Ngokulindele i-PS5 ne-Project Scarlett, ezosekela ukulandelwa kwe-ray, ngaqala ukucabanga ngokukhanyisa emidlalweni. Ngithole okuqukethwe lapho umbhali echaza ukuthi ukukhanya kuyini, ukuthi kuthinta kanjani ukuklama, ukushintsha indlela yokudlala, ubuhle nolwazi. Konke ngezibonelo nezithombe-skrini. Phakathi nomdlalo awuboni ngokushesha lokhu.
Isingeniso
Ukukhanyisa akukhona nje ukuthi umdlali akwazi ukubona indawo (yize lokho kubaluleke kakhulu). Ukukhanya kuthinta imizwa. Amasu amaningi okukhanyisa etiyetha, ifilimu nezakhiwo asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa imizwelo. Kungani kungafanele abaklami bemidlalo baboleke le migomo? Ukuxhumana phakathi kwesithombe nokusabela kwemizwa kunikeza elinye ithuluzi elinamandla elikusiza ukuthi usebenze ngomlingiswa, ukulandisa, umsindo, izinsimbi zegeyimu, nokunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenzisana kokukhanya nobuso kukuvumela ukuba uthonye ukukhanya, umbala, umehluko, izithunzi neminye imiphumela. Konke lokhu kubangela isisekelo okufanele wonke umklami aphumelele kuso.
Injongo yalokhu okubalulekile ukunquma ukuthi idizayini yokukhanyisa ithinta kanjani ubuhle begeyimu nolwazi lomsebenzisi. Ake sibheke ubunjalo bokukhanya nokuthi busetshenziswa kanjani kwezinye izindawo zobuciko ukuze sihlaziye indima yakho emidlalweni yevidiyo.
"I-Swan Lake", u-Alexander Ekman
I - Imvelo yokukhanya
“Isikhala, ukukhanya nokuhleleka. Lezi yizinto abantu abazidingayo njengoba bedinga ucezu lwesinkwa noma indawo yokulala,” uLe Corbusier.
Iziqondiso zokukhanya kwemvelo futhi zihamba nathi kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. Kuyadingeka, kusungula isigqi sethu semvelo. Ukukhanya kulawula izinqubo zomzimba wethu futhi kuthinta iwashi lebhayoloji. Masiqonde ukuthi kuyini ukuguquguquka okukhanyayo, amandla okukhanya, umbala kanye nezindawo okugxilwe kuzo. Bese sizoqonda ukuthi ukukhanya kuhlanganisani nokuthi kuziphatha kanjani.
1 - Lokho iso lomuntu elikubonayo
Ukukhanya yingxenye ye-electromagnetic spectrum ebonwa ngeso. Kulesi sifunda, amaza avela ku-380 kuya ku-780 nm. Emini sibona imibala isebenzisa izigaxa, kodwa ebusuku iso lisebenzisa izinduku futhi sibona kuphela izithunzi ezimpunga.
Izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokukhanya okubonakalayo ziyisiqondiso, amandla, imvamisa kanye ne-polarization. Ijubane layo ku-vacuum ngu-300 m/s, futhi lokhu kungenye yezinto eziyisisekelo ezingaguquki.
I-spectrum ye-electromagnetic ebonakalayo
2 - Isiqondiso sokusabalalisa
Akukho lutho endaweni engenalutho, futhi ukukhanya kuhamba ngokuqondile. Nokho, iziphatha ngendlela ehlukile lapho ihlangana namanzi, umoya nezinye izinto. Lapho uthintana nento ethile, ingxenye yokukhanya iyamuncwa bese iguqulwa ibe amandla ashisayo. Lapho kungqubuzana nento ebonisa ngale, okunye ukukhanya kuyamuncwa, kodwa okunye kuyadlula. Izinto ezibushelelezi, njengesibuko, zibonisa ukukhanya. Uma ubuso bento bungalingani, ukukhanya kuyahlakazeka.
Isiqondiso sokusakazeka kokukhanya
3 - Izici eziyisisekelo
Ukugeleza okukhanyayo. Inani lokukhanya elikhishwa umthombo wokukhanya.
Iyunithi yokulinganisa: lm (lumen).
Amandla okukhanya. Inani lokukhanya elidluliselwe endaweni ethile.
Iyunithi yokulinganisa: cd (candela).
Ukukhanyisa. Inani lokukhanya eliwela phezulu.
Ukukhanya = ukukhanya okukhanyayo (lm) / indawo (m2).
Iyunithi yokulinganisa: lx (lux).
Ukukhanya. Lesi ukuphela kwesici sokukhanya esiyisisekelo esibonwa iso lomuntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kucabangela ukukhanya komthombo wokukhanya, ngakolunye, okungaphezulu, okusho ukuthi kuncike kakhulu ezingeni lokubonisa (umbala nobuso).
