Igama mayelana nezinqubo, noma sonke sibancane .
Ukuqhubeka nokucabanga esihlokweni sobuhlakani, kokubili okwemvelo nokokwenziwa (AI), Ingxenye Yokuqala
Umbuzo onzima:Uhlala kuphi manje? Cha, lapho sihamba emgwaqeni futhi sicabanga ngokuqondile ngezwe elisizungezile, senza kancane noma kancane isikhathi sangempela…Nakuba empeleni—kuze kube yilapho esikubonayo kudlula ezindleleni ezivamile zokuqaphela/ukuhlukanisa—konke lokhu kuzoba okwakamuva, kodwa kusedlule. Ngakho, ingabe umuntu uphila esikhathini esedlule?
Isibonelo: uhamba emgwaqeni futhi ubona inja. Noma imoto. Kunoma ikuphi, uma sikhuluma ngalesi sikhathi, lolu lwazi seluphelelwe yisikhathi. Uma sisebenzisa idatha esesiyicutshungulwe yizo zonke izindlela zethu zokuqonda (futhi ubuchopho akuyona ikhompyutha eshesha kakhulu!), ngeke simane sihambisane nomhlaba! Inja izohlasela noma, ngokuphambene, ibaleke, futhi isifiso sakho sokuyimbambatha endlebeni siyohlala singafezeki, futhi imoto izokushaya noma ikudlule, nakuba kuyiyona kanye imoto obuzama "ukuyibamba."
Kodwa ngokubonga, lokhu akwenzeki, futhi yingakho: ubuchopho busebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Iyunithi yokubona ayiyona into, noma iqoqo lezinto, kodwa izinqubo. Inja iyagijima. Ngakuwe noma kude nawe. Noma ungagijimi, kodwa ulele phansi, isibonelo. Imoto iyafana—imile (endaweni yokupaka) noma ihamba ngendlela ethile. Kuzo zonke izimo, ubona inqubo enwetshwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi, ngokufanelekile, inokuthuthukiswa okuthile esikhathini esizayo. Uma ngithi sibona ukuthi izehlakalo zenzeka ngesikhathi, angigcini nje ngokukhuluma. Yenza isilingo—thatha izithombe eziyishumi nambili (okungukuthi, izifinyezo zangempela) bese uchaza okubonayo. Nampa abantu abambalwa ekamelweni, bayaphikisana, noma nangu umuntu ehamba emgwaqeni, noma nangu umuntu ehlezi ebukele i-TV, nomunye efunda incwadi. Lezi zonke izinqubo ezinwebeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi! Ubona isifinyezo njengento eqhubekayo. Ngeke ukwazi ukwenza ngenye indlela ngoba yindlela ubuchopho obusebenza ngayo: buqeqeshelwe ukubona izinqubo, hhayi izinto ezingazodwa esiteji. Njenganje hhayi amehlo-ikhala-umlomo, kodwa ubuso bonke (sawubona, convolutional neural networks).
Umhlaba uqukethe izinqubo, hhayi izinto. Uma ngikubuza ukuthi yini i-apple, khona-ke abantu abadala abaningi bazothi kunjalo izithelo, kanye nezingane - kuyini lokhu? ukudlaKodwa kokubili kuyizincazelo zenqubo, ngoba eyokuqala isho ukuthi le apula imila esihlahleni, futhi unikeza umuthi ukuze ukhiqize, futhi okwesibili yilokho ezidliwayoFuthi akuhlobene nezici eziseduze ze-apula—umumo, umbala, usayizi... Ngoba izici zivumela ukuhlonza, kodwa azikuvumeli ukusetshenziswa noma ukuqonda ukusetshenziswa kwalo emhlabeni ozungezile, okungukuthi, ukunquma izinqubo ezihilelekile.
Uma sithatha impikiswano evamile mayelana nemvelo yesikhathi, i-postulates yakudala ukungaguquki kwesikhathi esedlule (ngaphandle komongo wokuhamba kwesikhathi), ukubaluleka kwamanje (kunesikhashana nje... 😉 ), kanye nekusasa, elingakabi khona ngakho-ke lingashintshwa. Uma sikhuluma ngeqiniso eliwumgomo, kungase kube yiqiniso. Kodwa-ke, abantu bahlala endaweni yabo, imodeli yomhlaba wonke, futhi lapho, yonke into icishe ihluke!
