT kanye ne-HTTP kubonakala kuyizivumelwano ezithembisa kakhulu njengoba zibhekwa njengezixazululo ze-IoT ezivuthiwe nezizinzile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izivumelwano.
Izixazululo ezisekelwe kuphrothokholi yokuxhumana ehlanganisiwe
Umkhuba wesixazululo sephrothokholi eyodwa unezinkinga eziningi. Isibonelo, iphrothokholi evumelana nendawo ekhawulelwe ingase ingasebenzi esizindeni esinezidingo eziqinile zokuphepha. Sinalokhu engqondweni, sishiywe ukuthi silahle cishe zonke izixazululo zephrothokholi eyodwa ezingaba khona ku-Fog-to-Cloud ecosystem ku-IoT, ngaphandle kwe-MQTT ne-REST HTTP.
I-REST HTTP njengesixazululo sephrothokholi eyodwa
Kunesibonelo esihle sokuthi izicelo nezimpendulo ze-REST HTTP zihlangana kanjani endaweni ye-IoT-to-Fog: . Izilwane zifakwe izinzwa ezigqokekayo (iklayenti le-IoT, C) futhi zilawulwa ngekhompyutha yamafu ngohlelo lokulima oluhlakaniphile (iseva yenkungu, S).
Isihloko sendlela ye-POST sicacisa insiza yokulungisa (/ipulazi/izilwane) kanye nenguqulo ye-HTTP nohlobo lokuqukethwe, kulokhu okuyinto ye-JSON emelela ipulazi lezilwane okumele liphathwe yisistimu (i-Dulcinea/inkomo) . Impendulo esuka kuseva ibonisa ukuthi isicelo sibe yimpumelelo ngokuthumela ikhodi yesimo ye-HTTPS 201 (isisetshenziswa esidaliwe). Indlela ye-GET kufanele icacise kuphela insiza eceliwe ku-URI (isibonelo, /farm/animals/1), ebuyisela ukumelwa kwe-JSON kwesilwane esinaleyo ID evela kuseva.
Indlela ye-PUT isetshenziswa lapho irekhodi elithile lensiza lidinga ukubuyekezwa. Kulesi simo, insiza icacisa i-URI ukuze ipharamitha ishintshwe kanye nenani lamanje (isibonelo, okubonisa ukuthi inkomo iyahamba okwamanje, /farm/animals/1? state=walking). Ekugcineni, indlela ethi SUSA isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo endleleni ye-GET, kodwa ivele isuse insiza njengomphumela wokusebenza.
I-MQTT njengesixazululo sephrothokholi eyodwa
Masithathe ipulazi elifanayo elihlakaniphile, kodwa esikhundleni se-REST HTTP sisebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-MQTT. Iseva yendawo enelabhulali ye-Mosquitto efakiwe isebenza njengomthengisi. Kulesi sibonelo, ikhompuyutha elula (ebizwa ngokuthi iseva yepulazi) i-Raspberry Pi isebenza njengeklayenti le-MQTT, isetshenziswe ngokufakwa komtapo wezincwadi we-Paho MQTT, ohambisana ngokugcwele nomthengisi womiyane.
Leli klayenti lihambisana nesendlalelo sokufinyezwa se-IoT esimele idivayisi enamandla okuzwela nawokwenza ikhompuyutha. Umlamuli, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhambelana nezinga eliphakeme lokukhipha, elimele indawo yekhompiyutha yenkungu ebonakala ngokucubungula okukhulu nomthamo wokugcina.
Esimweni esihlongozwayo sepulazi elihlakaniphile, i-Raspberry Pi ixhuma ku-accelerometer, i-GPS, nezinzwa zezinga lokushisa futhi ishicilela idatha kusuka kulezi zinzwa kuya endaweni yenkungu. Njengoba cishe uyazi, i-MQTT iphatha izihloko njengoluhlu lwabaphathi. Umshicileli oyedwa we-MQTT angashicilela imilayezo kusethi ethile yezihloko. Esimeni sethu kukhona ezintathu zazo. Ngenzwa ekala izinga lokushisa esibayeni sezilwane, iklayenti likhetha itimu (ipulazi lezilwane/ishede/izinga lokushisa). Ezinzwa ezikala indawo ye-GPS nokunyakaza kwezilwane nge-accelerometer, iklayenti lizoshicilela izibuyekezo kokuthi (ipulazi lezilwane/isilwane/i-GPS) kanye (nepulazi lezilwane/isilwane/ukunyakaza).