Iyunithi yesilinganiso: cd/m2.
4 - Ukushisa kombala
Izinga lokushisa lombala likalwa nge-Kelvin futhi limelela umbala womthombo othile wokukhanya. Isazi sefiziksi saseBrithani uWilliam Kelvin sashisisa ucezu lwamalahle. Yashisa ngokubomvu, icwebezela ngemibala ehlukene ehambisana namazinga okushisa ahlukene. Ekuqaleni ilahle lalikhanya ngokubomvu okumnyama, kodwa lapho lishisa umbala washintsha waba phuzi ngokugqamile. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ukukhanya okukhishiwe kuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mhlophe.
Ukukhanya Kwemvelo, Amahora angama-24, uSimon Lakey
II - Amasu Wokuklama Ukukhanyisa
Kulesi sigaba, sizobheka ukuthi yimaphi amaphethini okukhanyisa angasetshenziswa ukuze abe nomthelela ekuvezweni kokuqukethwe/okubonwayo. Ukuze senze lokhu, sizohlonza ukufana nokuhlukana kwamasu okukhanyisa asetshenziswa abaculi nabaklami bokukhanyisa.
1 - I-Chiaroscuro kanye ne-tenebrism
I-Chiaroscuro ingenye yemibono ye-art theory ebhekisela ekusatshalalisweni kokukhanya. Isetshenziselwa ukubonisa ukuguqulwa kwethoni ukudlulisa ivolumu nokuma kwenhliziyo. UGeorges de La Tour udume ngemisebenzi yakhe nge-night chiaroscuro nezigcawu ezikhanyiswa ilangabi lekhandlela. Akekho noyedwa kubaculi abamandulele owenza izinguquko ezinjalo ngobungcweti. Ukukhanya nesithunzi kudlala indima ebalulekile emsebenzini wakhe futhi kuyingxenye yokwakhiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene futhi ngokuvamile ezihlukile. Ukufunda imidwebo ye-de La Tour kusiza ukuqonda ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kanye nezakhiwo zakho.
Georges de La Tour "Penitent Mary Magdalene", 1638-1643.
a - Ukugqama okuphezulu
Kulo mdwebo, ubuso obunombala okhanyayo nezingubo zigqama ngokumelene nesizinda esimnyama. Ngenxa yokuhluka okuphezulu kwamathoni, ukunaka kombukeli kugxile kule ngxenye yesithombe. Eqinisweni bekungeke kube khona umehluko onjalo. Ibanga phakathi kobuso nekhandlela likhulu kunaphakathi kwekhandlela nezandla. Kodwa-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa nobuso, sibona ukuthi ithoni nokuqhathanisa ezandleni kuthulisiwe. I-Georges de La Tour isebenzisa ukugqama okuhlukile ukuze ihehe umbukeli.
b - I-Contour nesigqi sokukhanya
Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wamathoni, ama-contour avela kwezinye izindawo emaphethelweni esibalo. Ngisho nasezingxenyeni ezimnyama zomdwebo, umdwebi wayethanda ukusebenzisa amathoni ahlukene ukuze agcizelele imingcele yendaba. Ukukhanya akugxili endaweni eyodwa, kuyashelela phansi: kusukela ebusweni kuya ezinyaweni.
c - Umthombo wokukhanya
Emisebenzini eminingi kaGeorges de La Tour, usebenzisa amakhandlela noma izibani njengomthombo wokukhanya. Isithombe sibonisa ikhandlela elivuthayo, kodwa sesivele sazi ukuthi i-chiaroscuro lapha ayincikile kuyo. I-Georges de La Tour yabeka ubuso ngokumelene nengemuva elimnyama futhi yabeka ikhandlela ukudala ukuguquka okubukhali phakathi kwamathoni. Ngokugqama okuphezulu, amathoni akhanyayo ahlanganiswe namathoni amnyama ukuze azuze umphumela ofanele.
d — I-Chiaroscuro njengokwakheka kobunjwa bejometri
Uma senza lula ukukhanya nesithunzi kulo msebenzi, sibona izimo zejometri eziyisisekelo. Ubunye bamathoni akhanyayo namnyama bakha ukubunjwa okulula. Idala umuzwa wesikhala ngokungaqondile lapho ukuma kwezinto nezibalo kukhombisa ingaphambili nengemuva, kudala ukushuba kanye namandla.
2 – Izindlela Zokukhanyisa Eziyisisekelo Zesinema
2.1 - Ukukhanyisa kusuka kumaphuzu amathathu
Enye yezindlela ezidume kakhulu neziphumelelayo zokukhanyisa noma iyiphi into ukukhanya okunamaphuzu amathathu, isikimu sakudala saseHollywood. Le nqubo ikuvumela ukuthi udlulise umthamo wento.
