Amakhompyutha we-Quantum kanye ne-quantum computing - entsha , eyengezwe endaweni yethu yolwazi kanye , kanye neminye imigomo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, angizange ngikwazi ukuthola izinto ku-inthanethi ezingahlanganisa le puzzle ekhanda lami elibizwa ngokuthi "indlela amakhompyutha e-quantum asebenza ngayo". Yebo, miningi imisebenzi emihle kakhulu, kuhlanganise nekaHabr (bheka. ), ukuphawula lapho, njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo, kufundise nakakhulu futhi kuwusizo, kodwa isithombe esisekhanda lami, njengoba besho, asizange sihlanganise.
Futhi muva nje ozakwethu beza kimi bangibuza, “Uyakuqonda ukuthi ikhompyutha ye-quantum isebenza kanjani? Ungasitshela?” Futhi-ke ngabona ukuthi akumina ngedwa onenkinga yokuhlanganisa isithombe esihlangene ekhanda lami.
Ngenxa yalokho, kwenziwa umzamo wokuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana namakhompyutha we-quantum lube yisekethe ye-logic engaguquki lapho izinga eliyisisekelo, ngaphandle kokucwiliswa okujulile kwizibalo kanye nesakhiwo somhlaba we-quantum, kwachazwa ukuthi iyini ikhompyutha ye-quantum, yiziphi izimiso esebenza kuzo, nokuthi yiziphi izinkinga ososayensi ababhekana nazo lapho beyidala futhi beyisebenzisa.
Uhlu lokuqukethwe
Umusho wokuzihlangula
Umbhali akayena uchwepheshe we-quantum computing, futhi Izithameli eziqondiwe zendatshana ngabantu abafanayo be-IT, hhayi ochwepheshe be-quantum, abafuna nokuhlanganisa isithombe emakhanda abo esibizwa ngokuthi “Indlela amakhompyutha e-quantum asebenza ngayo.” Ngenxa yalokhu, imiqondo eminingi esihlokweni yenziwe lula ngamabomu ukuze kuqondwe kangcono ubuchwepheshe be-quantum ezingeni "eliyisisekelo", kodwa ngaphandle .
I-athikili kwezinye izindawo isebenzisa izinto ezivela kweminye imithombo, . Lapho kungenzeka khona, kufakwa izixhumanisi eziqondile nezinkomba zombhalo wokuqala, ithebula noma umfanekiso. Uma ngikhohlwe okuthile (noma othile) ndawana thize, bhala futhi ngizokulungisa.
Isingeniso
Kulesi sahluko, sizobheka kafushane ukuthi inkathi ye-quantum yaqala kanjani, yisiphi isizathu esishukumisayo somqondo wekhompiyutha ye-quantum, okuthi (okungamazwe kanye nezinkampani) okwamanje abadlali abahamba phambili kulo mkhakha, futhi bakhulume kafushane. mayelana nezinkombandlela eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum computing.
Konke kwaqala kanjani
Indawo yokuqala yenkathi ye-quantum ibhekwa njenge-1900, lapho uM. Planck eqala ukubeka phambili ukuthi amandla akhishwa futhi amuncwa hhayi ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa nge-quanta ehlukene (izingxenye). Lo mbono wathathwa futhi wathuthukiswa ososayensi abaningi abavelele bangaleso sikhathi - uBohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, okwagcina kuholele ekudalweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi efana nale. . Kukhona izinto eziningi ezinhle ku-intanethi mayelana nokwakhiwa kwe-quantum physics njengesayensi; kulesi sihloko ngeke sigxile kulokhu ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa kwakudingeka sibonise usuku lapho singena khona enkathini entsha ye-quantum.
I-Quantum physics ilethe izinto eziningi eziqanjiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, ngaphandle kwalokho manje kunzima ukucabanga umhlaba osizungezile. Isibonelo, i-laser, manje esetshenziswa yonke indawo, kusukela ezintweni zikagesi zasendlini (amazinga e-laser, njll.) kuya kumasistimu obuchwepheshe obuphezulu (ama-laser okulungisa umbono, sawubona ). Kungaba okunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi othile uzoqhamuka nombono wokuthi kungani ungasebenzisi amasistimu we-quantum ukwenza ikhompuyutha. Kwathi ngo-1980 kwenzeka.
I-Wikipedia ikhombisa ukuthi umbono wokuqala we-quantum computing uvezwa ngo-1980 ngusosayensi wethu u-Yuri Manin. Kodwa baqala ukukhuluma ngakho kuphela ngo-1981, lapho uR. Feynman owaziwayo , waphawula ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukulingisa ukuvela kwesistimu ye-quantum kukhompyutha yakudala ngendlela ephumelelayo. Uphakamise imodeli eyisisekelo , ezokwazi ukwenza ukumodela okunjalo.
Kukhona I , lapho kucatshangelwa ngokwezemfundo nangokwemininingwane, kodwa sizoxoxa kafushane:
Izigigaba ezinkulu emlandweni wokudala amakhompyutha e-quantum:
- [1994]. P. Shore. Idizayinwe ngu
- [1998]. Kwakhiwe
- [2001]. I-IBM yethule ukubulawa ukuze kwandiswe inombolo ye-15
- [2007-2016]. idala futhi ithuthukise ikhompuyutha enama-qubits angu-128-2000
- [2012]. Kwenziwa eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia
- [2016]. Google kukhompuyutha engu-9-qubit
- [2017]. (ama-athomu amathathu)
- [2019]. . Ikhompuyutha engu-20-qubit emafini
- [2019]. . 53 qubit computer. ?
Njengoba ubona, sekudlule iminyaka engu-17 (kusuka ku-1981 kuya ku-1998) kusukela ngesikhathi sombono kuya ekuqalisweni kwawo kokuqala kukhompyutha enama-qubits angu-2, kanye neminyaka engu-21 (kusuka ku-1998 kuya ku-2019) kuze kube yilapho inani lama-qubits likhuphuka lafika ku-53. Kuthathe iminyaka eyi-11 (kusuka ku-2001 kuya ku-2012) ukuthuthukisa umphumela we-algorithm kaShor (sizoyibheka kabanzi kamuva nje) ukusuka kunombolo 15 kuya ku-21. Futhi, eminyakeni emithathu kuphela edlule safika ephuzwini lokuthi ukusebenzisa lokho uFeynman akhuluma ngakho, futhi ufunde ukumodela izinhlelo ezilula zomzimba.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum computing kuhamba kancane. Ososayensi nonjiniyela babhekene nemisebenzi enzima kakhulu, izifunda ze-quantum zihlala isikhathi esifushane futhi zintekenteke, futhi ukuze zigcinwe isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukwenza izibalo, kufanele bakhe i-sarcophagi amashumi ezigidi zamaRandi, lapho izinga lokushisa ligcinwa khona. ngenhla nje kukaziro ophelele, futhi ezivikelwe kakhulu emathonyeni angaphandle. Okulandelayo sizokhuluma ngale misebenzi nezinkinga ngokuningiliziwe.
Abadlali Abaphambili
Amaslayidi alesi sigaba athathwe esihlokweni , evela kumcwaningi Alexey Fedorov. Ake ngikunikeze izingcaphuno eziqondile:
Wonke amazwe aphumelele kwezobuchwepheshe okwamanje asathuthuka ngenkuthalo ubuchwepheshe be-quantum. Kutshalwa imali enkulu kulolu cwaningo, futhi kwakhiwa izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokusekela ubuchwepheshe be-quantum.
Akuzona izifunda kuphela, kodwa nezinkampani ezizimele zibambe iqhaza emjahweni we-quantum. Sekukonke, i-Google, i-IBM, i-Intel ne-Microsoft isanda kutshala imali engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-0,5 ekuthuthukiseni amakhompyutha we-quantum futhi yakha ama-laboratories amakhulu nezikhungo zocwaningo.
Kunezindatshana eziningi ezikhuluma ngoHabré naku-inthanethi, ngokwesibonelo, , и , lapho isimo samanje sezindaba ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-quantum emazweni ahlukene sihlolwa ngokuningiliziwe. Okubalulekile kithina manje ukuthi wonke amazwe athuthukile kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nabadlali batshala imali eshisiwe ocwaningweni ngale ndlela, okunikeza ithemba lendlela yokuphuma kule nkinga yezobuchwepheshe yamanje.
Izikhombisi-ndlela zokuthuthukisa
Okwamanje (ngingaba nephutha, ngilungise) imizamo eyinhloko (kanye nemiphumela engaphezulu noma ebaluleke kakhulu) yabo bonke abadlali abaholayo igxile ezindaweni ezimbili:
- Amakhompyutha e-quantum akhethekile, ezihloselwe ukuxazulula inkinga ethile ethile, isibonelo, inkinga yokuthuthukisa. Isibonelo somkhiqizo amakhompyutha we-D-Wave quantum.
