I-ProHoster > Блог > izindaba ze-inthanethi > URichard Hamming. “Isahluko esingekho”: Sazi kanjani esikwaziyo (imizuzu eyi-11-20 kwengama-40)

URichard Hamming. “Isahluko esingekho”: Sazi kanjani esikwaziyo (imizuzu eyi-11-20 kwengama-40)


Qala lapha.

10-43: Omunye uthi: “Usosayensi wazi isayensi njengenhlanzi eyazi i-hydrodynamics.” Ayikho incazelo yeSayensi lapha. Ngithole (ngicabanga ukuthi ngike ngakutshela lokhu ngaphambilini) kwenye indawo esikoleni samabanga aphezulu othisha abehlukene babengitshela ngezifundo ezahlukene futhi ngabona ukuthi othisha abehlukene bakhuluma ngezifundo ezifanayo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo ngabheka esasikwenza futhi kwaba into ehlukile futhi.

Manje, mhlawumbe uthe, "senza izivivinyo, ubheka idatha bese wenza amathiyori." Lokhu cishe umbhedo. Ngaphambi kokuthi uqoqe idatha oyidingayo, kufanele ube nethiyori. Awukwazi ukuvele uqoqe isethi engahleliwe yedatha: imibala kuleli gumbi, uhlobo lwenyoni ozoyibona ngokulandelayo, njll., futhi ulindele ukuthi ibe nencazelo ethile. Kufanele ube nethiyori ngaphambi kokuqoqa idatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awukwazi ukuhumusha imiphumela yokuhlolwa ongayenza uma ungenayo ithiyori. Izivivinyo ziyimibono eye yahamba yonke indlela kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni. Unemibono osuvele unayo futhi kufanele uhumushe izenzakalo ngalokho engqondweni.

Uthola inombolo enkulu yemibono ecatshangelwe ngaphambilini evela ku-cosmogony. Izizwe zasendulo zixoxa izindaba ezihlukahlukene ezizungeze umlilo, futhi izingane ziyazizwa futhi zifunda ukuziphatha namasiko (Ethos). Uma usenhlanganweni enkulu, ufunda imithetho yokuziphatha ikakhulukazi ngokubuka abanye abantu beziphatha. Njengoba ukhula, awukwazi ukuma njalo. Ngike ngicabange ukuthi uma ngibuka izintokazi ezingontanga yami, ngibone kancane ukuthi yiziphi izingubo ezazisemfashinini ngesikhathi lezi zintokazi zisasekolishi. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngiyazikhohlisa, kodwa yilokho engivame ukukucabanga. Nike niwabone amaHippies amadala asagqoka futhi enza ngendlela enza ngayo ngesikhathi kwakhiwa ubuntu bawo. Kuyamangaza ukuthi uzuza kangakanani ngale ndlela ungazi nokuthi kunzima kanjani ukuthi izalukazi zikhululeke ziyeke imikhuba yazo, zibone ukuthi azisamukelekile.

Ulwazi luyinto eyingozi kakhulu. Iza nakho konke ukucwasa owake wakuzwa ngaphambili. Isibonelo, unokubandlulula ukuthi u-A wandulela u-B futhi u-A uyimbangela ka-B. Kulungile. Usuku ngokungaguquki lulandela ubusuku. Ingabe ubusuku buyimbangela yosuku? Noma ingabe imini iyimbangela yobusuku? Cha. Nesinye isibonelo engisithanda kakhulu. Amazinga omfula wase-Poto'mac ahlobana kahle kakhulu nenani lezingcingo. Izingcingo zenza izinga lomfula likhuphuke, ngakho siyacasuka. Izingcingo azibangeli ukuphakama kwemifula. Izulu liyana futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu abantu babiza isevisi yamatekisi njalo nangezinye izizathu ezihambisanayo, isibonelo, ukwazisa abathandekayo ukuthi ngenxa yemvula kuzomele babambezeleke noma into enjalo, futhi imvula idala izinga lomfula. vuka.

Umqondo wokuthi ungakwazi ukusho imbangela nomphumela ngoba omunye uza ngaphambi komunye ungase ube nephutha. Lokhu kudinga ukuqaphela okuthile ekuhlaziyeni kwakho nasekucabangeni kwakho futhi kungase kukuholele endleleni engafanele.