Lolu lwazi luzodluliselwa kumdayiseli, ongalugcina okwesikhashana kusizindalwazi sendawo uma kwenzeka omunye obhalisile onentshisekelo eza kamuva.
Ngokungeziwe kuseva yendawo, esebenza njengomthengisi we-MQTT enkungu futhi lapho i-Raspberry Pis, esebenza njengamaklayenti e-MQTT, ithumela idatha yezinzwa, kungase kube nomunye umthengisi we-MQTT ezingeni lamafu. Kulesi simo, ulwazi oludluliselwe kumdayisi wendawo lungagcinwa okwesikhashana kusizindalwazi sendawo futhi/noma luthunyelwe emafini. Umthengisi we-MQTT wenkungu kulesi simo usetshenziselwa ukuhlobanisa yonke idatha ne-cloud MQTT broker. Ngalesi sakhiwo, umsebenzisi wohlelo lokusebenza lweselula angabhaliswa kubo bobabili abadayisi.
Uma ukuxhumeka komunye wabathengi (isibonelo, ifu) kwehluleka, umsebenzisi wokugcina uzothola ulwazi kusuka komunye (inkungu). Lesi isici sesici sezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zenkungu namafu. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula lungalungiselelwa ukuxhuma kumthengisi we-MQTT onenkungu kuqala, futhi uma lokho kwehluleka, ukuxhuma kumthengisi we-MQTT wefu. Lesi sixazululo singesinye seziningi ezinhlelweni ze-IoT-F2C.
Izixazululo ze-Multi-protocol
Izixazululo zephrothokholi eyodwa zidumile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwazo okulula. Kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi ezinhlelweni ze-IoT-F2C kunengqondo ukuhlanganisa amaphrothokholi ahlukene. Umqondo wukuthi amaphrothokholi ahlukene angasebenza emazingeni ahlukene. Thatha, isibonelo, izifinyezo ezintathu: izendlalelo ze-IoT, inkungu ne-cloud computing. Amadivayisi asezingeni le-IoT ngokuvamile abhekwa njengokulinganiselwe. Ngokwalokhu kubuka konke, ake sicabangele ama-IoT ama-tiers njengawo abambezeleke kakhulu, afiphaze kancane, kanye nekhompyutha yenkungu njengokuthi "ndawana thize phakathi." Kuvele ukuthi phakathi kwe-IoT nokukhishwa kwenkungu, izixazululo zephrothokholi zamanje zifaka i-MQTT, i-CoAP ne-XMPP. Phakathi kwenkungu namafu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-AMQP ingenye yezivumelwano eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswayo, kanye ne-REST HTTP, okuthi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo iphinde isetshenziswe phakathi kwe-IoT nezingqimba zenkungu.
Inkinga enkulu lapha ukusebenzisana kwezivumelwano kanye nokuba lula kokudlulisa imilayezo isuka kwenye iphrothokholi iye kwenye. Ngokufanelekile, esikhathini esizayo, ukwakheka kwesistimu ye-inthanethi Yezinto enezinsiza zefu nenkungu kuzozimele kuphrothokholi yokuxhumana esetshenzisiwe futhi kuzoqinisekisa ukusebenzisana okuhle phakathi kwezivumelwano ezihlukene.