- Amakhompiyutha e-Universal quantum - ezikwazi ukusebenzisa ama-algorithms we-quantum (Shor, Grover, njll.). Ukuqaliswa okuvela ku-IBM, Google.
Amanye ama-vectors okuthuthukisa i-quantum physics esinikeza yona, njenge:
- njengesisekelo
- nokuningi okuningi
Yebo, isohlwini lwezindawo zocwaningo, kodwa okwamanje kubonakala sengathi ayisekho imiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ukwengeza ungafunda , google"", Ngokwesibonelo, , и .
Okuyisisekelo. Izinto ze-Quantum kanye nezinhlelo ze-quantum
Into ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele uyiqonde kulesi sigaba ukuthi
Ikhompyutha ye-Quantum (ngokungafani nokujwayelekile) isebenzisa njengezinkampani zenethiwekhi zolwazi izinto ze-quantum, futhi ukwenza izibalo, izinto ze-quantum kufanele zixhunywe kuyo uhlelo lwe-quantum.
Iyini into ye-quantum?
Into ye-Quantum - into ye-microworld (izwe le-quantum) ebonisa izakhiwo ze-quantum:
- Inesimo esichaziwe esinamaleveli emingcele amabili
- Isesikhundleni esiphezulu sesimo sayo kuze kube umzuzu wokulinganisa
- Izifaka nezinye izinto ukuze yenze izinhlelo ze-quantum
- Kwenelisa i-no-cloning theorem (isimo sento asikwazi ukukopishwa)
Ake sibheke isakhiwo ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe:
Inesimo esichaziwe esinamaleveli emingcele amabili (isimo sokuphela)
Isibonelo sakudala somhlaba wangempela uhlamvu lwemali. Inesimo "sohlangothini", esithatha amazinga amabili emingcele - "amakhanda" kanye "nemisila".
Isesikhundleni esiphezulu sesimo sayo kuze kube umzuzu wokulinganisa
Bajikijela uhlamvu lwemali, lundiza luphothe. Nakuba ijikeleza, akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi yikuphi izinga lomngcele "uhlangothi" lwawo olutholakala. Kodwa lapho nje siwushaya phansi futhi sibheka umphumela, i-superposition yezifunda ngokushesha iwa ibe yinye yezifunda ezimbili zemingcele - "amakhanda" kanye "nemisila". Ukushaya uhlamvu lwemali kithi kuyisilinganiso.
Izifaka nezinye izinto ukuze yenze izinhlelo ze-quantum
Kunzima ngohlamvu lwemali, kodwa ake sizame. Ake ucabange siphonse izinhlamvu zemali ezintathu ukuze zishintshane zinamathele zodwa, lokhu kugigiyela ngezinhlamvu. Ngomzuzu ngamunye wesikhathi, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ngamunye wabo usesikhundleni esiphezulu sezifundazwe, kodwa lezi zifundazwe zithonyana ngokulinganayo (izinhlamvu zemali ziyangqubuzana).
Kwenelisa i-no-cloning theorem (isimo sento asikwazi ukukopishwa)
Ngenkathi izinhlamvu zemali zindiza futhi ziphenduka, ayikho indlela esingadala ngayo ikhophi yesimo sokuphotha sanoma yiziphi izinhlamvu zemali, ehlukene nesistimu. Uhlelo luhlala ngaphakathi kwalo futhi lunomhawu omkhulu wokukhulula noma yiluphi ulwazi ezweni langaphandle.
Amagama ambalwa ngaphezulu mayelana nomqondo ngokwawo "izikhundla eziphezulu", cishe kuzo zonke izihloko i-superposition ichazwa ngokuthi "ukuzo zonke izifunda ngesikhathi esisodwa", okuyiqiniso, okuyiqiniso, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi okudidayo ngokungadingekile. I-superposition of states ingabuye icatshangwe njengeqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi ngasinye into ye-quantum inakho kunamathuba athile okuwela ezingeni ngalinye lomngcele walo, futhi esewonke lawa mathuba alingana ngokwemvelo no-1. Kamuva, lapho sicubungula i-qubit, sizogxila kulokhu ngokuningiliziwe.
Ngezinhlamvu zemali, lokhu kungabonwa ngeso lengqondo - kuye ngesivinini sokuqala, i-engeli yokuphonsa, isimo sendawo lapho uhlamvu lwemali lundiza khona, ngesikhathi ngasinye ngesikhathi amathuba okuthola "amakhanda" noma "imisila" ahlukile. Futhi, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, isimo sohlamvu lwemali olunjalo olundizayo singacatshangwa njengokuthi “sikuyo yonke imingcele yayo ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa ngamathuba ahlukene okusetshenziswa kwawo.”
Noma iyiphi into okuhlangatshezwana nayo lezi zakhiwo ezingenhla futhi esingayidala futhi siyilawule ingasetshenziswa njengesithwali solwazi kukhompuyutha ye-quantum.
Ngokuqhubekayo sizokhuluma ngesimo samanje sezindaba ngokusetshenziswa ngokomzimba kwe-qubits njengezinto ze-quantum, nalokho ososayensi abasebenzisa manje kulokhu.
Ngakho-ke indawo yesithathu ithi izinto ze-quantum zingabanjwa ukuze zenze izinhlelo ze-quantum. Iyini isistimu ye-quantum?
Isistimu ye-Quantum - uhlelo lwezinto ze-quantum eziboshelwe ezinezici ezilandelayo:
- Uhlelo lwe-quantum lusesikhundleni esiphezulu sazo zonke izifunda ezingaba khona zezinto eziqukethe
- Akunakwenzeka ukwazi isimo sohlelo kuze kube umzuzu wokulinganisa
- Ngesikhathi sokulinganisa, isistimu isebenzisa okukodwa kokuhlukahluka okungenzeka kwezifunda zayo zomngcele
(futhi, ebheka phambili kancane)
I-Corollary yezinhlelo ze-quantum:
- Uhlelo lwe-quantum lunesimo esinikeziwe sesistimu kokokufaka, i-superposition ngaphakathi, i-superposition ekuphumeni.
- Emkhiqizweni wohlelo ngemva kokulinganisa sinokuqalisa okungenzeka kwesinye sezimo zokugcina ezingaba khona zesistimu (kanye namaphutha okungenzeka)
- Noma yiluphi uhlelo lwe-quantum lunokwakheka kukashimula (okufakwayo -> okukhiphayo. Awekho amaluphu, awukwazi ukubona isimo sesistimu phakathi nenqubo.)
Ukuqhathaniswa kwekhompuyutha ye-quantum kanye nevamile
Manje ake siqhathanise ikhompuyutha evamile kanye ne-quantum.
| ikhompuyutha evamile | Ikhompyutha ye-Quantum | |
|
Logic
|
0 / 1 | `a|0> + b|1>, a^2+b^2=1` |
|
I-physics
|
I-Semiconductor transistor | Into ye-Quantum |
|
Inkampani yenethiwekhi yemidiya
|
Amazinga kagesi | I-polarization, i-spin,… |
|
Ukusebenza
|
HHAYI, KANYE, NOMA, XOR phezu kwamabhithi | Amavavu: CNOT, Hadamard,… |
|
Ubudlelwano
|
I-Semiconductor chip | Ukudideka komunye nomunye |
|
Ama-algorithms
|
Okujwayelekile (bona iWhip) | Okukhethekile (Shore, Grover) |
|
Isimiso
|
Idijithali, i-deterministic | I-Analog, i-probabilistic |
Izinga elinengqondo
Kukhompyutha evamile lokhu kancane. Sazi kahle kithi sonke i-deterministic bit. Ingathatha amanani okuthi 0 noma 1. Ibhekana kahle nendima iyunithi enengqondo kukhompyutha evamile, kodwa ayifaneleki nhlobo ukuchaza isimo into ye-quantum, njengoba sesishilo kakade, endle itholakala kuyoama-superpositions emingcele yawo.
Yilokhu abaqhamuke nakho . Emingceleni yayo ibona izifunda ezifana no-0 no-1 , futhi endaweni ephakeme imelela ukusatshalaliswa kwamathuba phezu kwezifunda zomngcele wayo |0> и |1>:
a|0> + b|1>, такое, что a^2+b^2=1u-a kanye no-b bamele , futhi izikwele zamamojula wazo zingamathuba angempela okuthola amanani anjalo ncamashi wezifunda zomngcele |0> и |1>, uma ugoqa i-qubit ngesilinganiso njengamanje.
