Kusukela lapho kwavela isidingo sokulondoloza (ukurekhoda ngokunembile) idatha, abantu abathwebulayo (noma abalondolozwe) emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, ngazo zonke izinhlobo zamathuluzi, ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze lusetshenziswe ngokulandelayo. Izinkulungwane zeminyaka, waqopha imidwebo emadwaleni futhi wayibhala phansi esiqeshini sesikhumba, ngenjongo yokusebenzisa ngokulandelayo esikhathini esizayo (ukushaya inyathi kuphela esweni).
Enkulungwaneni yokugcina yeminyaka, ukwaziswa okuqoshiwe ngolimi lwezinhlamvu—“ukubhala”—kuye kwasakazwa kabanzi. Ukubhala, nakuba kunezinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa (ukusabalala, ukutholakala kalula kolwazi lokufunda nokubhala, njll.), mayelana nokuphathwa kwedatha, akuvumeli ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele. Into engcono kakhulu umuntu angeza nayo yokuphatha idatha ebhaliwe umtapo wolwazi (ingobo yomlando). Kodwa umtapo wezincwadi kwadingeka futhi wengezwe ngokusesha okukhethekile (inkomba) kanye nethuluzi lokuphatha idatha - inkomba yekhadi. Inkomba yekhadi empeleni iwukubhaliswa kwekhathalogi. Kufanele kubekwe ukuthi igama elithi umtapo wolwazi (ingobo yomlando) akufanele liqondwe kuphela njengemitapo yolwazi esiyijwayele, kodwa futhi neminye imininingwane ebhaliwe ehlelekile nehlelekile (ngokwesibonelo, ifayela lehhovisi lokubhalisa noma uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, Isevisi Yentela Yombuso. ).
Kunzima ukubukela phansi ukuthi ungakanani umthelela wezinhlelo zokugcwalisa amakhadi ezinhlelweni zikahulumeni zokubhalisa. Isibonelo, isikhungo sokubhaliswa kwabantu lapho ikheli lendawo yokuhlala liyindawo yangempela yedatha egciniwe emayelana nesakhamuzi. Ngakho, yonke imininingwane yezakhamizi ezihlala emigwaqweni nasezindaweni ezithile igcinwa emnyangweni owodwa wokubhalisa oqokwe indawo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi uthole ngokushesha, ubuyekeze, ubale, futhi ukhiqize idatha yezibalo neyokuhlaziya kunokuba ulwazi lugcinwe endaweni eyodwa. Isibonelo, ihhovisi lamaphasiphothi noma umnyango wentela ohlala kuwo ugcina idatha ebhaliwe nengokoqobo mayelana nemisebenzi yakho (imibiko yentela noma amarekhodi omphakathi). Noma yimuphi umuntu noma indikimba kahulumeni, ngokusekelwe ekhelini lokubhalisa, ingakwazi ukunquma kalula ukuthi yiliphi ihhovisi lokubhalisa amadokhumenti agcinwe nokuthi yimuphi umnyango wesifunda wesevisi yentela isimemezelo semali engenayo sigcwaliswa.
Kulesi sisekelo samakhono wokubala amakhadi, lonke uhlelo lokubhaliswa kwedatha lwakhiwe: mayelana nezakhamizi (ihhovisi lokubhalisa, ihhovisi lepasipoti), mayelana nomsebenzi wezomnotho (iminyango yenkonzo yentela yesifunda), mayelana nezakhiwo (iminyango yokubhalisa izindlu zesifunda), mayelana nezimoto ( iminyango yokubhalisa neyokuhlolwa)), mayelana nababuthiwe (amakhomishana ezempi), njll.
I-accounting yekhadi iphoqeleka ukuthi isebenzise amamaki okubhaliswa kwesifunda anegama lendawo (isifunda se-S227NA69-Tver), qamba iminyango ehlukahlukene ngokuya nezici zendawo (uMnyango Wezangaphakathi Wesifunda sasePervomaisky), uphoqelelwe futhi uphoqelelwe ukuhambisa idatha ngokomzimba, njll.