Njengoba lokhu kungenjalo okwamanje, kunengqondo ukuhlanganisa amaphrothokholi angenawo umehluko omkhulu. Kuze kube manje, isixazululo esisodwa esingaba khona sisekelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwezivumelwano ezimbili ezilandela isitayela esifanayo sezakhiwo, i-REST HTTP ne-CoAP. Esinye isixazululo esihlongozwayo sisekelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwezivumelwano ezimbili ezinikeza ukuxhumana kokushicilela-ukubhalisa, i-MQTT ne-AMQP. Ukusebenzisa imiqondo efanayo (kokubili abathengisi be-MQTT kanye ne-AMQP basebenzisa ama-broker, i-CoAP ne-HTTP sebenzisa i-REST) ββββkwenza lezi zinhlanganisela zibe lula ukuzisebenzisa futhi kudinga umzamo omncane wokuhlanganisa.
Umfanekiso (a) ubonisa amamodeli amabili asekelwe ekuphenduleni, i-HTTP ne-CoAP, kanye nokubekwa kwawo okungenzeka kusixazululo se-IoT-F2C. Njengoba i-HTTP ingenye yezivumelwano ezaziwa kakhulu nezamukelwayo kumanethiwekhi anamuhla, mancane amathuba okuthi ithathelwe indawo ngokuphelele amanye amaphrothokholi emiyalezo. Phakathi kwama-node amele amadivayisi anamandla ahlala phakathi kwefu nenkungu, i-REST HTTP iyisixazululo esihlakaniphile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumadivayisi anezinsiza zekhompuyutha ezilinganiselwe ezixhumana phakathi kwezingqimba ze-Fog ne-IoT, kusebenza kahle kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-CoAP. Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu ze-CoAP empeleni ukuhambisana kwayo ne-HTTP, njengoba zombili izivumelwano zisekelwe ezimisweni ze-REST.
Umfanekiso (b) ubonisa amamodeli okuxhumana amabili okushicilela-ukubhalisa esimeni esifanayo, okuhlanganisa i-MQTT ne-AMQP. Nakuba zombili izimiso eziyisisekelo zingase zisetshenziselwe ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanodi kusendlalelo ngasinye sokukhipha, indawo yazo kufanele inqunywe ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni. I-MQTT yakhelwe njengephrothokholi engasindi yamadivayisi anezinsiza ezilinganiselwe zekhompuyutha, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwe-IoT-Fog. I-AMQP ifaneleka kakhulu kumadivayisi anamandla kakhudlwana, angayibeka kahle phakathi kwenkungu namanodi wamafu. Esikhundleni se-MQTT, iphrothokholi ye-XMPP ingasetshenziswa ku-IoT njengoba ithathwa njengengasindi. Kodwa ayisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimweni ezinjalo.
okutholakele
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi enye yezivumelwano okuxoxwe ngazo izokwanela ukumboza konke ukuxhumana ohlelweni, kusukela kumadivayisi anezinsiza ezilinganiselwe zekhompuyutha kuya kumaseva amafu. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izinketho ezimbili ezithembisayo kakhulu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu onjiniyela i-MQTT ne-RESTful HTTP. Lezi zivumelwano ezimbili azizona nje kuphela ezivuthiwe nezizinzile, kodwa futhi zihlanganisa ukuqaliswa okuningi okubhalwe kahle nokuyimpumelelo kanye nezinsiza ze-inthanethi.
Ngenxa yokuzinza nokucushwa okulula, i-MQTT iyiphrothokholi efakazele ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma isetshenziswa ezingeni le-IoT ngamadivayisi anomkhawulo. Ezingxenyeni zesistimu lapho ukuxhumana okulinganiselwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwebhethri kungeyona inkinga, njengezizinda ezithile zenkungu kanye nekhompyutha yamafu eminingi, i-RESTful HTTP iyinketho elula. I-CoAP kufanele futhi icatshangelwe njengoba ibuye iguquke ngokushesha njengezinga lemiyalezo ye-IoT futhi kungenzeka ukuthi izofinyelela izinga lokuzinza nokuvuthwa okufana ne-MQTT ne-HTTP esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Kodwa izinga liyathuthuka njengamanje, eliza nezinkinga zokuhambisana zesikhashana.
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Source: www.habr.com