Isendlalelo esibonakalayo
Ezingeni lamanje lokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, ukuqaliswa kokusebenza komzimba kancane kwekhompuyutha evamile I-semiconductor transistor, nge-quantum, njengoba sesishilo kakade, noma iyiphi into ye-quantum. Esigabeni esilandelayo sizokhuluma ngalokho okusetshenziswa njengamanje njengemidiya ebonakalayo yama-qubits.
Isitoreji esiphakathi
Kukhompyutha evamile lokhu ugesi - Amazinga we-voltage, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwamanje, njll, nge-quantum - okufanayo isimo se-quantum object (ukuqondiswa kwe-polarization, spin, njll.), okungenzeka kube sesimweni sokuma okuphezulu.
Ukusebenza
Ukuze sisebenzise amasekhethi anengqondo kukhompuyutha evamile, sisebenzisa okwaziwayo , ukuze kusetshenziswe ama-qubits kwakudingeka ukuthi kuqhamuke nesistimu yokusebenza ehluke ngokuphelele, ebizwa . Amasango angaba i-qubit eyodwa noma i-double-qubit, kuye ngokuthi mangaki ama-qubits aguqulwayo.
Izibonelo zamasango e-quantum:
Kukhona umqondo isethi ye-valve yendawo yonke, ezanele ukwenza noma yisiphi isibalo se-quantum. Isibonelo, isethi yendawo yonke ihlanganisa isango le-Hadamard, isango lokushintsha kwesigaba, isango le-CNOT, nesango elingu-π⁄8. Ngosizo lwabo, ungenza noma yisiphi isibalo se-quantum kusethi engafanele yama-qubits.
Kulesi sihloko ngeke sihlale ngokuningiliziwe ohlelweni lwamasango e-quantum; ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nabo kanye nokusebenza okunengqondo kuma-qubits, isibonelo, . Into esemqoka okufanele uyikhumbule:
- Ukusebenza ezintweni ze-quantum kudinga ukwakhiwa kwama-opharetha amasha anengqondo (amasango e-quantum)
- Amasango e-Quantum afika ngezinhlobo ze-qubit eyodwa kanye ne-double-qubit.
- Kukhona amasethi wendawo yonke wamasango angasetshenziswa ukwenza noma yikuphi ukubala kwe-quantum
Ubudlelwano
I-transistor eyodwa ayisizi ngalutho kithi; ukuze senze izibalo sidinga ukuxhuma ama-transistors amaningi komunye nomunye, okungukuthi, ukudala i-semiconductor chip evela ezigidini zama-transistors lapho kwakhiwe khona ama-circuits anengqondo, futhi, ekugcineni, uthole iphrosesa yesimanje ngendlela yayo yakudala.
I-qubit eyodwa nayo ayisizi ngalutho kithi (kahle, uma kuphela ngokwemfundo),
ukwenza izibalo sidinga uhlelo lwe-qubits (izinto ze-quantum)
okuyinto, njengoba sesishilo kakade, idalwe ngokufaka ama-qubits komunye nomunye ukuze izinguquko ezifundeni zabo zenzeke ngendlela ehlelekile.
Ama-algorithms
Ama-algorithms ajwayelekile isintu esiwaqongelele kuze kube manje awafaneleki neze ukusetshenziswa kukhompuyutha ye-quantum. Yebo, ngokujwayelekile asikho isidingo. Amakhompiyutha e-Quantum asekelwe kumqondo wesango phezu kwama-qubits adinga ukwakhiwa kwama-algorithms ahluke ngokuphelele, ama-quantum algorithms. Kuma-algorithms we-quantum awaziwa kakhulu, amathathu angahlukaniswa:
- (i-factorization)
- (sesha ngokushesha kusizindalwazi esingahlelekile)
- (impendulo yombuzo, umsebenzi ongashintshi noma olinganiselayo)
Isimiso
Futhi umehluko obaluleke kakhulu yisimiso sokusebenza. Okwekhompyutha ejwayelekile lokhu idijithali, isimiso esinqunyelwe ngokuqinile, ngokusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi uma sibeka isimo esithile sokuqala sesistimu futhi sidlule nge-algorithm enikeziwe, khona-ke umphumela wezibalo uzofana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siqhuba kangaki lesi sibalo. Empeleni, lokhu kuziphatha kuyilokho kanye esikulindele kukhompuyutha.
Ikhompyutha ye-Quantum iyasebenza i-analogue, isimiso sokungenzeka. Umphumela we-algorithm enikeziwe esimweni sokuqala esinikeziwe ngu isampula kusukela ekusabalaliseni kwamathuba ukusetshenziswa kokugcina kwe-algorithm kanye namaphutha okungenzeka.
Le mvelo enokwenzeka yekhompuyutha ye-quantum ingenxa yengqikithi enokwenzeka kakhulu yomhlaba we-quantum. "UNkulunkulu akadlali idayisi nomhlaba.", kusho u-Einstein omdala, kodwa konke ukuhlola nokubhekwa kuze kube manje (emcabangweni wamanje wesayensi) kuqinisekisa okuphambene.
Ukuqaliswa okungokoqobo kwama-qubits
Njengoba sesishilo kakade, i-qubit ingamelwa yinto ye-quantum, okungukuthi, into ebonakalayo esebenzisa izakhiwo ze-quantum ezichazwe ngenhla. Okusho ukuthi, cishe, noma iyiphi into ebonakalayo lapho kukhona izifunda ezimbili futhi lezi zifunda ezimbili zisesimweni se-superposition zingasetshenziselwa ukwakha ikhompuyutha ye-quantum.
“Uma singafaka i-athomu emazingeni amabili ahlukene futhi siwalawule, khona-ke une-qubit. Uma singakwenza lokhu nge-ion, kuyi-qubit. Kuyafana namanje. Uma siyigijimisa ngokwewashi nangokuphikisana newashi ngesikhathi esifanayo, une-qubit.”
Zikhona к , lapho ukuhlukahluka kwamanje kokusetshenziswa ngokomzimba kwe-qubit kucatshangelwa ngokuningiliziwe, sizovele siklelise okwaziwayo kakhulu nokujwayelekile:
- neminye imibono eminingi engavamile (ama-anions, njll.)
Kuzo zonke lezi ezihlukahlukene, okuthuthukisiwe kakhulu kuyindlela yokuqala yokuthola ama-qubits, ngokusekelwe . , , nabanye abadlali abahamba phambili bayisebenzisela ukwakha izinhlelo zabo.
Awu, funda kabanzi kungenzeka qubits kusuka .
Okuyisisekelo. Isebenza kanjani ikhompuyutha ye-quantum
Izinto zalesi sigaba (umsebenzi nezithombe) zithathwe esihlokweni .
Ngakho-ke, ake sithi sinomsebenzi olandelayo:
Kukhona iqembu labantu abathathu: (A)ndrey, (B)olodya kanye no (C)erezha. Kunamatekisi amabili (0 kanye no-1).
Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi:
- (A) Andrey, (B) Olodya bangabangane
- (A)ndrey, (C)erezha izitha
- (B)olodya kanye no-(C)erezha izitha
Umsebenzi: Faka abantu ematekisini ukuze Ubuningi (abangane) и Imini (izitha)
Isilinganiso: L = (inani labangane) - (inani lezitha) ngenketho ngayinye yokuhlala
KUBALULEKILE: Uma sicabanga ukuthi awekho ama-heuristics, asikho isisombululo esifanele. Kulokhu, inkinga ingaxazululwa kuphela ngokusesha okuphelele kwezinketho.
Isixazululo kukhompuyutha evamile
Indlela yokuxazulula le nkinga kukhompyutha evamile (ephezulu) (noma iqoqo) - kusobala ukuthi udinga ukuxhuma kuzo zonke izinketho ezingenzeka. Uma sinesistimu ye-multiprocessor, lapho-ke singakwazi ukufanisa ukubalwa kwezixazululo kuwo wonke amaphrosesa ambalwa bese siqoqa imiphumela.
Sinezinketho zokuhlala ezi-2 ezingaba khona (itekisi 0 netekisi 1) kanye nabantu abangu-3. Indawo yesixazululo 2^3 = 8. Ungakwazi ngisho nokudlula izinketho ezingu-8 usebenzisa umshini wokubala, lokhu akuyona inkinga. Manje ake senze inkinga ibe nzima - sinabantu abangu-20 namabhasi amabili, indawo yesixazululo 2^20 = 1. Akukho lutho oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi. Masikhulise isibalo sabantu izikhathi ezi-2.5 - sithathe abantu abangama-50 nezitimela ezimbili, indawo yesixazululo manje 2^50 = 1.12 x 10^15. Ikhompuyutha evamile (ephezulu) isiqala ukuba nezinkinga ezinkulu. Masikhulise isibalo sabantu ngokuphindwe ka-2, abantu abayi-100 bazosinika kakade 1.2 x 10 ^ 30 ongakhetha kukho.