Esikhathini sangaphambi komlando, abantu ngokusobala babephila izihlahla, imifula namatshe, konke ngoba babengakwazi ukuchaza izenzakalo ezenzeka. Kodwa imimoya, uyabona, inenkululeko yokuzikhethela, futhi ngalendlela okwakwenzeka kwachazwa. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sazama ukukhawulela imimoya. Uma wenza ama-air pass adingekayo ngezandla zakho, imimoya yenza lokhu nalokhu. Uma uphonsa iziphonso ezifanele, umoya wesihlahla uzokwenza lokhu nalokhu futhi yonke into izoziphinda. Noma uma utshale ngesikhathi senyanga egcwele, isivuno sizoba ngcono noma into enjalo.

Mhlawumbe le mibono isathwele kanzima ezinkolweni zethu. Sinenqwaba yazo. Senza okulungile ngonkulunkulu noma onkulunkulu basinika izinzuzo esizicelayo, inqobo nje uma, yiqiniso, ukuthi senza okulungileyo ngabathandekayo bethu. Ngakho, onkulunkulu abaningi basendulo baba uNkulunkulu oyedwa, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kunoNkulunkulu wamaKristu, uAllah, uBuddha oyedwa, nakuba manje sebenolandelana lukaBuddha. Okuningi noma okuncane kwawo kuhlangene kwaba uNkulunkulu oyedwa, kodwa sisenomlingo omningi omnyama osizungezile. Sinomlingo omningi omnyama ngendlela yamagama. Ngokwesibonelo, unendodana okuthiwa uCharles. Uyazi, uma uke wema ucabange, uCharles akayena umntwana ngokwakhe. UCharles igama lengane, kodwa akufani. Nokho, ngokuvamile umlingo omnyama uhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwegama. Ngibhala phansi igama lomuntu ngilishise noma ngenze okunye, futhi kumele libe nomthelela kumuntu ngandlela thize.

Noma sinomlingo ozwelayo, lapho into eyodwa ibonakala ifana nenye, futhi uma ngiyithatha futhi ngiyidla, izinto ezithile zizokwenzeka. Imithi eminingi ezinsukwini zokuqala kwakuyi-homeopathy. Uma into ibukeka ifana nenye, izoziphatha ngendlela ehlukile. Hhayi-ke, uyazi ukuthi lokho akusebenzi kahle.

Ngakhuluma ngoKant, owabhala incwadi yonke ethi, The Critique of Pure Reason, ayenza ngevolumu enkulu, ewugqinsi ngolimi okunzima ukuluqonda, mayelana nendlela esikwazi ngayo esikwaziyo nendlela esingayinaki ngayo leyo ndaba. Angicabangi ukuthi kuyinkolelo-mbono ethandwa kakhulu yokuthi ungaqiniseka kanjani nganoma yini. Ngizonikeza isibonelo sengxoxo engiyisebenzise izikhathi ezimbalwa lapho othile ethi uqinisekile ngokuthile:

- Ngiyabona ukuthi uqinisekile ngokuphelele?
- Ngaphandle kokungabaza.
- Akungabazeki, kulungile. Singabhala phansi ephepheni ukuthi uma wenza iphutha, okokuqala, uzokhipha yonke imali yakho futhi, okwesibili, uzozibulala.

Ngokushesha, abafuni ukukwenza. Ngithi: kodwa wawuqinisekile! Baqala bakhulume izinto ezingasho lutho futhi ngicabanga ukuthi uyabona ukuthi kungani. Uma ngibuza into obuqiniseka ngayo ngokuphelele, bese uthi, “Kulungile, kulungile, mhlawumbe angiqiniseki ngo-100%.
Ujwayelene nedlanzana lamahlelo enkolo acabanga ukuthi ukuphela kuseduze. Badayisa yonke impahla yabo baya ezintabeni, umhlaba uyaqhubeka, babuye baqale phansi. Lokhu sekwenzeke izikhathi eziningi futhi izikhathi eziningana ekuphileni kwami. Amaqembu ahlukene enza lokhu abenesiqiniseko sokuthi umhlaba usuzophela kanti lokhu akwenzekanga. Ngizama ukukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi oluphelele alukho.

