Zonke izingane zesikole ziyazi ukuthi iplanethi enguMhlaba ihlukaniswe izingqimba ezintathu (noma ezine) ezinkulu: uqweqwe, ingubo kanye nomnyombo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyiqiniso, nakuba lokhu kuhlanganiswa akunaki izingqimba ezengeziwe ezengeziwe ezikhonjwe ososayensi, enye yazo, isibonelo, ungqimba lwenguquko ngaphakathi kwengubo.
Ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ngoFebhuwari 15, 2019, isazi sokuma komhlaba uJessica Irving kanye nesitshudeni se-master's u-Wenbo Wu wase-Princeton University, ngokubambisana no-Sidao Ni we-Geodetic and Geophysical Institute e-China, basebenzise idatha etholwe ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kwango-1994 e-Bolivia ukuze bathole izintaba. nezinye izici ze-topographic ebusweni bezoni yoshintsho ekujuleni kwengubo. Lesi sendlalelo, esitholakala kumakhilomitha angama-660 ngaphansi komhlaba, sihlukanisa ingubo engaphezulu nephansi (ngaphandle kwegama elisemthethweni lalolu ungqimba, abacwaningi bamane balibiza ngokuthi "umngcele wamakhilomitha angama-660").
Ukuze “babuke” bejule kangaka ngaphansi komhlaba, ososayensi basebenzisa amagagasi anamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni, abangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla. "Udinga ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla, okujulile ukuze unyakazise iplanethi," kusho uJessica Irving, umsizi kaprofesa wesayensi yezwe.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kunamandla kakhulu kunokujwayelekile—amandla akho anda ngokuphindwe ka-30 ngesinyathelo ngasinye esengeziwe esikhuphuka esikalini sika-Richter. U-Irving uthola idatha yakhe engcono kakhulu ekuzamazameni komhlaba okunesilinganiso esingu-7.0 nangaphezulu ngenxa yokuthi amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba athunyelwa ukuzamazama okukhulu kangaka asabalala ngezindlela ezihlukene futhi angahamba emnyombweni aye kolunye uhlangothi lweplanethi abuye. Kulolu cwaningo, ukwaziswa okubalulekile kwavela emagagasini okuzamazama komhlaba aqoshwa ekuzamazameni komhlaba okunesilinganiso esingu-8.3 magnitude—okungokuzamazama komhlaba kwesibili okukhulu kunakho konke okwake kwabikwa izazi zokwakheka komhlaba—owazamazamisa iBolivia ngo-1994.
“Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungaka akwenzeki njalo. Sinenhlanhla enkulu ukuthi manje kunama-seismometer amaningi afakelwe emhlabeni wonke kunaseminyakeni engama-20 edlule. I-Seismology nayo ishintshe kakhulu eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, ngenxa yezinsimbi ezintsha namandla ekhompyutha.
Izazi zokuzamazama komhlaba nososayensi bedatha basebenzisa amakhompiyutha amakhulu, njengekhompiyutha enkulu yeqoqo le-Princeton's Tiger, ukuze balingise ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlakaza amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba ajule ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ubuchwepheshe busekelwe ezintweni eziyisisekelo zamagagasi: ikhono lawo lokuboniswa nokuhlehliswa. Njengoba nje amagagasi alula ekwazi ukugxuma (abonise) esibukweni noma agobe (refract) lapho edlula ku-prism, amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba ahamba phakathi kwamadwala afanayo kodwa ayaboniswa noma ajikijelwe lapho ehlangabezana nezindawo ezimbi endleleni yawo.