Yilokho kuphela, lo msebenzi awukwazi ukubalwa ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ixhuma ikhompyutha enkulu
Ikhompyutha enamandla kakhulu okwamanje iyinombolo 1 ye okungukuthi , ukukhiqiza 122 . Ake sicabange ukuthi sidinga imisebenzi eyi-100 ukubala inketho eyodwa, bese sixazulula inkinga yabantu abayi-100 esizoyidinga:
(1.2 x 10^30 100) / 122×10^15 / (606024365) = 3 x 10^37 iminyaka.
Njengoba sibona njengoba ubukhulu bedatha yokuqala bukhula, isikhala sesixazululo sikhula ngokuvumelana nomthetho wamandla, esimweni esivamile, kumabhithi angu-N sinokungu-2^N ongakhetha kukho kwesixazululo, okuthi uma kuqhathaniswa no-N (100) omncane kusinike isikhala sesixazululo esingabaliwe (kuleveli yamanje yobuchwepheshe).
Ingabe zikhona ezinye izindlela? Njengoba ungase ucabange, yebo, kukhona.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi singene kokuthi kanjani futhi kungani amakhompuyutha e-quantum angakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezifana nalezi, ake sithathe isikhashana ukuphinda sihlaziye ukuthi ziyini. ukusatshalaliswa kwamathuba. Ungethuki, lesi sihloko sokubuyekezwa, ngeke kube khona izibalo ezinzima lapha, sizokwenza ngesibonelo sakudala ngesikhwama namabhola.
Ama-combinatorics amancane nje, ithiyori yamathuba kanye nomhloli oyinqaba
Asithathe isikhwama asifake kuso Amabhola amhlophe ayi-1000 namnyama ayi-1000. Sizokwenza isilingo - sikhiphe ibhola, sibhale phansi umbala, sibuyisele ibhola esikhwameni bese sihlanganisa amabhola esikhwameni.
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa izikhathi ezingu-10, wakhipha amabhola amnyama ayi-10. Kungenzeka? Impela. Ingabe leli sampula lisinika umbono ophusile wokusatshalaliswa kweqiniso esikhwameni? Ngokusobala akunjalo. Okufanele kwenziwe - kwesokudla, pphinda isilingo izikhathi eziyisigidi futhi ubale amafrikhwensi amabhola amnyama namhlophe. Sithola, isibonelo 49.95% abamnyama kanye 50.05% abamhlophe. Kulokhu, ukwakheka kokusabalalisa lapho senza isampula khona (khipha ibhola elilodwa) sekuvele kucace kakhulu.
Into esemqoka ukuqonda lokho ukuhlolwa ngokwako kunemvelo engenzeka, ngesampula eyodwa (ibhola) ngeke sazi isakhiwo sangempela sokusabalalisa, sidinga ukuphinda ukuhlolwa izikhathi eziningi futhi wenze isilinganiso semiphumela.
Asifake esikhwameni sethu Amabhola ayi-10 abomvu nayi-10 aluhlaza (amaphutha). Masiphinde ukuhlola izikhathi ezingu-10. INwakhipha ezi-5 ezibomvu nezi-5 eziluhlaza. Kungenzeka? Yebo. Singasho okuthile mayelana nokusabalalisa kweqiniso - Cha. Yini okudingeka yenziwe - kahle, uyaqonda.
Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kwesakhiwo sokusatshalaliswa kwamathuba, kuyadingeka ukwenza isampula ngokuphindaphindiwe imiphumela yomuntu ngamunye kusukela kulokhu kusatshalaliswa kanye nemiphumela emaphakathi.
Ukuhlanganisa ithiyori nokuzijwayeza
Manje esikhundleni samabhola amnyama namhlophe, ake sithathe amabhola ebhilidi siwafake esikhwameni Amabhola ayi-1000 anenombolo 2, 1000 enonombolo 7 kanye namabhola ayi-10 anezinye izinombolo. Ake sicabange ngomuntu ohlolayo oqeqeshelwe ukwenza izinto ezilula (akhiphe ibhola, abhale phansi inombolo, abuyisele ibhola esikhwameni, ahlanganise amabhola esikhwameni) futhi lokhu ukwenza kuma-microseconds angu-150. Hhayi-ke, umhloli onjalo ngesivinini (hhayi isikhangiso sezidakamizwa !!!). Ngemuva kwemizuzwana eyi-150 uzokwazi ukwenza ucwaningo lwethu izikhathi eziyisigidi futhi usinikeze imiphumela emaphakathi.
Bahlala phansi umhloli, bamnika isikhwama, bajika, balinda imizuzwana engu-150 futhi bathola:
inombolo 2 - 49.5%, inombolo 7 - 49.5%, izinombolo ezisele sezizonke - 1%.
Yebo kunjalo, isikhwama sethu yikhompyutha ye-quantum ene-algorithm exazulula inkinga yethu, futhi amabhola kukhona izixazululo ezingenzeka. Njengoba kunezixazululo ezimbili ezifanele, ke ikhompuyutha ye-quantum izosinika noma yiziphi zalezi zixazululo okungenzeka zilingane, kanye namaphutha angu-0.5% (10/2000), esizoxoxa ngayo kamuva.
Ukuze uthole umphumela wekhompuyutha ye-quantum, udinga ukusebenzisa i-algorithm ye-quantum izikhathi eziningi kusethi yedatha yokufaka efanayo futhi wenze isilinganiso somphumela.
Ukuqina kwekhompuyutha ye-quantum
Manje ake ucabange ukuthi ngomsebenzi ohlanganisa abantu abayi-100 (indawo yesixazululo 2^100 siyakukhumbula lokhu), kukhona nezinqumo ezimbili kuphela ezifanele. Khona-ke, uma sithatha ama-qubits angu-100 bese sibhala i-algorithm ebala umsebenzi wethu wenhloso (L, bheka ngenhla) phezu kwalezi zilinganiso, sizothola isikhwama lapho kuzoba namabhola angu-1000 nenombolo yempendulo yokuqala efanele, 1000 nge. inombolo yempendulo yesibili efanele kanye namabhola ayi-10 anezinye izinombolo. Futhi phakathi kwamasekhondi afanayo angu-150 umhloli wethu uzosinika isilinganiso samathuba okusabalalisa izimpendulo ezilungile..
Isikhathi sokwenziwa se-algorithm ye-quantum (ngokucatshangwa okuthile) singabhekwa njenge-O(1) engashintshi ngokuphathelene nobukhulu besikhala sesixazululo (2^N).
Futhi lokhu kuyimpahla yekhompyutha ye-quantum - ukungaguquguquki kwesikhathi sokusebenza maqondana nobunkimbinkimbi bomthetho okhulayo wesikhala sesixazululo kuyisihluthulelo.
I-Qubit kanye nemihlaba ehambisanayo
Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Yini evumela ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ukuthi yenze izibalo ngokushesha okungaka? Konke kumayelana nemvelo ye-quantum ye-qubit.
Bheka, sithe i-qubit ifana nento ye-quantum ibona esinye sezimo zayo ezimbili lapho ibonwa, kodwa “ngemvelo yasendle” ingaphakathi superpositions of states, okungukuthi, ikuzo zombili izifunda zomngcele ngesikhathi esisodwa (ngamathuba athile).
Ake sithathe (A) uDriya futhi ucabange isimo sayo (kuyiphi imoto - 0 noma 1) njenge-qubit. Bese sine (in quantum space) imihlaba emibili efanayo,kweyodwa (A) uhlala etekisini 0, kwelinye izwe - etekisini 1. Ngamatekisi amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa ngamathuba athile okuyithola kuleyo naleyo phakathi nokuyibona.
Ake sithathe (B) abasha futhi ake sicabange nesimo sayo njenge-qubit. Kuvela eminye imihlaba emibili efanayo. Kodwa okwamanje lawa mapheya omhlaba (A) и (AT) ungahlangani nhlobo. Okufanele kwenziwe ukuze udale ezihlobene uhlelo? Kunjalo, sidinga lezi qubits bopha (confuse). Siyakuthatha sikudide (A) no (B) - sithola uhlelo lwe-quantum lwama-qubits amabili (A, B), eqaphela ngaphakathi kukodwa ezine ezincikene imihlaba parallel. Engeza (S) ergey futhi sithola uhlelo lwama-qubits amathathu (ABC), sisebenzisa eziyisishiyagalombili ezincikene imihlaba parallel.