Isibani esingukhiye (Ukukhanyisa Okubalulekile, okungukuthi, umthombo wokukhanya oyinhloko)
Lokhu ngokuvamile ukukhanya okunamandla kakhulu esigcawini ngasinye. Ingavela noma yikuphi, umthombo wayo ungaba ohlangothini noma ngemuva kwesihloko (Jeremy Byrne "Ukukhanya Kwedijithali Nokunikezwa").
Gcwalisa Ukukhanyisa (okungukuthi, ukukhanya ukulawula ukugqama)
Njengoba igama liphakamisa, lisetshenziselwa "ukugcwalisa" nokususa izindawo ezimnyama ezidalwe ukukhanya okubalulekile. Ukukhanya kokugcwalisa kuncane ngokuphawulekayo futhi kumiswe nge-engeli emthonjeni wokukhanya oyinhloko.
Ukukhanya okungemuva (Ukukhanya kwangemuva, okungukuthi, isihlukanisi sangemuva)
Isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa umthamo wesigameko. Ihlukanisa isihloko nesizinda. Njengokukhanya kokugcwalisa, ukukhanya kwangemuva kunamandla futhi kuhlanganisa indawo enkulu yesihloko.
2.2 - Phansi
Ngenxa yokunyakaza kweLanga, sijwayele ukubona abantu bekhanyiswa kunoma iyiphi i-engeli, kodwa hhayi ngaphansi. Le ndlela ibonakala ingavamile kakhulu.
UFrankenstein, uJames Whale, ngo-1931
2.3 - Emuva
Into ibekwe phakathi komthombo wokukhanya nesibukeli. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuvela ukukhanya nxazonke zento, futhi ezinye izingxenye zayo zihlala emthunzini.
"ET the Extra-Terrestrial", uSteven Spielberg, 1982
2.4 - Uhlangothi
Lolu hlobo lokukhanyisa lusetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa indawo eceleni. Idala ukugqama okucacile okuveza ukuthungwa futhi kugqamise amakhonsathi esihloko. Le ndlela iseduze nenqubo ye-chiaroscuro.
UBlade Runner, uRidley Scott, ngo-1982
2.5 - Ukukhanyisa okusebenzayo
Lokhu ukukhanya kwangempela endaweni yesehlakalo, okungukuthi, izibani, amakhandlela, isikrini se-TV nokunye. Lokhu kukhanya okwengeziwe kungasetshenziswa ukwandisa ukushuba kokukhanyisa.
"Barry Lyndon", uStanley Kubrick, 1975
2.6 - Ukukhanya okuveziwe
Ukukhanya okuvela emthonjeni onamandla kusakazwa isibonisi noma indawo ethile, njengodonga noma uphahla. Ngale ndlela, ukukhanya kuvala indawo enkulu futhi kusakazwa ngokulinganayo.
I-Dark Knight Rises, uChristopher Nolan, ngo-2012
2.7 - Ukukhanya okuqinile nokuthambile
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokukhanya okuqinile nokuthambile ubukhulu bomthombo wokukhanya maqondana nesihloko. ILanga liwumthombo omkhulu wokukhanya kuSolar System. Nokho, iqhele ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-90, okusho ukuthi iwumthombo omncane wokukhanya. Idala izithunzi ezinzima futhi, ngokufanele, ukukhanya okunzima. Uma kuvela amafu, sonke isibhakabhaka siba umthombo omkhulu wokukhanya futhi kunzima ukubona izithunzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuvela ukukhanya okuthambile.
Izibonelo ze-3D nge-LEGO, João Prada, 2017
2.8 - Ukhiye ophezulu nophansi
Ukukhanyisa ukhiye ophezulu kusetshenziselwa ukudala izigcawu ezikhanya kakhulu. Imvamisa isondele ekuchayekeni ngokweqile. Yonke imithombo yokukhanya icishe ilingane ngamandla.
Ngokungafani nokukhanyisa kokhiye ophezulu, ngokhiye ophansi indawo imnyama kakhulu futhi kungase kube nomthombo wokukhanya onamandla kuwo. Indima eyinhloko inikezwa izithunzi, hhayi ukukhanya, ukudlulisa umuzwa wokungabaza noma idrama.
"THX 1138", uGeorge Lucas, 1971
2.9 - Ukukhanyisa Okugqugquzelwa
Lokhu kukhanyisa kulingisa ukukhanya kwemvelo - ilanga, ukukhanya kwenyanga, izibani zomgwaqo, njalonjalo. Isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukukhanya okusebenzayo. Amasu akhethekile asiza ukwenza ukukhanya okugqugquzelwayo kube ngokwemvelo, isibonelo, izihlungi (gobos) ukudala umphumela wamafasitela avaliwe.