Ngiphakamisa ukucabangela ukunyakaza kweyunithi yedatha ohlelweni lokugcwalisa ikhadi ukusuka kunkomba yekhadi eyodwa kuya kwenye. Njengesibonelo esicacile, ake sithathe inqubo yokubhaliswa kabusha kwemoto ohlelweni lokubhalisa imoto, lapho imoto ithengiswa kumuntu ogama lakhe lokubhalisa (ukubhaliswa) lihlukile endaweni yokubhaliswa komnikazi wangaphambili. Ngokwemithetho, umdayisi nomthengi kufanele beze ku-REO “A” (lapho umthengisi ayingxenye yayo) ukuze baphinde babhalise imoto. Ngemva kokusayina isivumelwano sokuthenga nokudayiswa nokuqedela amadokhumenti afanelekile, umnikazi omusha uthola inombolo yezokuthutha esebenza isikhathi esilinganiselwe. Umnikazi omusha, ngesikhathi sokufaneleka kwenombolo yezokuthutha, uphoqelekile ukuthi afike ku-REO “B” ayingxenye yayo ngokubhalisa (ngokubhalisa). Ngemva kokufika kwakhe e-REO “B”, inombolo yakhe yokuhamba namanye amadokhumenti okubhalisa ayathathwa futhi imoto ibhaliswe kumnikazi omusha.
Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ukunyakaza kweyunithi yolwazi, ngezansi sizodweba isifaniso sokunyakaza kweyunithi yedatha ngesigaba ngasinye sezenzo zokubhalisa.
Ukusebenza 1
Umthengisi nomthengi bafika e-REO “A” ukuze bathenge noma badayise imoto futhi bathinte u-opharetha. U-opharetha uthola ikhadi lokubhalisa efayeleni lekhadi lokubhalisa - okungukuthi, usesha idatha ngokomzimba, okuthatha isikhathi esithile. Ngemva kokuthola ikhadi, lihlola ukuba khona kokuboshwa noma ukuboshwa emotweni (idatha irekhodwa ekhadini lokubhalisa lemoto).
Ukusebenza 2
Umsebenzisi, ngemva kokwenza izenzo zokubhalisa ezidingekayo, ukhipha izinombolo zezokuthutha kanye nemibhalo yokubhalisa isikhathi esilinganiselwe. Ngenxa yokuthi idatha emayelana nomnikazi omusha kufanele igcinwe ku-REO “B” (njengoba isizindalwazi sisekelwe ekhadini futhi sisendaweni), inqubo elandelayo yenziwe ukuze kudluliswe ulwazi lusuka ku-REO “A” luye ku-REO “B”. Imininingwane emayelana nomnikazi omusha nemoto yakhe izohamba naye, azonikezwa yona izinombolo zokuhamba. Ikhadi lokubhalisa elinophawu olukhethekile mayelana nokwesulwa kokubhaliswa lizohlala liku-REO “A” njengeyunithi yolwazi emlandweni wemoto. Ukwesula ukubhaliswa kuleli cala kusho ukuthi kusizindalwazi se-REO “A”, le yunithi yolwazi ngeke isakwazi ukusebenza futhi ngeke isaba ohlwini lokusesha kwedatha ephathekayo okukhulunywe ngenhla (ikhadi lokubhalisa lemoto esusiwe lizovele lihanjiswe ngokuhlukile kwezinye. ama-roller asebenzayo). Ulwazi oludlulisiwe luzovezwa enombolweni yezokuthutha kanye nasemibhalweni yokubhalisa.
Ukusebenza 3
Umnikazi omusha, othole izinombolo zokuhamba ngenxa yokwesulwa ukubhaliswa kwemoto ku-REO “A”, uhamba ethi REO “B”. Lona kanye igama lohlobo lwenombolo "zokuthutha" libonisa ukuthi inombolo iyadingeka ukuhambisa idatha. Ulwazi ludluliswa lusuka ku-REO “A” luye ku-REO “B”, lapho umnikazi omusha esebenza njengenkampani yenethiwekhi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuqedwa kokudluliselwa kolwazi, izinombolo zokuhamba zikhishwa isikhathi esithile sokuqinisekisa, lapho umnikazi omusha kudingeka abhalise ne-REO “B”. Ukulawula lolu hlelo kuphathiswe izindikimba zikahulumeni ezifanele. Kulandela kulokhu okungenhla ukuthi izimiso zomthetho ezinkulu kanye nezinsiza zabantu ziyabandakanyeka futhi zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukwenziwa kwenqubo yokuhambisa idatha.
Ukusebenza 4
Ngemuva kokuthi imoto ifike ku-REO "B", ibhalisiwe, okusho ukurekhoda idatha mayelana nemoto ekhabetheni lefayela le-REO "B". Umsebenzisi uhoxisa izinombolo zezokuthutha futhi akhiphe izinombolo zombuso ezintsha, kuyilapho ephrinta ikhadi lokubhalisa futhi elifaka kunkomba yekhadi. Leli khadi lokubhalisa libonisa yonke idatha edluliswe isuka ku-REO “B”.