“Siyazi ukuthi cishe zonke izinto zinezindawo ezingalingani ngakho-ke zingasabalalisa ukukhanya,” kusho uWenbo Wu, umbhali ophambili walolu cwaningo, osanda kuthola iziqu zobudokotela ku-geonomy futhi njengamanje uphishekela ubudlelwano be-postdoctoral e-California Institute of Technology. “Ngenxa yaleli qiniso, singakwazi “ukubona” lezi zinto - amagagasi asakazayo aphatha ulwazi mayelana nokuqina kwezindawo ahlangana nazo endleleni yawo. Kulolu cwaningo, sibheke amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba ahlakazekayo ahamba ajula ngaphakathi eMhlabeni ukuze anqume "ukumahhadla" komngcele ongamakhilomitha angama-660 otholiwe."
Abacwaningi bamangazwe ukuthi lo mngcele "omubi" kangakanani - ngisho nangaphezu kongqimba esiphila kulo. "Ngamanye amazwi, lesi singqimba esingaphansi komhlaba sinesimo sezulu esiyinkimbinkimbi kunezintaba ze-Rocky noma uhlelo lwezintaba ze-Appalachian," kusho uWu. Imodeli yabo yezibalo ayikwazanga ukunquma ubude obuqondile balezi zintaba ezingaphansi komhlaba, kodwa kunethuba elihle lokuthi ziphakeme kakhulu kunanoma yini ephezu komhlaba. Ososayensi baphinde baqaphela ukuthi umngcele ongamakhilomitha angama-660 nawo usatshalaliswa ngokungalingani. Ngendlela efanayo ukuthi ungqimba lomhlaba lunezindawo ezibushelelezi zolwandle kwezinye izingxenye nezintaba ezinkulu kwezinye, umngcele ongamakhilomitha angama-660 nawo unezindawo ezimaholoholo kanye nezindawo ezibushelelezi endaweni yawo. Abacwaningi baphinde babheka izingqimba ezingaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha angu-410 nangaphezulu kwesigqoko esiphakathi, kodwa abakwazanga ukuthola ukuqina okufanayo kulezi zindawo.
"Bathole ukuthi umngcele ongamakhilomitha angu-660 uyinkimbinkimbi njengongqimba olungaphezulu," kusho isazi sokuzamazama komhlaba uChristina Hauser, umsizi kaprofesa eTokyo Institute of Technology owayengahileleki kulolu cwaningo. “Ukusebenzisa amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba adalwe ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla ukuze kutholakale umehluko ongamakhilomitha angu-3 ekuphakameni kwendawo engamakhilomitha angu-660 ukujula ngaphansi komhlaba kuyisenzo esingenakucatshangwa... ekwazi ukubona izimpawu ezazingaziwa ngaphambili, ezicashile , ezizosambulela izici ezintsha zezingqimba zangaphakathi zeplanethi yethu.”
Isazi sokuzamazama komhlaba uJessica Irving, umsizi kaprofesa we-geophysics, uphethe ama-meteorite amabili avela eqoqweni leNyuvesi yase-Princeton equkethe insimbi futhi okukholakala ukuthi iyingxenye yeplanethi engumhlaba.
Isithombe sithathwe ngu-Denis Appelwhite.
Kusho ukuthini lokhu?
Ukuba khona kwezindawo ezimaholoholo eduze komngcele ongamakhilomitha angama-660 kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi iplanethi yethu yakha kanjani futhi isebenza kanjani. Lolu ngqimba luhlukanisa ingubo, eyenza amaphesenti angaba ngu-84 omthamo weplanethi yethu, ibe izingxenye ezingaphezulu nezingaphansi. Sekuyiminyaka, izazi zokuma komhlaba ziphikisana ngokuthi ubaluleke kangakanani lo mngcele. Ikakhulukazi, bafunda ukuthi ukushisa kuhanjiswa kanjani ngengubo - nokuthi amadwala ashisayo asuka emngceleni weGutenberg (ungqimba oluhlukanisa ingubo kusuka enkabeni ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha ayi-2900) phezulu kwengubo, noma ngabe lokhu kunyakaza iphazanyiswa emngceleni ongamakhilomitha angama-660. Obunye ubufakazi be-geochemical kanye ne-mineralogical bubonisa ukuthi izingqimba ezingenhla nezingezansi ze-mantle zinezinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhemikhali, ezisekela umbono wokuthi lezi zingqimba ezimbili azihambisani nokushisa noma ngokomzimba. Okunye ukubonwa kusikisela ukuthi izingqimba ezingaphezulu nezingaphansi zengubo azikho umehluko wamakhemikhali, okwenza kube nempikiswano mayelana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-mantle exutshwe kahle," lapho zombili izingqimba zengubo zibamba iqhaza emjikelezweni wokushintshaniswa kokushisa oseduze.