Drive, Nicolas Winding Refn, 2011
2.10 - Ukukhanya kwangaphandle
Lokhu kungaba ukukhanya kwelanga, ukukhanya kwenyanga, noma izibani zomgwaqo ezibonakala endaweni yesigameko.
“Izinto ezixakile kakhulu. Isizini 3", Duffer Brothers, 2019
III - Izisekelo Zokunikeza
Abaqambi bezinga bayakuqonda ukubaluleka kokukhanyisa futhi bakusebenzise ukuze bafinyelele umbono othile wendawo. Ukuze bakhanyise ileveli futhi bafinyelele imigomo yabo yokubuka abayifunayo, badinga ukukhomba imithombo yokukhanya emile, ama-engeli abo okusakaza, nemibala. Babeka isimo esithile kanye nombono odingekayo. Kodwa konke akulula kangako, ngoba ukukhanyisa kuncike ezicini zobuchwepheshe - isibonelo, ngamandla weprosesa. Ngakho-ke, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokukhanyisa: ukukhanyisa okubalwe ngaphambilini kanye nokunikezwa kwesikhathi sangempela.
1 - Ukukhanyisa okwenziwe ngaphambilini
Abaklami basebenzisa ukukhanya okumile ukuze bachaze izici zokukhanyisa zomthombo ngamunye—okuhlanganisa indawo yawo, i-engeli, nombala. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenzisa ukukhanya komhlaba wonke ngesikhathi sangempela akunakwenzeka ngenxa yezinkinga zokusebenza.
Ukukhanya komhlaba wonke okungashintshi okunikezwe ngaphambili kungasetshenziswa ezinjinini eziningi, okuhlanganisa i-Unreal Engine ne-Unity. Injini "ibhaka" ukukhanya okunjalo kube ukuthungwa okukhethekile, okubizwa ngokuthi "ibalazwe elikhanyayo" (ibalazwe lokukhanya). Lawa mabalazwe okukhanya agcinwa kanye namanye amafayela emephu, futhi injini iyawafinyelela lapho iveza isigameko.
Isigcawu esifanayo: ngaphandle kokukhanya (kwesokunxele), ngokukhanya okuqondile kuphela (maphakathi), kanye nokukhanya komhlaba okungaqondile (kwesokudla). Umsebenzi wobuciko ovela ku-Unity Learn
Ngaphezu kwamabalazwe okukhanya, kukhona amamephu ethunzi, okuthi, ngokufanele, asetshenziselwa ukudala izithunzi. Okokuqala, yonke into inikezwa ngokucabangela umthombo wokukhanya - idala isithunzi esibonisa ukujula kwe-pixel yesehlakalo. Umphumela wemephu ye-pixel ukujula ubizwa ngokuthi imephu yesithunzi. Iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nebanga eliphakathi komthombo wokukhanya nezinto eziseduze zephikseli ngayinye. Ukunikezwa kuyabe sekwenziwa, lapho iphikseli ngalinye elingaphezulu lihlolwa ngokumelene nemephu yesithunzi. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwephikseli nomthombo wokukhanya likhulu kunalelo eliqoshwe kumephu yesithunzi, khona-ke iphikseli isesithunzini.
I-algorithm yokusebenzisa amamephu ethunzi. Umfanekiso ovela ku-OpenGl-tutorial
2 - Ukunikezwa kwesikhathi sangempela
Enye yamamodeli okukhanyisa akudala esikhathi sangempela ibizwa ngemodeli yeLambert (okungemva kwesazi sezibalo saseSwitzerland uJohann Heinrich Lambert). Lapho inikezela ngesikhathi sangempela, i-GPU ivamise ukuthumela izinto eyodwa ngesikhathi. Le ndlela isebenzisa isibonisi sento (indawo yayo, i-engeli yokuzungezisa, nesikali) ukuze inqume ukuthi iyiphi indawo yayo okufanele idwetshwe.
Endabeni yokukhanyisa kwe-Lambert, ukukhanya kuvela kuzo zonke izindawo ezingaphezulu kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Lokhu akunaki ubuqili obuthile, isibonelo, ukucabanga (i-athikili ka-Chandler Prall). Ukwenza isigameko sibukeke singokoqobo, imiphumela eyengeziwe isetshenziswa kumodeli kaLambert - i-glare, isibonelo.