Okwedlule kusekude ekubeni okungaguquki ngendlela ebesingathanda ngayo. Ngokuqhubekayo bethola ulwazi olusha, abantu bahlela kabusha okwedlule ukuze baqede ukuphikisana.Ubucabanga ukuthi uPyotr Stepanych usesimpozini, kodwa nangu ekhona, eshiya iklabhu yokukhumula... Lokho kusho ukuthi akayi ndawo, u-prankster, akayanga ndawo, futhi noma kunjalo... ). Ngasikhathi sinye, ikusasa lakho elizimele ngezindlela eziningi lihlala njalo (Noma yini, ngiphuza ubhiya nebhola ngoLwesihlanu!). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba nenhloso ethile esikhathini esizayo, awugcini nje ukwakha uchungechunge lwezinqubo ngokulandelana okuphambene (Ukuze ube umqondisi wenkampani enkulu, udinga ukuphothula enyuvesi ehlonishwayo ngediploma. Ukuze wenze lokhu, okokuqala udinga ukubhalisa kuyo, futhi ukwenza lokhu, udinga ukwenza kahle ku-Unified State Exam. Hamba uyofunda umsebenzi wakho wesikole!), kodwa futhi kungenzeka ukuthi udlulela esikhathini esedlule kule nqubo (Ngabe sinabangani/esijwayelene nabo asebevukile manje sebexhumene kahle nabangasiza ingane yethu enyuvesi?) — kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi lokhu kube ukuphikisa? 😉
Nokho, ngike ngaphuma kancane. Okubalulekile ebengifuna ukugxila kukho yilokhu. izinquboNgiqiniseka ngokujulile ukuthi i-AI engaba khona akufanele iqeqeshwe kusetshenziswa izithombe noma amavidiyo. Inethiwekhi ye-convolutional inezingqimba okungenani ezimbili—okubalulekile amanethiwekhi amabili ahlukene: eyodwa iqeqeshelwe ukuthola amaphethini athile wezithombe esithombeni esingahluziwe, kanti eyesibili iphathelene nokuphumayo kwesokuqala—okungukuthi, ngolwazi oselucubunguliwe nolulungisiwe. Ukuze uhlanganyele ngempumelelo nomhlaba we-AI, okufanayo kuyadingeka: ezingeni elithile (kude nelokuqala), kufanele kube nenethiwekhi ethola imephu yezinqubo ezifakwe isikhathi njengokufakwayo. Imiqondo "yokuqala" kanye "nokuphela," "ukunyakaza," "ukuguqulwa," "ukuhlanganisa," kanye "nokwehlukana" -yilokhu inethiwekhi okumelwe ifunde ukusebenza ngakho.
Ngicishe ngiqiniseke ukuthi labo abasebenza ku-AI yemidlalo efana ne-Alpha Go bayakuqonda lokhu ngandlela thize. Izindlela zabo zingase zihluke kancane, kodwa ingqikithi iyafana: isimo samanje sebhodi (ikakhulukazi, ukunyakaza okumbalwa kokugcina) sihlaziywa ukuze kutholakale "ukuthi empeleni kwenzekani." Futhi kuye ngokuthi okwenzekayo kufana kangakanani nalokho okufanele kwenzeke, umdlali uzikhethela umnyakazo wakhe.
Kunzima kakhulu ukukhuluma ngamasu/ukuziphatha uma okokufaka kuyisithombe senzwa. Ngokuphambene, i-vector elungisiwe equkethe isakhiwo esiphelele sesimo sebhodi samanje emidlalweni enolwazi oluphelele (okungukuthi, isithombe esiphelele somhlaba) kuwumsebenzi ongenzeka ngokuphelele, njengoba umkhuba ubonisa. Kodwa-ke, uma inethiwekhi ye-convolutional yezendlalelo zokuqala ihlonze izinto, futhi izendlalelo ezilandelayo zihlaziya lezi zinto ngamandla, zikhomba izinqubo (ezijwayelekile kusukela ekuqeqeshweni, isibonelo) futhi zigcwalise idatha etholwe ngaphambili, khona-ke kubonakala kungenakusebenza nalokhu...
