Namuhla, isofthiwe yezemfundo iyiqoqo lezinhlelo zokusebenza eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa amakhono athile kubafundi. Kodwa izinhlelo ezinjalo zaqala ukuvela eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule - onjiniyela nabasunguli basuka kude "imishini yokufundisa" engaphelele kuya kumakhompyutha okuqala kanye ne-algorithms. Ake sixoxe kabanzi ngalokhu.
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Izivivinyo zokuqala-ziphumelele futhi aziphumelelanga kangako
Isofthiwe yezemfundo ihlehlela emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Isikhathi eside, abeluleki nezincwadi kwahlala kungumthombo oyinhloko wolwazi. Inqubo yemfundo yayithatha isikhathi esiningi kakhulu kothisha, futhi imiphumela ngezinye izikhathi yayishiya kungathandeki.
Impumelelo yeNguquko Yezimboni yaholela abaningi kulokho okwakubonakala ngaleso sikhathi isiphetho esisobala: abafundi bebengafundiswa ngokushesha nangempumelelo uma othisha bebengathathelwa indawo othisha ngemishini yokufundisa eyimishini. Khona-ke "umthumeli" wezemfundo uzokwenza kube lula ukuqeqesha ochwepheshe ngesikhathi esincane. Namuhla, imizamo yokwenza le nqubo ibukeka iyize. Kodwa kwakuyile “steampunk yezemfundo” eyaba yisisekelo sobuchwepheshe besimanje.
Ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala lensiza eyimishini yokufunda uhlelo lolimi ngo-1866 yi-American Halcyon Skinner. Imoto bekuyibhokisi elinamafasitela amabili. Komunye wabo umfundi wabona imidwebo (isibonelo, ihhashi). Ewindini lesibili, esebenzisa izinkinobho, ubhale igama lento. Kodwa isistimu ayizange ilungise amaphutha futhi ayizange yenze ukuqinisekiswa.
Ngo-1911, ithuluzi lokufundisa izibalo, ukufunda nesipelingi lalinelungelo lobunikazi yisazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Herbert Austin Aikins waseYunivesithi yaseYale. Umfundi wahlanganisa amabhulokhi amathathu okhuni nama-cutouts acatshangelwe ebhokisini elikhethekile lokhuni. Lawa mabhuloki abonise, isibonelo, izici zesibonelo esilula se-arithmetic. Uma izibalo zikhethwe kahle, impendulo efanele yakhiwa phezulu kwamathayili ().
Ngo-1912, isisekelo sezindlela ezintsha zokufundisa ezizenzakalelayo zabekwa isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseMelika. (Edward Lee Thorndike) encwadini ethi "Education". Ubone okubi kakhulu ngezincwadi ukuthi abafundi bayekelwa okwabo. Bangase bangawanaki amaphuzu abalulekile noma, ngaphandle kokuyazi kahle indaba endala, baqhubekele phambili ekufundeni okusha. U-Thorndike uhlongoze indlela ehluke ngokuphelele: “incwadi eyimishini” lapho izingxenye ezilandelayo zivulwa kuphela ngemva kokuba ezangaphambili seziqedwe kahle.
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Emsebenzini kaThorndike omkhulu, incazelo yedivayisi yaqala , akazange achaze imicabango yakhe nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kepha lokhu bekwanele ukuthi uprofesa wase-Ohio University, uSidney Pressey, egqugquzelwe umsebenzi wesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, ukuthi uhlelo lokufunda - Uthisha Ozenzakalelayo. Esigubhini somshini, umfundi ubone imibuzo nezimpendulo ongakhetha kuzo. Ngokucindezela ukhiye owodwa kwezine, wakhetha okulungile. Ngemva kwalokho isigubhu sasiphenduka futhi idivayisi “izophakamisa” umbuzo olandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhawunta iphawule inani lemizamo efanele.
Ngo-1928 Pressey ilungelo lobunikazi lokusungulwa, kodwa ayizange isebenzise umbono kaThorndike ngokugcwele. Uthisha Ozenzakalelayo akakwazanga ukufundisa, kodwa ukuvumele ukuthi uhlole ngokushesha ulwazi lwakho.
Ngemva kukaSidney Pressey, abasunguli abaningi baqala ukuklama “imishini yokufundisa” emisha. Bahlanganisa isipiliyoni sekhulu le-1936, imibono kaThorndike kanye nobuchwepheshe bekhulu elisha. Ngaphambi kuka-XNUMX e-USA Amalungelo obunikazi ahlukene angama-700 “emishini yokufundisa.” Kodwa kamuva kwaqala iMpi Yezwe Yesibili, umsebenzi kule ndawo wamiswa futhi impumelelo ephawulekayo kwadingeka ukulinda cishe iminyaka engu-20.
Umshini Wokufunda kaFrederick Skinner
Ngo-1954, uprofesa waseCambridge University uBurrhus Frederic Skinner wenza izimiso eziyisisekelo zokutadisha uhlelo lolimi, izibalo nezinye izifundo. Umqondo njengethiyori yokufunda okuhleliwe.