I-Lambert shading isebenzisa i-sphere njengesibonelo. Umfanekiso ovela ezintweni ezisetshenziswa ngu-Peter Dyachikhin
Izinjini eziningi zesimanje (Ubumbano, Injini Engangokoqobo, Iqhwa nezinye) zisebenzisa ukuhumusha okusekelwe ngokomzimba (Pysically Based Rendering, PBR) kanye ne-shading (athikili kaLukas Orsvarn). Ukufiphaza kwe-PBR kunikeza izindlela ezinembile nezilula kanye nemingcele yokuchaza indawo engaphezulu. Ku-Unreal Engine, izinto ze-PBR zinamapharamitha alandelayo:
- Umbala Wesisekelo - Ukuthungwa kwangempela kwendawo.
- Ukukhahlamezeka - indlela engaphezulu engalingani ngayo.
- I-Metallic - Ukuthi ingaphezulu liyinsimbi.
- I-Speccularity (i-specularity) - inani lokucwebezela phezulu.
Ngaphandle kwe-PBR (kwesobunxele), i-PBR (kwesokudla). Imifanekiso evela ku-Meta 3D studio
Nokho, kunenye indlela yokunikeza: ukulandelela imisebe. Lobu buchwepheshe abuzange bucatshangelwe ngaphambilini ngenxa yezinkinga zokusebenza nokusebenza ngokugcwele. Yayisetshenziswa kuphela embonini yefilimu nethelevishini. Kodwa ukukhishwa kwamakhadi evidiyo esizukulwane esisha kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa le ndlela emidlalweni yevidiyo okokuqala ngqa.
Ukulandelela i-ray kuwubuchwepheshe bokunikeza okudala imiphumela yokukhanya engokoqobo. Iphindaphinda izimiso zokusabalalisa ukukhanya endaweni yangempela. Imisebe ekhishwa umthombo wokukhanya iziphatha ngendlela efanayo nama-photon. Zivela endaweni kunoma iyiphi indlela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho imisebe ebonisiwe noma eqondile ingena ekhamera, idlulisela ulwazi olubonakalayo mayelana nendawo evezwe kuyo (ngokwesibonelo, ibika umbala wayo). Amaphrojekthi amaningi avela ku-E3 2019 azosekela lobu buchwepheshe.
3 - Izinhlobo zemithombo yokukhanya
3.1 - Iphoyinti lokukhanya
Ikhipha ukukhanya kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, njengesibani esivamile empilweni yangempela.
Umbhalo Wenjini Engangokoqobo
3.2 - Ukukhanya kwendawo
Ikhipha ukukhanya ukusuka endaweni eyodwa, ukukhanya kusakazeke njengekhoni. Isibonelo sempilo yangempela: ithoshi.
Umbhalo Wenjini Engangokoqobo
3.3 - Umthombo wokukhanya onendawo (Indawo yokukhanya)
Ikhipha imisebe yokukhanya eqondile ohlakeni oluthile (njengonxande noma indilinga). Ukukhanya okunjalo kubeka ukucindezeleka okukhulu kumprosesa, ngoba ikhompyutha ibala wonke amaphuzu akhipha ukukhanya.
Ubumbano Amadokhumenti
3.4 - Umthombo wokukhanya oqonde ngqo
Ilingisa Ilanga noma omunye umthombo wokukhanya okude. Yonke imisebe ihamba ngendlela efanayo futhi ingabhekwa njengokufana.
Ubumbano Amadokhumenti
3.5 - Ukukhanya okuphumayo
Umthombo wokukhanya okhishwayo noma izinto ezikhishwayo (Emissive Materials in UE4) zakha kalula futhi ngempumelelo umbono wokuthi into ethile ikhipha ukukhanya. Kunomphumela ofiphele wokukhanya - uyabonakala uma ubheka into egqame kakhulu.
Umbhalo Wenjini Engangokoqobo
3.6 - Ukukhanya kwe-Ambient
Isigcawu esivela ku-Doom 3 sikhanyiswa amalambu ezindongeni, injini idala izithunzi. Uma ingaphezulu lisemthunzini, lipende libe mnyama. Empilweni yangempela, izinhlayiya zokukhanya (amaphothoni) zingabonakala endaweni. Kumasistimu okunikeza athuthuke kakhulu, ukukhanya kubhaka kube yizinto zokwakha noma kubalwa ngesikhathi sangempela (ukukhanya komhlaba wonke). Izinjini zegeyimu ezindala - ezifana ne-ID Tech 3 (Doom) - zisebenzise izinsiza eziningi kakhulu ukubala ukukhanya okungaqondile. Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokuntuleka kokukhanyisa okungaqondile, ukukhanya okusabalalisiwe kwasetshenziswa. Futhi zonke izindawo okungenani zazikhanyiswe kancane.
Injini ye-Doom 3 (injini ye-IdTech 4)
3.7 - Ukukhanya komhlaba wonke
Ukukhanya komhlaba wonke kuwumzamo wokubala ukubonakaliswa kokukhanya kusuka entweni ethile kuya kwenye. Le nqubo ilayisha iphrosesa kakhulu kunokukhanya okuzungezile.