Ake sihlolisise lokho okwenziwa yisayensi. Ngikutshelile ukuthi, empeleni, ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukukala udinga ukwakha ithiyori. Ake sibone ukuthi kusebenza kanjani. Okunye ukuhlola kuyenziwa kanti eminye imiphumela iyatholakala. Isayensi izama ukwenza ithiyori, ngokuvamile ngendlela yefomula, ehlanganisa lezi zimo. Kodwa ayikho imiphumela yakamuva engaqinisekisa olandelayo.

Emathematika kunento ebizwa nge-mathematical induction, okuthi uma wenza izilinganiso eziningi, ikuvumela ukuthi ufakazele ukuthi umcimbi othile uyohlale usenzeka. Kodwa okokuqala udinga ukwamukela imibono eminingi enengqondo kanye nokunye okucatshangwayo. Yebo, izazi zezibalo zingafakazela ukufaneleka kwazo zonke izinombolo ezingokwemvelo kulesi simo, kulesi simo sokwenziwa, kodwa awukwazi ukulindela ukuthi isazi sefiziksi sikwazi ukufakazela ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka njalo. Noma ngabe uliwisa kangaki ibhola, asikho isiqiniseko sokuthi uzokwazi into elandelayo oyiwisayo kangcono kunaleyo yokugcina. Uma ngibamba ibhaluni ngilidedele, lizondizela phezulu. Kodwa ngokushesha uzoba ne-alibi: "O, kodwa yonke into iyawa ngaphandle kwalokhu. Futhi kufanele wenze okuhlukile kule nto.

Isayensi igcwele izibonelo ezifanayo. Futhi lena inkinga okungelula ukuyichaza imingcele yayo.

Manje njengoba sesizame futhi sahlola okwaziyo, sibhekene nesidingo sokusebenzisa amagama ukuchaza. Futhi la magama angaba nezincazelo ezihlukile kulawo owanikeza ngawo. Abantu abehlukene bangasebenzisa amagama afanayo anezincazelo ezahlukene. Enye indlela yokuqeda ukungezwani okunjalo iwukuthi unabantu ababili elabhorethri bephikisana ngendaba ethile. Ukungaqondi kahle kuyabamisa futhi kubaphoqe ukuthi bacacise kancane ukuthi baqonde ukuthini uma bekhuluma ngezinto ezahlukene. Ngokuvamile ungase uthole ukuthi azisho into efanayo.

Baphikisana ngezincazelo ezahlukene. Ingxabano ibe isishintsha ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokhu. Ngemva kokucacisa izincazelo zamagama, niqondana kangcono kakhulu, futhi ningakwazi ukuphikisana ngencazelo - yebo, ukuhlola kusho into eyodwa uma nikuqonda ngale ndlela, noma ukuhlola kusho enye uma nikuqonda ngenye indlela.

Kodwa waqonda amagama amabili kuphela ngaleso sikhathi. Amazwi asisebenzi kabi kakhulu.

Kuzoqhubeka ...

Siyabonga ku-Artem Nikitin ngokuhumusha.

Ubani ofuna ukusiza ukuhumusha, ukwakheka kanye nokushicilelwa kwencwadi - bhala ku-PM noma nge-imeyili [i-imeyili ivikelwe]

Ngendlela, sethule nokuhunyushwa kwenye incwadi epholile - "Umshini Wamaphupho: Indaba Ye-Computer Revolution")

Sifuna ikakhulukazi abazosiza ukuhumusha isahluko sebhonasi, esikuvidiyo kuphela. (dlulisa imizuzu eyi-10, ama-20 okuqala asethathiwe)