"Ucwaningo lwethu luhlinzeka ngemininingwane emisha ngale mpikiswano," kusho uWenbo Wu. Idatha etholwe kulolu cwaningo iphakamisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zingase zilungile ngokwengxenye. I-strata ebushelelezi yomngcele wama-660 km kungenzeka ukuthi yakheke ngenxa yokuxubana okuphelele, okuma mpo, lapho izindawo ezimahhadlahhadla, ezinezintaba kungenzeka zakhiwe lapho ukuxutshwa kwesigqoko esingaphezulu nesingaphansi kungazange kuqhubeke kahle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ukumahhadla" kwesendlalelo emngceleni otholakele kutholwe esikalini esikhulu, esimaphakathi nesincane ngososayensi bocwaningo, okungenzeka ukuthi kubangelwa ukungafani kokushisa noma ukuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali. Kodwa ngenxa yendlela ukushisa okuhanjiswa ngayo ngengubo, u-Wu uyachaza, noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka okushisayo okuncane kuzolungiswa phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa. Ngakho-ke, i-heterogeneity yamakhemikhali kuphela engachaza ubulukhuni balolu ungqimba.
Yini engabangela ukuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali okubaluleke kangaka? Isibonelo, ukubonakala kwamadwala ezingqimbeni zesiphuku okwakungesoqweqwe lomhlaba futhi kwathuthela lapho ngaphezu kwezigidi eziningi zeminyaka. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bephikisana ngesiphetho samapuleti angaphansi kolwandle adudulwa endaweni engaphansi komhlaba ashayisana noLwandlekazi iPacific nezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. U-Weibo Wu kanye no-Jessica Irving baphakamisa ukuthi izinsalela zalawa mapuleti manje zingaba ngaphezu noma ngaphansi komngcele ongamakhilomitha angu-660.
“Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukufunda ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kweplanethi nezinguquko zayo kule minyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.5 kusetshenziswa idatha yamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba kuphela. “Kodwa lokhu akulona neze iqiniso!” U-Irving wathi: “Lolu cwaningo lusinikeze ulwazi olusha mayelana nesiphetho sezingcwecwe ze-tectonic zasendulo ezehlela emgqonyeni phakathi kwezigidigidi zeminyaka.”
Ekugcineni, u-Irving wanezela, “Ngicabanga ukuthi isayensi yokuzamazama komhlaba ithakazelisa kakhulu lapho isisiza ukuba siqonde ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kweplanethi yethu emkhathini nangesikhathi.”
Kusuka kumbhali wokuhumusha: Bengihlala ngifuna ukuzama isandla sami ekuhumusheni isihloko sesayensi esidumile ukusuka esiNgisini kuya kusiRashiya, kodwa bengingakulindele. malini kuyinkimbinkimbi. Inhlonipho enkulu kulabo abahumusha njalo nangempumelelo izindatshana ezikhuluma nge-Habré. Ukuze uhumushe umbhalo ngobungcweti, awudingi ukwazi isiNgisi kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuqonda isihloko ngokwaso ngokufunda imithombo yezinkampani zangaphandle. Engeza "i-gag" encane ukuze izwakale ingokwemvelo, kodwa futhi ungayidluli, ukuze ungonakalisi isihloko. Ngiyabonga kakhulu ngokufunda :)
Source: www.habr.com