Ngokokuqala ngqa, injini ye-quantum iphumelele izimbangi zayo zakudala ngaphandle kwamaqhinga okuhlola. Kodwa, ake sithi ngokushesha, sikhuluma ngamadivayisi amancane, ngakho-ke akudingeki silinde i-quantum Tesla okwamanje.
Isebenzisa imithetho ye-quantum mechanics, injini entsha ikwazile ukukhiqiza amandla amaningi kunezinjini ze-classical ezijwayelekile ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo (nangesilinganiso esifanayo), kubika iphepha locwaningo langomhla zingama-22 kuNdasa weqembu lososayensi abavela ku-American Physical Society. ).
Ocwaningweni lwabo, ososayensi bakwazile ukuhlola ngokulinga ukuthi enye yezinto eziyinhloko zenjini yokushisa ye-quantum yikhono loketshezi olusebenzayo (i-electron) ukuba libe sendaweni ehambisanayo (exhumene) (ngasikhathi sinye ezifundeni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu). Futhi, njengoba kulindelekile, esikalini sedivayisi encane, lokhu kuvumela amandla amaningi ukuthi akhiqizwe kunanoma iyiphi injini yokushisa efanayo yakudala ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Kuye kwaqinisekiswa futhi ukuthi, ngaphakathi kwemodi efanayo yokusebenza, ukuba khona kokuhambisana kwangaphakathi okunjalo kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinjini zokushisa ze-quantum zilingana ne-thermodynamically, okungukuthi, "kuzo zonke izimo lapho umsebenzi uvela ekushiseni, inani ukushisa okuhambisana nomsebenzi otholiwe kuyasetshenziswa, futhi okuphambene nalokho, ngezindleko zalokhu noma lowo msebenzi, kutholakala inani elifanayo lokushisa,” njengoba usosayensi omkhulu uRudolf Clasius esho.
Ukukubeka kalula, izinjini zokushisa zendabuko ziguqula ukushisa kube ukunyakaza. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimotweni, injini evuthayo yangaphakathi isebenzisa amandla asuka kuphethiloli ukuze ishayele ama-piston, wona adlulise amandla ngokushayela emasondweni futhi awajikelezise, okwenza imoto ihambe. Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinjini zokushisa, kodwa, njengomthetho, amandla amakhulu kuzo atholakala ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenza endaweni ehlukile, ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile kwamandla, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamafutha asetshenzisiwe.
Ocwaningweni olusha, injini ye-quantum isebenzisa isimiso sokusebenza esihluke ngokuphelele: isebenzisa i-laser ehloselwe amakristalu edayimane alungiselelwe ngokukhethekile anesici esincane (isikhala senitrogen). I-laser idlulisela i-electron etholakala kukristalu (kulesi sikhala kanye) isuka kwelinye izinga lamandla iye kwelinye, futhi esikhundleni samapiston, injini ye-quantum ikhiqiza amandla ngendlela yensimu ye-electromagnetic.
Njengoba uketshezi olusebenzayo kulo mklamo kuyi-electron, imithetho ye-quantum mechanics iyasebenza. Izinto ezincane kakhulu, njengama-electron, zivame ukuba sezifundeni eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, okubizwa ngokuthi i-superposition, okungukuthi, uma sibuyela esibonelweni ngenjini yakudala, khona-ke enjini ye-quantum "ipiston" yethu ngesikhathi esisodwa. kuzo zombili izindawo ezingaphezulu neziphansi. Esimweni sethu ngenjini ye-quantum, i-electron ihambisana namazinga amaningana wamandla ngesikhathi esisodwa. Konke lokhu kuphinde kuxhumeke ne-wave-particle duality, leyo thiyori yomlingo efanayo ye-quantum physics ethi noma iyiphi i-microparticle nayo iyigagasi.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lesi sakhiwo, njengoba ososayensi babika, siholela ekwandeni kwamandla okukhipha, ngoba ngokweqiniso zonke izakhi nezinqubo ngaphakathi kwenjini ye-quantum ziphindaphindwa kaningi. “Lokhu kuwukuhlola kokuqala lapho sakwazi khona ukufeza le ndlela yokusebenza,” kusho isazi sesayensi yemvelo uRoberto Serra waseFederal University of ABC eSanto André, eBrazil.
Kodwa, njengasesimweni samakhompyutha we-quantum, yonke into ayilula kangako: i-micromotor yokuhlola ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuqaliswa okuphelele. Okwamanje, ithimba lososayensi liye lahlola amandla ayo, kodwa alikakahlazisi ikhwalithi eyinhloko njengokusebenza kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kuzoqhubeka esikhathini esizayo.
Isici salolu hlobo lwenjini futhi ukufana kokusebenza, okungukuthi, izindlela ezinokwenyuka noma ukwehla kwamandla azinakwenzeka: ihlala ingashintshi, ebeka imingcele eyengeziwe kulawa madivayisi akhethekile. “Uma uzama ukwakha imoto noma injini yejethi... Akusizi ngalutho,” kusho isazi sefiziksi u-Ian Walmsley wase-Imperial College London, umbhali ngokubambisana wocwaningo, ephawula ngokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwenjini ye-quantum ezintweni zamanje.
Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo luveza izici ezintsha zokuthi i-quantum mechanics isebenzisana kanjani ne-thermodynamics, igatsha le-physics elifunda ukuthi amandla adluliswa futhi aguqulwe kanjani. Kukule ndawo lapho injini entsha ivula khona imbobo ukuze inqobe imikhawulo ebekwe i-classical physics ekuphehlisweni kwamandla. “Asizange siyishintshe imithetho ye-thermodynamics, kodwa sathola ingxenye entsha yayo,” kusho uWalmsley.
Source: 3dnews.ru