Okuqukethwe yincwadi nezahluko ezihunyushiweIsibikezelo

  1. Isingeniso Sezobuciko Bokwenza Isayensi Nobunjiniyela: Ukufunda Ukufunda (Mashi 28, 1995) Ukuhumusha: Isahluko 1
  2. "Izisekelo zeDigital (Discrete) Revolution" (March 30, 1995) Isahluko 2. Okuyisisekelo kwenguquko yedijithali (ehlukile).
  3. "Umlando Wamakhompiyutha - Hardware" (March 31, 1995) Isahluko 3. Umlando Wamakhompyutha - Izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha
  4. "Umlando Wamakhompyutha - Isoftware" (April 4, 1995) Isahluko 4. Umlando Wamakhompyutha - Isofthiwe
  5. "Umlando Wamakhompyutha - Izicelo" (April 6, 1995) Isahluko 5: Umlando Wamakhompyutha - Izicelo Ezisebenzayo
  6. "I-Artificial Intelligence - Ingxenye I" (April 7, 1995) Isahluko 6. I-Artificial Intelligence - 1
  7. "I-Artificial Intelligence - Ingxenye II" (April 11, 1995) Isahluko 7. I-Artificial Intelligence - II
  8. "I-Artificial Intelligence III" (April 13, 1995) Isahluko 8. I-Artificial Intelligence-III
  9. "n-Dimensional Space" (April 14, 1995) Isahluko 9. Isikhala esingu-N-dimensional
  10. "I-Coding Theory - Ukumelwa Kolwazi, Ingxenye I" (April 18, 1995) Isahluko 10. Ithiyori yokubhala ikhodi - I
  11. "I-Coding Theory - Ukumelwa Kolwazi, Ingxenye II" (April 20, 1995) Isahluko 11. I-Coding Theory - II
  12. "Amakhodi Okulungisa Amaphutha" (April 21, 1995) Isahluko 12. Amakhodi Wokulungisa Amaphutha
  13. "Information Theory" (April 25, 1995) Kwenziwe, okumele ukwenze nje ukuyishicilela
  14. "Izihlungi Zedijithali, Ingxenye I" (April 27, 1995) Isahluko 14. Izihlungi Zedijithali - 1
  15. "Izihlungi Zedijithali, Ingxenye II" (April 28, 1995) Isahluko 15. Izihlungi Zedijithali - 2
  16. "Izihlungi Zedijithali, Ingxenye III" (May 2, 1995) Isahluko 16. Izihlungi Zedijithali - 3
  17. "Izihlungi Zedijithali, Ingxenye IV" (May 4, 1995) Isahluko 17. Izihlungi Zedijithali - IV
  18. "Ukulingisa, Ingxenye I" (May 5, 1995) Isahluko 18. Ukumodela - I
  19. "Ukulingisa, Ingxenye II" (May 9, 1995) Isahluko 19. Ukumodela - II
  20. "Ukulingisa, Ingxenye III" (May 11, 1995) Isahluko 20. Ukumodela - III
  21. "Fiber Optics" (May 12, 1995) Isahluko 21. Fiber optics
  22. "Imiyalo Yokusiza Ngekhompyutha" (May 16, 1995) Isahluko 22: I-Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
  23. "Mathematics" (May 18, 1995) Isahluko 23. Izibalo
  24. "I-Quantum Mechanics" (May 19, 1995) Isahluko 24. I-Quantum mechanics
  25. "Ukudala" (May 23, 1995). Ukuhumusha: Isahluko 25. Ukudala
  26. "Ochwepheshe" (May 25, 1995) Isahluko 26. Ongoti
  27. "Idatha Engathembekile" (May 26, 1995) Isahluko 27. Idatha engathembekile
  28. "Ubunjiniyela Bezinhlelo" (May 30, 1995) Isahluko 28. Ubunjiniyela Bezinhlelo
  29. "Uthola Lokho Okulinganisayo" (June 1, 1995) Isahluko 29: Uthola lokho okulinganisayo
  30. "Sikwazi Kanjani Esikwaziyo" (Juni 2, 1995) Humusha ngezingxenye zemizuzu eyi-10
  31. Hamming, “Wena Nocwaningo Lwakho” (June 6, 1995). Ukuhumusha: Wena nomsebenzi wakho

Ubani ofuna ukusiza ukuhumusha, ukwakheka kanye nokushicilelwa kwencwadi - bhala ku-PM noma nge-imeyili [i-imeyili ivikelwe]

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