Lokhu kuqeda inqubo “ye-analog” yokudlulisa idatha isuka ku-REO “A” iye ku-REO “B”. Ngokungangabazeki, le algorithm yokuhamba kolwazi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga izindleko ezinkulu kokubili kusuka kuzinsiza zabantu kanye nokusebenza ngokomzimba. Idatha yemoto ethuthiwe ayidluli amakhilobhayithi angu-3 ngevolumu, kuyilapho izindleko zemakethe zokuhambisa ulwazi kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obukhona obunomthamo wamakhilobhayithi angu-1024 bungu-3 soms (ngokuhambisana nenani eliphezulu lezindleko zabaqhubi bamaselula).
Isikhathi sokusebenzisa i-DBMS-Database Management Systems
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuphatha isizindalwazi kungenza kube lula kakhulu izinqubo zokushintsha idatha ngezinhlu ezinkulu zezinqubo zokubhalisa. Yenza ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi unikeze imiphumela eqinisekisiwe yemibuzo yedatha.
Ukuze uthole isibonelo esicacile, ake sidwebe isifaniso nenqubo engenhla yokubhaliswa kabusha kwemoto uma i-DBMS isetshenzisiwe.
Ukusebenza 1
Umthengisi nomthengi bafika e-REO “A” ukuze bathenge noma badayise imoto futhi bathinte u-opharetha. U-opharetha uthola ikhadi lokubhalisa efayeleni lekhadi lokubhalisa - okungukuthi, usesha idatha ngokomzimba, okuthatha isikhathi esithile. Ngemva kokuthola ikhadi, lihlola ukuba khona kokuboshwa noma ukuboshwa emotweni (idatha irekhodwa ekhadini lokubhalisa lemoto). Umsebenzisi ufaka idatha yemoto ku-DBMS futhi athole impendulo esheshayo mayelana nokuba khona kokuboshwa noma ukuboshwa.
Ukusebenza 2
Umsebenzisi, ngemva kokwenza izenzo zokubhalisa ezidingekayo, ukhipha izinombolo zezokuthutha kanye nemibhalo yokubhalisa isikhathi esilinganiselwe. Ngenxa yokuthi idatha emayelana nomnikazi omusha kufanele igcinwe ku-REO “B” (njengoba isizindalwazi sisekelwe ekhadini futhi sisendaweni), inqubo elandelayo yenziwe ukuze kudluliswe ulwazi lusuka ku-REO “A” luye ku-REO “B”. Umsebenzisi ufaka idatha mayelana nomnikazi omusha ku-DBMS.
Lokhu kuqeda inqubo yokubhalisa kabusha. Yonke eminye imisebenzi ayibalulekile, njengoba isizindalwazi sisendaweni eyodwa. Umnikazi omusha akadingi ukuthola (akhokhe) izinombolo zokuhamba. Yima emgqeni wokubhaliswa kwemoto (isiteji), ukhokhele isicelo esigcwalisiwe, njll. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthwalo kubasebenzi be-REO uzoncishiswa njengoba umsebenzi ngeke usadinga uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokubhalisa kabusha.
Futhi asikho isidingo semikhawulo eminingi, njengokusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zesifunda kumapuleti welayisensi wombuso (izikhundla zesifunda ngeke zidingeke, okuzovumela izimoto ukuthi zibhaliswe kunoma iyiphi i-REO), ukurekhoda ikheli lomnikazi kumadokhumenti okubhalisa, ukubhaliswa kabusha uma kwenzeka ushintsho lwendawo yokuhlala, nokunye ohlwini olukhulu.
Amathuba okuqamba amanga amadokhumenti okubhalisa ayasuswa, njengoba ulwazi lwemoto lunikezwa ku-database.
Izinqubo ezikhona zokuthola idatha kuma-ejensi kahulumeni zisekelwe emandleni okugcwalisa amakhadi nokugcina idatha.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okungenhla, izinzuzo ezibalulekile ezilandelayo zokusebenzisa amasistimu wolwazi oluzenzakalelayo (AIS) zinganqunywa:
- I-AIS izokwenza lula kakhulu futhi iguqule ngokuphawulekayo indlela yokubhalisa.
- Ezinkambisweni zokubhalisa kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izimiso nemithetho yokuklama kwe-DBMS.
- Ukuze usebenzise ngokugcwele amakhono e-AIS, inqubo yokubhalisa emisiwe kufanele ishintshwe.
- Amathuba abanzi okuhlanganiswa kwesistimu okuqondile nezinye izinhlelo (isibonelo, ukubhanga).
- Ukunciphisa amaphutha ahlobene nento yomuntu.
- Ukunciphisa isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze izakhamuzi zithole ulwazi.
Source: www.habr.com