Umbhalo Wenjini Engangokoqobo
IV - Idizayini Yokukhanyisa Emidlalweni Yamavidiyo
Ukwakheka okubonakalayo (indawo ekhanyayo, ama-engeli, imibala, indawo yokubuka, ukunyakaza) kunomthelela omkhulu endleleni abasebenzisi ababona ngayo indawo yegeyimu.
Umklami u-Will Wright ukhulume kwa-GDC mayelana nomsebenzi wokwakheka okubonakalayo endaweni yokudlala. Ikakhulukazi, iqondisa ukunaka komdlali ezintweni ezibalulekile - lokhu kwenzeka ngokulungisa ukugcwala, ukukhanya nombala wezinto ezingeni.
Konke lokhu kuthinta indlela yokudlala.
Isimo esifanele sibandakanya umdlali ngokomzwelo. Abaqambi kufanele bakunakekele lokhu ngokudala ukuqhubeka okubonakalayo.
UMaggie Safe El-Nasr wenze izivivinyo ezimbalwa - wamema abasebenzisi ababengajwayelene nabadubuli be-FPS ukuthi badlale i-Unreal Tournament. Ngenxa yesakhiwo esingesihle sokukhanyisa, abadlali babone izitha sekwephuze kakhulu futhi bafa ngokushesha. Sacasuka futhi ezikhathini eziningi sawushiya umdlalo.
Ukukhanya kudala imiphumela, kodwa kungasetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile emidlalweni yevidiyo kunasetiyetha, ifilimu, nezakhiwo. Ngokombono wokuklama, kunezigaba eziyisikhombisa ezichaza amaphethini okukhanyisa. Futhi lapha akufanele sikhohlwe ngemizwa.
Izakhi zedizayini kubuciko bezinga, uJeremy Price
1 - Umhlahlandlela
4 Uncharted
Ezintweni Eziyi-100 Wonke Umklami Odinga Ukuzazi Ngabantu, uSusan Weinschenk uhlola ukubaluleka kokubona okuphakathi nendawo.
Njengoba umbono omaphakathi kuyinto yokuqala esiyibonayo, kufanele ifake izinto ezibucayi okufanele umdlali azibone njengoba kuhloswe umklami. Ukubona okuzungezile kunikeza umongo futhi kuqinisa umbono omaphakathi.
Imidlalo engafakiwe iyisibonelo esihle salokhu - ukukhanya kungena endaweni emaphakathi yokubuka bese kuqondisa umdlali. Kodwa uma ama-elementi kumbono we-peripheral engqubuzana nokubona okumaphakathi, ukuxhumana phakathi komklami nomdlali kuyawohloka.
Kuze kube kuDawn
Isebenzisa ukukhanya ukuqondisa umdlali. Umqondisi we-studio wezobuciko uWill Byles uthe: “Inselelo enkulu kithina wukudala umoya wokwesaba ngaphandle kokwenza yonke into ibe mnyama. Ngeshwa, uma isithombe siba mnyama kakhulu, injini yegeyimu izama ukusikhanyisa, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Bekumele sisungule izindlela ezintsha zokubhekana nale nkinga.”
Njengoba ubona emfanekisweni ongezansi, ukukhanya okufudumele kugqama kungemuva eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kudonse ukunaka komdlali.
2 - Ukukhanyisa / Ukufaka uhlaka
Ububi Bokuhlalwa 2 Ukuqothuka
Ukukhanyisa ku-RE2 Remake kungashintsha ifremu. Njengoba uhamba emaphasishi amnyama eSiteshi Samaphoyisa Sase-Raccoon City, umthombo oyinhloko wokukhanya ithoshi lomdlali. Lolu hlobo lokukhanyisa luwumshini onamandla. Umbono oshintshiwe udonsa iso lomdlali endaweni ekhanyisiwe futhi unqamule yonke enye into ngenxa yokugqama okunamandla.
Imiphefumulo Emnyama I
I-Tomb of the Giants ingenye yezindawo ezimnyama kakhulu kulo mdlalo ezinamawa amaningi ayingozi. Kungadluliswa uma uqaphela amatshe akhazimulayo futhi uhamba ngokucophelela ukuze ungawi. Kufanele futhi uqaphele amehlo amhlophe akhanyayo, ngoba yisitha lesi.
Irediyasi yokukhanya evela kumdlali incishiswe kakhulu, ukubonakala ebumnyameni kukhawulelwe. Ngokubamba ithoshi esandleni sobunxele, umdlali ukhulisa kokubili ukukhanya kanye nomkhakha wakhe wokubona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-flashlight inciphisa kakhulu umonakalo owenziwe, futhi kufanele ukhethe: ukubonakala noma ukuvikelwa.