Ithi ingxenye eyinhloko yethuluzi lokufundisa kufanele kube uhlelo oluqinile olunezici zokufunda nokuhlola okokusebenza. Inqubo yokufunda ngokwayo ihamba kancane - umfundi akaqhubeki phambili aze afunde isihloko esifunayo futhi aphendule imibuzo yokuhlolwa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uSkinner wethula “umshini wokufundisa” ozosetshenziswa ezikoleni.
Imibuzo yayinyatheliswa emakhadini ephepha futhi ibekwe “uhlaka ngohlaka” efasiteleni elikhethekile. Umfundi uthayiphe impendulo kukhibhodi yedivayisi. Uma impendulo ilungile, umshini ubhoboza imbobo ekhadini. Isistimu ye-Skinner yahlukaniswa nama-analogues ngokuthi ngemva kochungechunge lokuqala lwemibuzo, umfundi waphinde wathola kuphela lezo ayengakwazi ukuphendula. Umjikelezo waphindwa inqobo nje uma izinkinga ezingakaxazululeki zisekhona. Ngakho-ke, idivayisi ayizange ihlole ulwazi kuphela, kodwa futhi yafundisa abafundi.
Ngokushesha imoto yafakwa ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi. Namuhla, ukusungulwa kuka-Skinner kubhekwa njengesisetshenziswa sokuqala esikwazile ukuhlanganisa imiphumela yocwaningo lwethiyori ku-psychology yezemfundo nezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe zangaleso sikhathi.
Uhlelo lwe-PLATO, olwaba khona iminyaka engama-40
Ngokusekelwe kuthiyori yokufunda ehleliwe, ngo-1960, unjiniyela oneminyaka engama-26 (Donald Bitzer), osanda kuthola iziqu zakhe eNyuvesi yase-Illinois, uhlelo lwekhompiyutha i-PLATO (I-Logic Ehleliwe Yemisebenzi Yokufundisa Ezenzakalelayo).
Amatheminali e-PLATO axhunywe kusizinda esikhulu senyuvesi . Isibonisi sabo kwakuyi-TV evamile, futhi ikhibhodi yomsebenzisi yayinokhiye abangu-16 kuphela bokuzulazula. Abafundi baseNyuvesi bangakwazi ukufunda izifundo ezinezihloko eziningi.
Isithombe: / PD / PLATO4 ikhibhodi
Inguqulo yokuqala ye-PLATO yayihlolwa futhi yayinemikhawulo ebalulekile: isibonelo, ikhono labasebenzisi ababili lokusebenza nayo ngesikhathi esisodwa lavela kuphela ngo-1961 (enguqulweni ebuyekeziwe ye-PLATO II). Futhi ngo-1969, onjiniyela bethula ulimi olukhethekile lokuhlela ukuthuthukisa hhayi kuphela izinto zokufundisa, kodwa nemidlalo.
I-PLATO yaba ngcono, kwathi ngo-1970 iNyuvesi yase-Illinois yenza isivumelwano ne-Control Data Corporation. Idivayisi ingene emakethe yezentengiso.
Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, amatheminali angama-950 asevele esebenza ne-PLATO, futhi inani eliphelele lezifundo lalingamahora okufundisa ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12 emikhakheni eminingi yamanyuvesi.
Lolu hlelo alusetshenziswa namuhla, lwanqanyulwa ngo-2000. Nokho, inhlangano ye-PLATO Learning (manje eyi-Edmentum), eyayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhuthaza amatheminali, ithuthukisa izifundo zokuqeqesha.
"Ingabe amarobhothi angazifundisa izingane zethu"
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe obusha bezemfundo ngeminyaka yama-60s, ukugxekwa kwaqala, ikakhulukazi kumaphephandaba aseMelika adumile. Izihloko zezindaba zamaphephandaba nomagazini ezinjengesithi “Imishini Yokufundisa: Isibusiso Noma Isiqalekiso?” bazikhulumela. abangabazayo behliswa baba izihloko ezintathu.
Okokuqala, akukho ukuqeqeshwa okwanele kwemethodical nezobuchwepheshe kothisha ngokumelene nesizinda sokushoda okuvamile kwabasebenzi ezikoleni zaseMelika. Okwesibili, izindleko eziphezulu zemishini kanye nenani elincane lezifundo zokuqeqesha. Ngakho, izikole kwesinye sezifunda zachitha amaRandi angu-5000 XNUMX (imali enkulu ngaleso sikhathi), okwathi ngemva kwalokho zathola ukuthi zazingekho izinto ezanele zemfundo egcwele.
Okwesithathu, ochwepheshe babekhathazekile ngokucekelwa phansi kwemfundo okungenzeka. Baningi abashisekayo bakhuluma ngokuthi esikhathini esizayo ngeke badingeke othisha.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwabonisa ukuthi ukwesaba kwakuyize: othisha abazange baphenduke abasizi bekhompiyutha abathulile, izindleko zemishini nesofthiwe yehla, futhi inani lezinto zokufundisa lenyuka. Kodwa lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngo-80-90 ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, lapho kuvela intuthuko entsha esibekela impumelelo Plato.
Sizokhuluma ngalobu buchwepheshe ngokuzayo.
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Source: www.habr.com