Imibuzo yochwepheshe:
Kuyiqiniso kangakanani, uma kubhekwa intuthuko yamanje kumanethiwekhi we-neural, ukwenza into efana nalena elandelayo:
EmnyangoAke sithi isignali yevidiyo eqhubekayo, okungenzeka ukuthi isitiriyo. Kungenjalo, ingaba namadigri enkululeko amaningi (ikhono lokuzungezisa ikhamera ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ngokwephethini). Kodwa-ke, uma kunesidingo, isiginali yevidiyo ingalekelelwa noma ithathelwe indawo yinoma yiziphi ezinye izindlela zokubona kwendawo, ukusuka ku-sonar kuye ku-lidar.
Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile…kungaba khona noma yini emnyango isikhathi sangempela ukugeleza - kungaba inkulumo/umbhalo, noma izingcaphuno zemali, kodwa... Enqubweni ecutshungulwayo, kulula kimi ukuncika kusampula yomqondo etholakala kimina ukuze ngifundele ngqo - eyami! ) Futhi kulesi “sampula,” ishaneli yezinzwa ayinakuncintisana!
Ekuphumeni:
- Imephu yokujula (uma ikhamera imile) noma imephu yesikhala esizungezile (ikhamera eguqukayo/isilayidi, njll.);
YiniLokhu kuyadingeka uma sifuna ukuba nokuhlelwa kwendawo okungokoqobo kwezinto ukuze sihlole ukusebenzisana kwazo. Kulokhu, isithombe sekhamera simane siwukuboniswa kwezinhlangothi ezimbili zesikhala esinezinhlangothi eziphakeme, esidinga izinguquko ezengeziwe.
- Ukukhethwa kwezinto ngazinye (kucatshangelwa ukujula/imephu yesikhala, futhi hhayi kuphela/hhayi amakhonsana abonakalayo);
- Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezihambayo (isivinini/ukusheshisa, ukwakhiwa kwe-trajectory/ukubikezela(?));
- Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba kwezinto nganoma yiziphi izici ezikhiphekayo (umumo/ubukhulu/umbala/ama-nuances anyakazayo/izingxenye(?)). Okusho ukuthi, empeleni, ukukhishwa kwamamethrikhi we .
mayelana nezikhundlaMhlawumbe igama elithi "hierarchical" alifanelekile ngokuphelele kuleli cala. Bengifuna ukugcizelela ikhono lokukhetha amamethrikhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuze Igebe phakathi kwawo livumele amasethi amabili ahlukene wamamethrikhi ukuthi abhekwe njengomqondo owodwa. Njengoba nje "imoto ebomvu" kanye "nebhasi elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kufanele kuhlanganiswe kumqondo "wemoto," isibonelo.
Okubalulekile: Uma kungenzeka, uhlelo akufanele luqeqeshwe kusengaphambili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezinye izici eziyisisekelo zingakhelwa ngaphakathi (isibonelo, inethiwekhi ye-convolutional yesendlalelo sokuqala yokukhipha i-contour/geometry), kodwa kufanele ifunde ukukhipha izinto bese izibona ngokwayo.
- Nokho, futhi ekugcineni, ukwakhiwa kokuskena (okusekelwe ezigabeni 1,4, okungukuthi imephu yendawo ecabangela amamethrikhi) ngesikhathi (okwamanje, kulesi sigaba, ngokusobala senkathi ebhekwe ngokuqondile), ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlaziya ngokwamaphuzu 2-4, ukuze kuhlonzwe: izinqubo/izenzakalo (okuyinto empeleni izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (p.3) kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaqoqo (p.4).