Ingqikithi ye-quantum computing (ukuqaliswa kochungechunge lwamasango e-quantum phezu kwesistimu yama-qubits axhunyiwe) iqiniso lokuthi ukubala kwenzeka kuwo wonke umhlaba ohambisanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Futhi akunandaba ukuthi zingaki zazo esinazo, 2^3 noma 2^100, i-algorithm ye-quantum izokwenziwa ngesikhathi esinqunyelwe kuyo yonke le mihlaba ehambisanayo futhi izosinika umphumela, okuyisampula kusukela ekusabalaliseni kwamathuba ezimpendulo ze-algorithm.
Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okungcono, umuntu angakucabanga lokho ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ezingeni le-quantum isebenzisa izinqubo zesixazululo ezi-2^N ezifanayo, ngamunye wabo osebenza ngenketho eyodwa engenzeka, bese eqoqa imiphumela yomsebenzi - futhi isinika impendulo ngesimo se-superposition yesixazululo (amathuba okusatshalaliswa kwezimpendulo), lapho senza isampula eyodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi (ngokuhlolwa ngakunye).
Khumbula isikhathi esidingwa umhloli wethu (150 µs) ukwenza ucwaningo, lokhu kuzoba usizo kithi kancane kancane, lapho sikhuluma ngezinkinga eziyinhloko zamakhompiyutha we-quantum kanye nesikhathi sokuhlukanisa.
I-Quantum algorithms
Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-algorithms avamile asekelwe kungqondongqondo kanambambili awasebenzi kukhompyutha ye-quantum esebenzisa i-quantum logic (amasango e-quantum). Kuye, bekudingeka ukuthi kuqhamuke namasha asebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla akhona emvelweni ye-quantum yekhompyutha.
Ama-algorithms aziwa kakhulu namuhla yilawa:
Ngokungafani nama-classical, amakhompyutha we-quantum awawona wonke.
Inani elincane kuphela lama-algorithms we-quantum atholakele kuze kube manje.
Спасибо ngesixhumanisi esiya ku , indawo lapho, ngokusho kombhali (), abameleli abangcono kakhulu bomhlaba we-quantum-algorithmic baqoqwe futhi bayaqhubeka nokuqoqa.
Kulesi sihloko ngeke sihlaziye ama-algorithms we-quantum ngokuningiliziwe; kunezinsiza eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ku-inthanethi zanoma yiliphi izinga lobunzima, kodwa sisadinga ukudlula kafushane ngalezi zintathu ezidume kakhulu.
I-algorithm ye-Shor.
I-algorithm ye-quantum eyaziwa kakhulu (yasungulwa ngo-1994 isazi sezibalo saseNgilandi ), okuhloswe ngayo ukuxazulula inkinga yokufaka izinombolo zibe yizici eziyinhloko (inkinga ye-factorization, i-discrete logarithm).
Yile algorithm ecashunwe njengesibonelo lapho bebhala ukuthi amasistimu akho ebhange namaphasiwedi azogqekezwa maduze. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ubude bezihluthulelo ezisetshenziswa namuhla abukho ngaphansi kwamabhithi angu-2048, isikhathi se-cap asikakafiki.
Namuhla ngaphezu kokuzithoba. Imiphumela Engcono Kakhulu Yokwenziwa Kwezinto Nge-Shor's Algorithm - Izinombolo и , engaphansi kakhulu kuka-2048 bits. Ngemiphumela esele evela kuthebula, okwehlukile izibalo, kodwa ngisho nomphumela omuhle kakhulu ngokwale algorithm (291311) ukude kakhulu nesicelo sangempela.
Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-algorithm ye-Shor, isibonelo,. Mayelana nokuqaliswa okungokoqobo - .
Okukodwa kwe ubunkimbinkimbi namandla adingekayo ukuze kufakwe inombolo engu-2048-bit ikhompuyutha enawo . Silala ngokuthula.
I-algorithm kaGrover
- ukuxazulula inkinga yokubala, okungukuthi, ukuthola isixazululo sesibalo F(X) = 1, lapho uF kusukela n eziguquguqukayo. Yahlongozwa isazi sezibalo saseMelika в .
I-algorithm kaGrover ingasetshenziswa ukuthola и uchungechunge lwenombolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasetshenziswa ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokusesha okuphelele phakathi kwezixazululo eziningi ezingenzeka. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise izinzuzo ezinkulu zesivinini uma kuqhathaniswa ne-algorithms yakudala, nakuba ngaphandle kokunikeza "" ngenjwayelo.
Ungafunda okwengeziwe, noma . Namanje Kunencazelo enhle ye-algorithm esebenzisa isibonelo samabhokisi nebhola, kodwa, ngeshwa, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphezu kokulawula kwanoma ubani, le sayithi ayingivuleli eRussia. Uma unayo ivinjiwe futhi, ngakho-ke nasi isifinyezo esifushane:
I-algorithm kaGrover. Ake sithi unezinhlamvu ezingu-N zamabhokisi avaliwe anezinombolo. Zonke azinalutho ngaphandle kweyodwa, equkethe ibhola. Umsebenzi wakho: thola inombolo yebhokisi lapho ibhola litholakala khona (le nombolo engaziwa ivame ukuchazwa ngohlamvu w).
Indlela yokuxazulula le nkinga? Indlela ewubuphukuphuku iwukushintshana ngokuvula amabhokisi, futhi ngokushesha uzohlangana nebhokisi elinebhola. Ngokwesilinganiso, mangaki amabhokisi adinga ukuhlolwa ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ibhokisi elinebhola? Ngokwesilinganiso, udinga ukuvula cishe uhhafu wamabhokisi angu-N/2. Into eyinhloko lapha ukuthi uma sikhulisa inani lamabhokisi izikhathi ezingu-100, isilinganiso samabhokisi adinga ukuvulwa ngaphambi kokuba ibhokisi elinebhola litholakale nalo lizokhula izikhathi ezingu-100 ezifanayo.
Manje ake senze enye incazelo. Masingawavuli amabhokisi ngokwethu ngezandla sibheke ukuthi ibhola likhona yini kulowo nalowo, kodwa kukhona umlamuli othile, masimbize ngo-Oracle. Sitshela i-Oracle, “ibhokisi lokuhlola inombolo 732,” bese i-Oracle ihlola futhi iphendule ngokwethembeka, “alikho ibhola ebhokisini elingunombolo 732.” Manje, esikhundleni sokuthi mangaki amabhokisi okufanele siwavule ngokwesilinganiso, sithi “kangaki ngokwesilinganiso kufanele siye ku-Oracle ukuze sithole inombolo yebhokisi elinebhola”
Kuvela ukuthi uma sihumusha le nkinga ngamabhokisi, ibhola kanye ne-Oracle olimini lwe-quantum, sithola umphumela ophawulekayo: ukuthola inombolo yebhokisi elinebhola phakathi kwamabhokisi angu-N, sidinga ukuphazamisa i-Oracle kuphela nge-SQRT. (N) izikhathi!
Okusho ukuthi, inkimbinkimbi yomsebenzi wokusesha usebenzisa i-algorithm ye-Grover incishiswa impande yesikwele yezikhathi.
I-algorithm ye-Deutsch-Jozi
I-algorithm ye-Deutsch-Jozsa (ebuye ibizwe nge-Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm) - [quantum algorithm](%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC), предложенный и в , futhi yaba ngesinye sezibonelo zokuqala zama-algorithms aklanyelwe ukwenziwa kuwo . _
Inkinga ye-Deutsch-Jozsi iwukuthola ukuthi ingabe umsebenzi wezinto eziguquguqukayo ezimbalwa kanambambili F(x1, x2, ... xn) uhlala njalo (uthatha inani elingu-0 noma u-1 kunoma yiziphi izimpikiswano) noma ubhalansise (ingxenye yesizinda esiyithathayo. inani 0, kwenye ingxenye 1). Kulokhu, kuthathwa njengokubalulekile okwaziwayo ukuthi umsebenzi ungowokuhlala njalo noma uyalingana.
Ungafunda futhi . Incazelo elula:
I-algorithm ye-Deutsch (Deutsch-Jozsi) isuselwe kumandla anonya, kodwa ivumela ukuthi yenziwe ngokushesha kunokujwayelekile. Ake sithi kukhona uhlamvu lwemali etafuleni futhi udinga ukuthola ukuthi luwumgunyathi noma cha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukubheka uhlamvu lwemali kabili futhi unqume: "amakhanda" kanye "nemisila" kungokoqobo, "amakhanda" amabili, "imisila" emibili ayimanga. Ngakho-ke, uma usebenzisa i-algorithm ye-Deutsch quantum, khona-ke lokhu kuzimisela kungenziwa ngokubuka okukodwa - ukulinganisa.