3 - Ukulandisa
Prey
Njengoba isiteshi lapho isenzo senzeka khona siku-orbit, igeyimu inomjikelezo wokukhanya okhethekile. Inquma isiqondiso sokukhanya futhi, ngokufanele, ithinta kakhulu umdlalo wegeyimu. Lo mdlalo wenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthola izinto nezindawo kunokujwayelekile. Ezigabeni ezikude, umdlali angakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokuzibheka engeli eyodwa engaphakathi esiteshini nakwenye i-engeli engaphandle.
Ukuhlukanisa okungajwayelekile
Ku-Alien, ukukhanya kusetshenziselwa ukuqondisa umdlali nokudala umuzwa wokwesaba. Umsebenzisi uhlala enokungezwani - endaweni ethile lapho ebumnyameni kukhona i-xenomorph ecashile.
4 - Camouflage
Iseli Ye-Splinter: Uhlu olumnyama
Ukukhanya okukuyo akuqondisi kuphela umsebenzisi, kodwa futhi kusetshenziswa njengomshini womdlalo.
Ezindaweni eziningi, abadlali basebenzisa izithunzi ukuze bahlale endleleni ephephile futhi bagweme izitha. Kuseli ye-Splinter, indima "yemitha ebonakalayo" idlalwa ukukhanya kwempahla yomlingiswa - lapho umdlali efihleka kakhulu, ukukhanya kukhanya kakhulu.
Umaki weNinja
KuMarku we-Ninja, ukukhanya nobumnyama kuphambene ngokuphelele. Umklami ophambili walo mdlalo uNels Andersen uthe: “Indlela umlingisi abukeka ngayo ikhombisa ukuthi uyabonakala noma cha. Uma ufihliwe, ugqoke okumnyama, imininingwane ethile kuphela egqanyisiwe ngokubomvu, ekukhanyeni - unemibala egcwele" (isihloko esithi Mark of the Ninja's stealth design rules).
5 - Ukulwa / Ukuzivikela
Alan Wake
Ithoshi ku-Alan Wake liyisikhali. Ngaphandle kwayo, akunakwenzeka ukuqeda izitha. Udinga ukubakhanyisela futhi uyibambe isikhathi esithile - ngale ndlela iba sengozini futhi ingabulawa. Lapho ukukhanya kushaya isitha, kuvela i-halo, bese iyancipha futhi into iqala ukukhanya. Kuleli qophelo umdlali angadubula isitha.
Ungasebenzisa futhi ama-flare kanye namabhomu e-stun ukuqeda izitha.
Ku-P isifo Tale: Ubumsulwa
Kuphrojekthi evela ku-Asobo Studio ungasebenzisa amagundane ngokumelene nabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uphula isibani sesitha, ngaso leso sikhathi siyophonswa ebumnyameni, obungavimbeli inqwaba yamagundane.
6 - Isexwayiso/Impendulo
Deus Ex: Isintu Sihlukanisiwe
Ku-Deus Ex, amakhamera okuvikela aqapha ukuthi kwenzekani emkhakheni wawo wokubuka, okhawulwa yikhoni yokukhanya. Ukukhanya kuluhlaza uma bengathathi hlangothi. Ngemva kokuthola isitha, ikhamera ishintsha ukukhanya kubephuzi, ibhiphu bese ilandelela okuqondiwe noma amasekhondi ambalwa noma kuze kube yilapho isitha siphuma endaweni yaso yokubuka. Ngemva kwemizuzwana embalwa, ukukhanya kuba bomvu futhi ikhamera ikhala i-alamu. Ngakho, ukusebenzisana nomdlali kubonakala ngosizo lokukhanya.
Knight owaziyo
I-Team Cherry's Metroidvania ishintsha ukukhanya kaningi kunokwaziswa komdlali.
Isibonelo, njalo uma wenza umonakalo, isithombe siyaba yiqhwa isikhashana, futhi umphumela wengilazi ephukile uvela eduze kweqhawe. Ukukhanyisa okuvamile kufiphele, kodwa imithombo yokukhanya eseduze neqhawe (izibani neziqhumane) azicimi. Lokhu kusiza ukugcizelela ukubaluleka namandla okushaywa ngakunye okutholiwe.
7 - Ukuhlukana
I-Assassin's Creed Odyssey
Umjikelezo wemini nobusuku uphakathi kwe-Odyssey. Ebusuku, kukhona ama-patrol ambalwa futhi umdlali kungenzeka ukuthi angabonwa.