Nakulokhu futhi: ezithombeni zezinzwa, siqale sikhiphe incazelo ecwebe kakhudlwana yomhlaba, efakwe ilebula ngokuya ngezici ezikhishiwe futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izinto esikhundleni samaphikseli. Bese sembula umhlaba, ohlanganisa lezi zinto. ngesikhathi futhi wamukelwe "isithombe somhlaba" Siyondla kokokufaka kwenethiwekhi elandelayo, eyicubungula ngendlela efanayo njengoba izendlalelo zangaphambilini zicubungule isithombe sezinzwa. Lapho ama-contours ezinto ayehlonziwe ngaphambilini, "amakhonsathi" ezinqubo eziqhubekayo manje azobonakala. Ukuma okuhlobene kwezinto ezisemkhathini kufana nobudlelwano bembangela-nomphumela wezinqubo ngesikhathi... Into efana naleyo.
Cishe ngemva kwalokhu uhlelo kufanele lukwazi ukubona izinqubo ngengxenye yazo (njengoba lukwazi ukubona izithombe, lube nesiqeshana sazo kuphela, noma njenge ), futhi, ngenxa yalokho, zibikezele kokubili phambili nangemuva ngesikhathi, ukwandisa imodeli yephuzu lesi-5 ngokungapheli kuzo zombili izinkomba. Futhi, cishe, ngokuqonda izinqubo eziyinhlanganisela, isistimu ingakwazi ukukhomba izinqubo ezinkulu, zomhlaba wonke ezisekelwe kuzinqubo ezimbalwa zendawo ezihlobene futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izinqubo ezicacile, ezifihliwe eziyingxenye ebalulekile yezinqubo zomhlaba wonke ezikhonjiwe, kodwa ezingabonwa ngokuqondile.
Futhi ekugcineni: uma kunikezwe isimo esinqunyiwe sesistimu esikhathini esizayo (lapho kuphela izici ezibalulekile zamamethrikhi e-Hilbert zilungiswa, nawo wonke amanani angabalulekile ahunyushwa ngokukhululekile), ingabe inethiwekhi iyakwazi "ukuthola" okunye?
Ngakho-ke, uma lesi bekuyisithombe esinezingcezu ezimbili kuphela ezingahlobene, ingabe inethiwekhi eqeqeshelwe isampula ingakha isithombe esiphelele "esihambisanayo"? Isampula kulokhu kuzoba izikhawu zesikhathi ezifanayo kusukela ekuhlolweni, futhi izingcezu zizoba yizimo zamanje neziqondiswe. Umphumela: "umlando" ongaguquki oxhumanisa lezi zinto ezimbili...
Kimina kubonakala sengathi lokhu sekuzoba yisisekelo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuhlola okwengeziwe:
- ukufakwa kwezenzo zomuntu "emlandweni", uma kungenzeka/kudingeka
- ukubaluleka kwamaphethini "avamile" wembangela kanye-nomphumela ngaphezu kwe-stochastic outliers engalawulwa (inkinga ye-roulette)
- uhlobo oluthile lwelukuluku, okungukuthi ukuqonda okusebenzayo kwamaphethini ngesenzo... njll.
P.S. Ngizimisele ukuvuma ukuthi ngisanda kuvuselela isondo, nokuthi abantu abanolwazi kudala besebenzisa lezi zimiso ekusebenzeni. 😉 Uma kunjalo, ngicela ungikhombe indlela efanele. Futhi kungaba kuhle kakhulu uma unganikeza incazelo enemininingwane yezinkinga ezibalulekile ngale ndlela noma isizathu sokuthi kungani ingasebenzi kwasekuqaleni.
I-PPS Ngiyabona ukuthi umbhalo uluhlaza, futhi imicabango igxuma isuka kwenye iye kwenye, kodwa bengifuna ngempela ukubuza abantu abambalwa le mibuzo (isigaba "imibuzo yochwepheshe"), futhi lokhu kunzima ukukwenza ngaphandle okungenani uhlobo oluthile lwesethulo. (Ngisanda kuyifunda futhi ngabona ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda) yafeza inhloso yayo: Ngithole izingxoxo ezibalulekile ezimbalwa kimi... Ngethemba ukuthi izosebenza namanje! 😉
Source: www.habr.com