Izinkinga zamakhompyutha we-quantum
Lapho beklama futhi besebenzisa amakhompiyutha e-quantum, ososayensi nonjiniyela babhekana nenani elikhulu lezinkinga, okuze kube manje esezixazululiwe ngamazinga ahlukahlukene empumelelo. Ngokuvumelana ne () uchungechunge lwezinkinga ezilandelayo lungabonakala:
- Ukuzwela kwemvelo kanye nokuxhumana nendawo ezungezile
- Ukuqoqwa kwamaphutha ngesikhathi sokubala
- Ubunzima ngokuqaliswa kokuqala kwezifunda ze-qubit
- Ubunzima ekudaleni amasistimu ama-multi-qubit
Ngincoma kakhulu ukufunda lesi sihloko “”, ikakhulukazi imibono kuyo.
Ake sihlele zonke izinkinga ezinkulu zibe ngamaqembu amakhulu amathathu futhi sibhekisise ngayinye yazo:
Ukungathembeki
.
Isimo se-Quantum into entekenteke kakhuluama-qubits esimweni esibambekile azinzile ngokwedlulele, noma iliphi ithonya langaphandle linga (futhi liyakwenza) ukucekela phansi lokhu kuxhumana. Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngengxenye encane yedigri, ingcindezi, i-photon engahleliwe endizayo eduze - konke lokhu kuthunaza isistimu yethu.
Ukuxazulula le nkinga, i-sarcophagi yokushisa ephansi yakhiwe, lapho izinga lokushisa (-273.14 degrees Celsius) lingaphezu kuka-zero ngokuphelele, ngokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu kwekamelo langaphakathi neprosesa kuwo wonke amathonya (okungenzeka) wemvelo yangaphandle.
Isikhathi sokuphila esiphezulu sesistimu ye-quantum yama-qubits amaningana abanjwe, lapho igcina izakhiwo zayo ze-quantum futhi ingasetshenziselwa izibalo, ibizwa ngokuthi isikhathi sokuhlanganisa.
Njengamanje, isikhathi sokungathembeki kuzixazululo ezingcono kakhulu ze-quantum silandelana amashumi namakhulu ama-microseconds.
Kukhona okumangalisayo lapho ungabheka khona kuwo wonke amasistimu we-quantum adaliwe. Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa kuphela amaphrosesa aphezulu amabili njengezibonelo - kusuka ku-IBM nangokuthi . Njengoba singabona, isikhathi sokuhlukanisa (T2) asidluli i-200 μs.
Angizange ngithole idatha eqondile ku-Sycamore, kodwa kakhulu izinombolo ezimbili zinikezwa - 1 million izibalo ngemizuzwana 200, kwenye indawo - for Imizuzwana engu-130 ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amasignali okulawula, njll.. Kunoma yikuphi, lokhu kusinika isikhathi sokungathembeki singama-150 μs. Khumbula wethu umhloli ngesikhwama? Awu, nangu yena.
| Igama Lekhompyutha | N Qubits | Ubukhulu bubhanqiwe | I-T2 (µs) |
| IBM Q System One | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| I-Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
Ukungathembeki kusisongela ngani?
Inkinga enkulu ukuthi ngemva kuka-150 μs, isistimu yethu yekhompuyutha ye-N qubits ehilelekile izoqala ukukhipha umsindo omhlophe okungenzeka esikhundleni sokusatshalaliswa okungenzeka kwezisombululo ezifanele.
Okungukuthi, sidinga:
- Qalisa isistimu ye-qubit
- Yenza izibalo (uchungechunge lwemisebenzi yesango)
- Funda umphumela
Futhi wenze konke lokhu kuma-microsecond angu-150. Ngangingenaso isikhathi - umphumela waphenduka ithanga.
Kodwa akugcini lapho...
Amaphutha
Njengoba sishilo, izinqubo ze-quantum kanye nekhompuyutha ye-quantum kungenzeka ngokwemvelo, asinakuqiniseka ngo-100% nganoma yini, kodwa kuphela ngamathuba athile. Isimo siba sibi nakakhulu ukuthi i-quantum computing ijwayele ukwenza iphutha. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamaphutha ku-quantum computing yilezi:
- Amaphutha e-Decoherence abangelwa ubunkimbinkimbi besistimu kanye nokuxhumana nendawo yangaphandle
- Amaphutha ezibalo zesango (ngenxa yemvelo ye-quantum yokubala)
- Amaphutha okufunda isimo sokugcina (umphumela)
Amaphutha ahlobene nokungahlangani, sivele ngokushesha lapho sihlanganisa ama-qubits ethu futhi siqala ukwenza izibalo. Lapho sibhidliza ama-qubits, uhlelo luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi kulula ukuyibhubhisa. I-sarcophagi yokushisa ephansi, amakamelo avikelwe, wonke lawa maqhinga ezobuchwepheshe ahloswe ngokuqondile ukunciphisa inani lamaphutha nokwandisa isikhathi sokungathembeki.
Amaphutha ezibalo wesango - noma yikuphi ukusebenza (isango) kuma-qubits, okungenzeka, kuphele ngephutha, nokusebenzisa i-algorithm esiyidingayo ukwenza amakhulukhulu amasango, ngakho-ke cabanga ukuthi sitholani ekupheleni kokwenziwa kwe-algorithm yethu. Impendulo yakudala yombuzo ithi "Ayini amathuba okuhlangana ne-dinosaur ku-elevator?" - 50x50, uzohlangana noma cha.
Inkinga ibhebhethekiswa futhi yiqiniso lokuthi izindlela ezijwayelekile zokulungisa amaphutha (ukuphindaphinda kwezibalo nokulinganisa) azisebenzi emhlabeni we-quantum ngenxa ye-no-cloning theorem. Ngoba ku-quantum computing kwadingeka ukuthi kuqanjwe . Uma sikhuluma nje, sithatha ama-qubits angu-N ajwayelekile bese senza oku-1 kwawo i-logic qubit ngezinga lephutha eliphansi.
Kodwa lapha kuphakama enye inkinga - inani eliphelele lama-qubits. Bheka, ake sithi sineprosesa enama-qubits angu-100, lapho ama-qubits angu-80 asetshenziselwa ukulungisa iphutha, bese sisele 20 kuphela ukubala.
Amaphutha ekufundeni umphumela wokugcina - njengoba sikhumbula, umphumela wezibalo ze-quantum wethulwa kithi ngendlela amathuba okusatshalaliswa kwezimpendulo. Kodwa ukufunda isimo sokugcina kungase kuhluleke ngephutha.
Ngokufanayo Kunamathebula okuqhathanisa amaphrosesa ngamaleveli amaphutha. Ukuze siqhathanise, ake sithathe amaphrosesa afanayo njengasesibonelweni sangaphambilini - IBM и :
| Computer | 1-Qubit Gate Ukwethembeka | 2-Qubit Gate Fidelity | Funda uFidelity |
| IBM Q System One | 99.96% | 98.31% | - |
| I-Google Sycamore | 99.84% | 99.38% | 96.2% |
kuyinto iyisilinganiso sokufana kwezimo ezimbili ze-quantum. Ubukhulu bephutha bungavezwa cishe njengokuthi 1-Fidelity. Njengoba sibona, amaphutha kumasango angu-2-qubit kanye namaphutha okufunda kuyisithiyo esikhulu sokwenza ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi namade kumakhompyutha e-quantum akhona.
Ungafunda futhi iminyaka kusukela ukuxazulula inkinga yokulungisa iphutha.
Iprosesa yezakhiwo
Ngombono sakha futhi sisebenze imijikelezo yenqwaba yama-qubits abambene, empeleni yonke into iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Wonke ama-quantum chips (ama-processor) akhona akhiwe ngendlela yokuthi anikeze ngokungenabuhlungu ukubanjwa kwequbit eyodwa kuphela nomakhelwane bayo, angekho ngaphezu kwesithupha.
Uma sidinga ukubamba i-qubit yokuqala, sithi, ne-1, kuzodingeka yakha uchungechunge lwemisebenzi eyengeziwe ye-quantum, faka ama-qubits engeziwe, njll., okwandisa ileveli yephutha lilonke. Yebo, futhi ungakhohlwa mayelana isikhathi sokuhlangana, mhlawumbe ngesikhathi uqeda ukuxhuma ama-qubits kusekethe oyidingayo, isikhathi sizophela futhi yonke isekethe izophenduka ijeneretha yomsindo emhlophe enhle.
Futhi ungakukhohlwa lokho Ukwakhiwa kwawo wonke ama-quantum processors ahlukile, kanye nohlelo olubhalwe kusifanisi kumodi "yokuxhuma konke kuya kukho konke" kuzodingeka "luhlanganiswe kabusha" ekwakhiweni kwe-chip ethile. Kukhona ngisho ukwenza lo msebenzi.