Isikhathi sosuku singashintshwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi - lokhu kunikezwa emdlalweni. Ebusuku, izitha aziboni kahle, futhi eziningi zazo ziyalala. Kuba lula ukugwema nokuhlasela abaphikisi.
Ukushintsha kwemini nobusuku lapha kuwuhlelo olukhethekile, futhi imithetho yomdlalo ishintsha kakhulu kuye ngesikhathi sosuku.
Musa Ukulamba
Isifanisi sokusinda Ungabulali Indlala asibaphephi abafikayo ebusuku - lapha ukuhamba ebumnyameni kuyabulala. Ngemuva kwemizuzwana emihlanu, umdlali uyahlaselwa bese elimaza. Umthombo wokukhanya uyadingeka ukuze uphile.
Izixuku zilala ngokushesha lapho kuhwalala futhi zivuke nokuphuma kwelanga. Ezinye izidalwa ezilala emini zingase zivuke. Izitshalo azikhuli. Inyama ayibuni. Umjikelezo wemini nobusuku usungula uhlelo, uhlukanise imithetho yomdlalo ibe izigaba ezimbili.
V - Isiphetho
Amasu amaningi okukhanyisa esiwabona kubuciko obuhle, ifilimu, nezakhiwo asetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni kwegeyimu ukuze kuhambisane nobuhle besikhala esibonakalayo futhi kuthuthukiswe umuzwa womdlali. Kodwa-ke, imidlalo ihluke kakhulu ku-cinema noma yaseshashalazini - indawo ezungezile inamandla futhi ayinakubikezelwa. Ngaphezu kokukhanyisa okumile, imithombo yokukhanya eguquguqukayo isetshenziswa. Bangeza ukusebenzisana kanye nemizwa efanele.
Ukukhanya kuwuchungechunge oluphelele lwamathuluzi. Inikeza abaculi nabaklami amathuba amaningi okuqhubeka nokubandakanya umdlali.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe nakho kube nomthelela kulokhu. Manje izinjini zemidlalo zinezilungiselelo eziningi zokukhanyisa - manje akuwona nje ukukhanya kwezindawo, kodwa futhi nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwegeyimu.
Izinkomba
- U-Seif El-Nasr, M., Miron, K. kanye no-Zupko, J. (2005). Ukukhanyisa Okukhaliphile Kokuzizwisa Okungcono Kwamageyimu. Izinqubo zeComputer-Human Interaction 2005, Portland, Oregon.
- U-Seif El-Nasr, M. (2005). Ukukhanyisa Okukhaliphile Kwezindawo Zomdlalo. Ijenali Yokuthuthukiswa Kwegeyimu, 1(2),
- Birn, J. (Umhl.) (2000). Ukukhanya Kwedijithali & Ukunikezwa. Abagibeli abasha, e-Indianapolis.
- UCalahan, S. (1996). Ukuxoxa indaba ngokukhanyisa: umbono wezithombe zekhompyutha. Siggraph Course Notes.
- U-Seif El-Nasr, M. no-Rao, C. (2004). Ukuqondisa Ngokubonakalayo Ukunaka Komsebenzisi Ezimweni Ezisebenzayo Ze-3D. Iseshini ye-Siggraph Poster.
- Reid, F. (1992). I-Stage Lighting Handbook. I-A&C Black, London.
- Reid, F. (1995). Ekhanyisa Isiteji. Focal Press, Boston.
- U-Petr Dyachikhin (2017), I-Modern Videogame Technology: Amathrendi nama-Innovations, ithisisi yeBachelor, inyuvesi yaseSavonia yesayensi esetshenzisiwe
- Isikhungo sokufunda se-Adorama (2018), Izindlela Zokukhanyisa Eziyisisekelo Zesinema, kusukela ku-(https://www.adorama.com/alc/basic-cinematography-lighting-techniques)
- Seif El-Nasr, M., Niendenthal, S. Knez, I., Almeida, P. no-Zupko, J. (2007), Dynamic Lighting for Tension in Games, iphephabhuku lamazwe ngamazwe locwaningo lwegeyimu yekhompyutha
- Yakup Mohd Rafee, Ph.D. (2015), Ukuhlola umdwebo kaGeorges de la Tour osuselwe ku-Chiaroscuro kanye nethiyori ye-tenebrism, i-University Malaysia Sarawak
- U-Sophie-Louise Millington (2016), Ukukhanyisa Okuphakathi Kwegeyimu: Ingabe Ukukhanyisa Kuthonya Ukusebenzisana Nomdlali Nokuzwelana Kwendawo?, Inyuvesi yaseDerby
- UProf. Stephen A. Nelson (2014), Properties of Light and Examination of Isotropic Substances, Tulane University
- I-Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (2019), The Dark Mod, kusukela ku-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Mod)
Source: www.habr.com