Ubuningi bokuxhumana kanye nenani eliphezulu lama-qubits kuma-chips aphezulu afanayo:
| Igama Lekhompyutha | N Qubits | Ubukhulu bubhanqiwe | I-T2 (µs) |
| IBM Q System One | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| I-Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
Futhi, ngokuqhathanisa, ithebula elinedatha evela esizukulwaneni sangaphambilini samaphrosesa. Qhathanisa inani lama-qubits, isikhathi sokungahlangani nezinga lamaphutha nalokho esinakho manje nesizukulwane esisha. Noma kunjalo, intuthuko ihamba kancane, kodwa iyahamba.
Ngakho:
- Okwamanje awekho ama-architecture axhumeke ngokugcwele ane-> 6 qubits
- Ukuze ubambe i-qubit 0s kuphrosesa yangempela, isibonelo, i-qubit 15 ingase idinge imisebenzi eyengeziwe eyishumi nambili.
- Imisebenzi eyengeziwe -> amaphutha amaningi -> ithonya elinamandla lokungahlangani
Imiphumela
I-Decoherence iwumbhede we-Procrustean we-quantum computing yesimanje. Kufanele sihlanganise yonke into kuma-150 μs:
- Ukuqaliswa kwesimo sokuqala se-qubits
- Ukwenza ikhompuyutha inkinga usebenzisa amasango e-quantum
- Lungisa amaphutha ukuze uthole imiphumela ephusile
- Funda umphumela
Nokho, kuze kube manje imiphumela iyadumaza funa ukuzuza isikhathi sokugcina sokuhambisana esingu-0.5s kukhompuyutha ye-quantum esekelwe :
Sikala isikhathi sokuhlangana kwe-qubit esingaphezu kuka-0.5 s, futhi ngokuvikela kazibuthe silindele ukuthi lokhu kuthuthuke kube kude kuno-1000 s.
Ungafunda futhi ngalobu buchwepheshe noma, isibonelo, .
Isimo siphinde sibe nzima yiqiniso lokuthi lapho wenza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ama-circuits okulungisa amaphutha we-quantum, abuye adle kokubili isikhathi kanye nama-qubits atholakalayo.
Futhi ekugcineni, izakhiwo zesimanje azikuvumeli ukusebenzisa izikimu zokubopha kangcono kuno-1 koku-4 noma u-1 kokungu-6 ngezindleko ezincane.
Izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga
Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingenhla, izindlela nezindlela ezilandelayo zisetshenziswa njengamanje:
- Ukusebenzisa ama-cryochamber anamazinga okushisa aphansi (10 mK (–273,14°C))
- Ukusebenzisa amayunithi okucubungula avikelwe kakhulu emithonyeni yangaphandle
- Ukusebenzisa I-Quantum Error Correction Systems (Logic Qubit)
- Ukusebenzisa izilungiseleli lapho kuhlelwa amasekethe ephrosesa ethile
Ucwaningo luyenziwa futhi okuhloswe ngalo ukukhulisa isikhathi sokungathembeki, ukucinga ukuqaliswa okusha (nokuthuthukisa okwaziwayo) okubonakalayo kwezinto ze-quantum, ukwenza ngcono ama-circuits okulungisa, njll., njll. Kukhona inqubekelaphambili (bheka ngenhla ezicini zama-chips angaphambili nanamuhla), kodwa kuze kube manje ihamba kancane, kakhulu, ihamba kancane kakhulu.
I-D-Wave
Ikhompyutha ye-D-Wave 2000Q 2000-qubit. Umthombo:
Phakathi kwesimemezelo se-Google sokuzuza ukuphakama kwe-quantum kusetshenziswa i-53-qubit processor, и kusukela enkampanini i-D-Wave, lapho inani lama-qubits liyizinkulungwane, lidida ngandlela-thile. Yebo, ngempela, uma ama-qubits angu-53 akwazile ukuzuza ukuphakama kwe-quantum, khona-ke yini ikhompuyutha enama-qubits angu-2048 ekwazi ukuyenza? Kodwa akuyona yonke into enhle kakhulu ...
Ngamafuphi (ethathwe ku-wiki):
Amakhompiyutha sebenza ngesimiso (), ingaxazulula i-subclass elinganiselwe kakhulu yezinkinga zokuthuthukisa, futhi ayifanele ukusebenzisa ama-algorithms wendabuko we-quantum namasango e-quantum.
Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ungafunda, isibonelo, , (ngokucophelela, kungase kungavulwa eRussia), noma в kusukela kwakhe . Ngendlela, ngincoma kakhulu ukufunda ibhulogi yakhe ngokujwayelekile, kunezinto eziningi ezinhle lapho
Ngokuvamile, kusukela ekuqaleni kwezimemezelo, umphakathi wesayensi wawunemibuzo mayelana namakhompyutha we-D-Wave. Isibonelo, ngo-2014, i-IBM yangabaza ukuthi i-D-Wave Kwafika ezingeni lokuthi ngo-2015, i-Google, kanye ne-NASA, bathenga enye yalawa makhompyutha we-quantum futhi ngemva kocwaningo. , ukuthi yebo, ikhompuyutha iyasebenza futhi ibala inkinga ngokushesha kunejwayelekile. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nesitatimende se-Google futhi, isibonelo, .
Into eyinhloko ukuthi amakhompyutha e-D-Wave, anamakhulu nezinkulungwane zama-qubits, awakwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukubala nokusebenzisa ama-algorithms we-quantum. Awukwazi ukusebenzisa i-algorithm ye-Shor kuzo, isibonelo. Abangakwenza nje ukusebenzisa izindlela ezithile ze-quantum ukuxazulula inkinga ethile yokwenza kahle. Singacabanga ukuthi i-D-Wave iyi-quantum ASIC yomsebenzi othile.
Okuncane mayelana nokulingiswa kwekhompyutha ye-quantum
I-Quantum computing ingalingiswa kukhompuyutha evamile. Ngempela, :
- Isimo se-qubit singaba inombolo eyinkimbinkimbi, ethatha kusuka ku-2x32 kuya ku-2x64 bits (8-16 bytes) kuye ngesakhiwo sokucubungula
- Isimo se-N qubits exhunyiwe singamelwa njengezinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingu-2^N, i.e. 2^(3+N) ye-32-bit yezakhiwo kanye no-2^(4+N) ye-64-bit.
- Ukusebenza kwe-quantum kuma-N qubits kungamelwa yi-matrix engu-2^N x 2^N
Bese:
- Ukugcina izimo ezilingisiwe zama-qubits angu-10, u-8 KB uyadingeka
- Ukugcina izifunda zama-qubits angama-20 udinga i-8 MB
- Ukugcina izifunda ezingama-30 qubits, i-8 GB iyadingeka
- Ama-terabyte angu-40 ayadingeka ukugcina izifunda zama-qubits angu-8
- Ukugcina izifunda zama-qubits angama-50, ama-Petabytes ayi-8 ayadingeka, njll.
Ukuqhathanisa, () ithwala kuphela inkumbulo engu-2.8 Petabytes.
- I-49 qubit ilethwe ngonyaka odlule kukhompyutha enkulu yamaShayina ()
Umkhawulo wokulingisa ikhompuyutha ye-quantum kumasistimu akudala unqunywa inani le-RAM edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe isimo se-qubits.
Ngiphinde ngincome ukufunda . Kusuka lapho:
Ngokusebenza - ngokulingisa okunembile kwesekethe engu-49-qubit ehlanganisa "imijikelezo" engama-39 (izingqimba ezizimele zamasango) 2^63 ukuphindaphindeka okuyinkimbinkimbi - 4 Pflops we-supercomputer amahora angu-4
Ukulingisa ikhompuyutha engu-50+ qubit quantum kumasistimu akudala kuthathwa njengento engenakwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanele. Yingakho futhi i-Google isebenzise iphrosesa engu-53-qubit ngokuhlolwa kwayo kokuphakama kwe-quantum.
I-Quantum Computing Supremacy.
I-Wikipedia isinika incazelo elandelayo ye-quantum computing supremacy:
Ukuphakama kwe-Quantum - ikhono amadivaysi okuxazulula izinkinga amakhompyutha asendulo angakwazi ukuzixazulula.
Eqinisweni, ukuzuza ubukhulu be-quantum kusho ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, i-factorization yezinombolo ezinkulu kusetshenziswa i-algorithm ye-Shor ingaxazululwa ngesikhathi esanele, noma ama-molecule amakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi angalingiswa ezingeni le-quantum, njalonjalo. Okungukuthi, inkathi entsha isifikile.
Kodwa kukhona i-loophole emagameni encazelo, "okuyinto amakhompyutha e-classical angeke akwazi ukuyixazulula" Eqinisweni, lokhu kusho ukuthi uma udala ikhompuyutha ye-quantum yama-qubits angu-50+ futhi usebenzise isifunda se-quantum kuso, khona-ke, njengoba sixoxile ngenhla, umphumela walesi sekethi awukwazi ukulingiswa kukhompyutha evamile. Leyo ikhompyutha ye-classical ngeke ikwazi ukwenza kabusha umphumela wesifunda esinjalo.
Ukuthi umphumela onjalo uhlanganisa ukuphakama kwe-quantum kwangempela noma cha kungumbuzo wefilosofi. Kodwa qonda ukuthi i-Google yenza ini nokuthi isekelwe kuphi okudingekayo.
I-Quantum Supremacy Statement ye-Google
I-Sycamore 54-qubit processor
Ngakho-ke, ngo-Okthoba 2019, abathuthukisi be-Google bashicilele indatshana encwadini yesayensi ethi Nature “" Ababhali bamemezele ukuzuzwa kokuphakama kwe-quantum okokuqala ngqa emlandweni besebenzisa iprosesa ye-Sycamore engu-54-qubit.
Izindatshana ze-Sycamore eziku-inthanethi zivame ukubhekisa ku-54-qubit processor noma i-53-qubit processor. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngokusho , iphrosesa ngokomzimba iqukethe ama-qubits angu-54, kodwa eyodwa yawo ayisebenzi futhi ikhishiwe enkonzweni. Ngakho-ke, empeleni sineprosesa engu-53-qubit.
Kuwebhu khona lapho izinto ezisetshenziswayo kulesi sihloko, izinga lazo elihluka ukusuka ukuze .
Ithimba le-IBM le-quantum computing kamuva lasho lokho . Inkampani ithi ikhompuyutha evamile izobhekana nalo msebenzi esimweni esibi kakhulu ezinsukwini ezingu-2,5, futhi impendulo ephumayo izoba nembe kakhulu kunaleyo yekhompyutha ye-quantum. Lesi siphetho senziwe ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwethiyori yezindlela ezimbalwa zokuthuthukisa.
Futhi, kunjalo, kweyakhe Angikwazanga ukuziba lesi sitatimende. Okwakhe kanye nazo zonke izixhumanisi kanye njengokujwayelekile, kufanelekile ukuchitha isikhathi sakho kukho. Kuhabhu le FAQ, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi ufunda amazwana, kukhona izixhumanisi zemibhalo yokuqala eputshuzwe ku-inthanethi ngaphambi kwesimemezelo esisemthethweni.
Yini ngempela eyenziwa i-Google? Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okuningiliziwe, funda u-Aaronson, kodwa kafushane lapha:
Yebo, ngingakutshela, kodwa ngizizwa ngiyisiphukuphuku. Isibalo simi kanje: umhloli ukhiqiza isekethe ye-quantum C engahleliwe (okungukuthi, ukulandelana okungahleliwe kwamasango angu-1-qubit kanye namasango angu-2-qubit phakathi komakhelwane abaseduze, ngokujula, isibonelo, 20, okusebenza kunethiwekhi ye-2D ye-n = 50-60 qubits). Umhloli ube esethumela u-C kukhompuyutha ye-quantum, bese eyicela ukuthi isebenzise u-C esimweni sokuqala esingu-0, ikale umphumela ngesisekelo esithi {0,1}, ibuyisele ukulandelana kwe-n-bit ebonwayo (iyunithi yezinhlamvu), bese iphinda okumbalwa. izikhathi eziyinkulungwane noma izigidi. Ekugcineni, esebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe lwe-C, umhloli wenza ukuhlolwa kwezibalo ukuze abone ukuthi umphumela ufana yini nokuphuma okulindelekile kukhompyutha ye-quantum.
Kafushane kakhulu:
- Umjikelezo ongahleliwe wobude obungama-20 kwangu-53 wenziwa kusetshenziswa amasango
- Isekethe iqala ngesimo sokuqala [0…0] ukuze isetshenziswe
- Okukhiphayo kwesekhethi kuyiyunithi yezinhlamvu engahleliwe (isampula)
- Ukusatshalaliswa komphumela akukona okungahleliwe (ukuphazamiseka)
- Ukusatshalaliswa kwamasampula atholiwe kuqhathaniswa nalelo elilindelekile
- Kuphetha Quantum Supremacy
Okusho ukuthi, i-Google isebenzise inkinga yokwenziwa ku-53-qubit processor, futhi isekela isimangalo sayo sokufeza ukuphakama kwe-quantum eqinisweni lokuthi akunakwenzeka ukulingisa iphrosesa enjalo kumasistimu ajwayelekile ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ukuze uthole ukuqonda - Lesi sigaba asinciphisi impumelelo ye-Google nganoma iyiphi indlela, onjiniyela bakhulu ngempela, futhi umbuzo wokuthi lokhu kungabhekwa njengokuphakama kwe-quantum yangempela noma cha, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kuyifilosofi ngaphezu kobunjiniyela. Kodwa kufanele siqonde ukuthi njengoba sizuze ukuphakama okunjalo kwekhompiyutha, asikathuthuki esinyathelweni esisodwa esiya emandleni okusebenzisa i-algorithm ye-Shor ngezinombolo ezingu-2048-bit.
Isifingqo
Amakhompiyutha e-Quantum kanye ne-quantum computing ayindawo ethembisayo kakhulu, encane kakhulu futhi kuze kube manje incane indawo esebenza ezimbonini yobuchwepheshe bolwazi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum computing (ngolunye usuku) kuzosivumela ukuthi sixazulule izinkinga:
- Ukumodela izinhlelo zomzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingeni le-quantum
- Ayixazululeki kukhompuyutha evamile ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bekhompyutha
Izinkinga ezinkulu ekudaleni nasekusebenziseni amakhompyutha we-quantum:
- Ukungathembeki
- Amaphutha (ukuhlukanisa kanye nesango)
- Iprosesa yezakhiwo (amasekhethi e-qubit axhumeke ngokugcwele)
Isimo samanje sezindaba:
- Eqinisweni - ekuqaleni .
- Akukho ukuxhashazwa kwezentengiselwano KWANGEMPELA okwamanje (futhi akucaci ukuthi kuzoba nini)
Yini engasiza:
- Uhlobo oluthile lokutholwa ngokomzimba okunciphisa izindleko zezintambo kanye namaphrosesa asebenzayo
- Ukuthola okuthile okuzokhuphula isikhathi sokungahlangani nge-oda lobukhulu kanye/noma ukunciphisa amaphutha
Ngokubona kwami (umbono wami uqobo), Ku-paradigm yesayensi yamanje yolwazi, ngeke sizuze impumelelo ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe be-quantum., lapha sidinga impumelelo esezingeni eliphezulu endaweni ethile yesayensi eyisisekelo noma esetshenziswayo, ezonikeza umfutho emibonweni emisha nezindlela.
Okwamanje, sithola ulwazi ngohlelo lwe-quantum, ukuqoqa nokudala ama-algorithms we-quantum, imibono yokuhlola, njll., njll. Silindele ukuphumelela.
isiphetho
Kulesi sihloko, sidlule ezigabeni ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhompiyutha e-quantum kanye namakhompyutha we-quantum, sahlola isimiso sokusebenza kwawo, sahlola izinkinga eziyinhloko onjiniyela ababhekene nazo ekuthuthukisweni nasekusebenzeni kwama-quantum processors, futhi sabheka ukuthi yiziphi i-multi-qubit. Amakhompyutha e-D anjalo. I-Wave nesimemezelo sakamuva se-Google sokuzuza ubukhulu be-quantum.
Okusele ngemuva kwezigcawu kunemibuzo yokuhlela amakhompyutha we-quantum (izilimi, izindlela, izindlela, njll.) kanye nemibuzo ehlobene nokusetshenziswa okuqondile okungokoqobo kwamaphrosesa, ukuthi ama-qubits aphathwa kanjani, axhunyaniswe kanjani, afundwa kanjani, njll. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuzoba isihloko sesihloko noma izihloko ezilandelayo.
Ngiyabonga ngokunaka kwakho, ngithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sizoba usizo kumuntu.
(NGANYE)
Ukubonga
ukuze kuhlolwe amaphutha kanye nokuphawula ngombhalo ongumthombo, kanye nendatshana
ukuze uthole imibono enothe ngolwazi ku , futhi hhayi kuye kuphela, okwangisiza kakhulu ukuba ngithole le puzzle.
Kubo bonke ababhali bezindatshana nezincwadi okusetshenziswe izinto zabo ekubhaleni lesi sihloko.
Uhlu lwezinsiza
Imibhalo Yezindaba Zamanje evela [I-National Academies Press]
Izindatshana ezivela ku-Habr (ngokuhleleka okungahleliwe)
Izindatshana ezingahlungiwe (kodwa ezithakasela kancane) ezivela ku-inthanethi
Izifundo nezinkulumo
Source: www.habr.com