inkampani yethu ubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokwakha ezinkulu nezincane. Sesivele sibhale ku-Habré , futhi namuhla sikumema ukuba ucabange ngemiklamo emikhulu yokwakha yenkathi ehlukene, eyahlala, ngezindinganiso zanamuhla, isikhathi eside kakhulu, kodwa ekugcineni lezi zinto zaba izikhumbuzo zezakhiwo zomhlaba.
Indlela abayakha ngayo ngaphambili
Uma sinciphisa umlando wokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokwakha ngezigaba ezintathu emoyeni othi "Ngafika, ngabona, nganqoba," khona-ke kuzovela: umuntu wafunda ukuthi insimbi ingenziwa nge-ore, yasungulwa ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, futhi wakha ugandaganda. Ukusungulwa kweningi lezindlela ezasheshisa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwenzeka ekhulwini lama-XNUMX. Futhi ngaphambi kwalokho, umsebenzi wezandla wawulokhu uyinto eyinhloko endaweni yokwakha. Ukuze kusizwe abantu kwakunama-roller okhuni, ama-lever kanye nemishini yokuphakamisa. Ngokuvamile, izinto zokwakha zazenziwa endaweni yokwakha futhi zahlakazwa ngemva kokuqedwa kokwakhiwa.
Njengoba wonke amathuluzi ayeyisisekelo futhi awazange abe nomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizeni, kwakungenzeka ukusheshisa ukwakhiwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi owengeziwe, okwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwesabelomali esikhulu. Imali enjalo yabelwa, okokuqala, ukuze kwakhiwe amathempeli namasonto asontayo. Lapha kwakungenzeka ukuheha abantu abaningi njengoba babedingeka ekwakheni ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-Hagia Sophia eConstantinople (537) yakhiwa eminyakeni engu-6 kuphela, ngaleso sikhathi eyayishesha ngokungenangqondo ethempelini elingu-55,6 m ukuphakama. Kodwa abasebenzi abangu-6 10 basebenza kuyo yonke iminyaka engu-000. Lena intengo yesakhiwo esikhulu esiye saba uphawu lwe-Istanbul. Iminyaka engaphezu kuka-1000, leli sonto lahlala lilikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni wobuKristu.
Akuwona umsebenzi kuphela obiza kakhulu, kodwa nezinto zokwakha. Izazi-mlando zibhala ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zenkolo kwakubiza kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umcwaningi waseMelika uHenry Kraus waqhathanisa udaka negolide futhi wathatha isingathekiso wasifaka esihlokweni sencwadi yakhe ethi Gold was the mortar: The economics of cathedral building. Le ncwadi yethula ucwaningo lwakhe mayelana nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwamanye amasonto aseYurophu phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi.
Izwe ngalinye linomsebenzi walo wokwakha ongaqediwe "wegolide" - eSpain (iSagrada Familia edumile), naseCambodia (Angkor Wat), naseChina, futhi, kunjalo, eRussia. Amaphrojekthi anjalo afanele ukungeza ohlwini lwezimangaliso zomhlaba, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwawo kwabambezeleka isikhathi esingakanani, ekugcineni kwaphela (cishe bonke).
Ngakho-ke ukwakhiwa kwephrojekthi enkulukazi efanele ukuba yisikhumbuzo sezakhiwo zomhlaba kungahlala isikhathi esingakanani?
I-Great Wall yaseChina - iminyaka engu-2000
Enye yezakhiwo ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni, ukwakhiwa kwayo kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2000. Endleleni yodonga kukhona izingwadule nemifula, izintaba namathafa. Ukwakhiwa kodonga kwaqala ngekhulu lesi-300 BC. futhi yaqedwa phakathi nekhulu le-000 AD. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu abangafika ku-2 basebenza ekwakhiweni kodonga, futhi sebebonke abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-XNUMX bahlanganyela emsebenzini.
Inani lempahla esetshenziswayo likalwa ngezigidi zamathani. Phakathi nenqubo yokwakha, izisebenzi ngokuyinhloko zazithola izinto zokwakha esizeni. Izindonga zazenziwe ngesihlabathi, futhi ukuze kube nokwethembeka, isikhala phakathi kwezindonga ezimbili sasigcwele umhlanga neminyezane. Ezintabeni, udonga lwakhiwe ngamatshe angabaziweyo namadwala ahlukahlukene. Kwadlula amakhulu eminyaka, ubuchwepheshe bathuthuka, kwavela izinto ezintsha. Izingxenye zakamuva kakhulu zodonga, ezakhiwe Ubukhosi BakwaMing, zakhiwe ngezitini nodaka - njengoba senza namuhla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi udonga lungabonakala emkhathini, kodwa lokhu kuyinzwabethi esevele iphikwa izikhathi eziningana.
Sagrada Familia - iminyaka engaphezu kuka-137
Siyaqiniseka ukuthi lesi yisakhiwo sokuqala owasikhumbula lapho ufunda isihloko sesihloko. Iphrojekthi ka-Antonio Gaudi isakhiwa. Itshe lokuqala le-basilica labekwa ngo-1882. Ngonyaka wokufa kukaGaudi - ngo-1926 - i-cathedral yakhiwe ingxenye yesine kuphela, futhi bekuyoba ongokomfanekiso uma ukwakhiwa kuqediwe ngokugubha iminyaka eyi-100 yokufa kwakhe.
I-Sagrada ine , lapho umuntu engabona khona isibikezelo esinethemba sokuthi i-basilica ingase iqedwe ekhulwini lama-70. Kucatshangwa ukuthi isakhiwo manje sesiphelile ngo-90,1% futhi sifinyelele ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-172,5 (futhi ukuphakama okuhleliwe kungu-XNUMX m).
Ngendlela, kuleli sayithi ungaxhuma kukhamera eku-inthanethi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi uhlole mathupha ukuthi ukwakhiwa noma ukubuyisela kuqhubeka kanjani.
Lo mdwebo ogciniwe kusukela ngo-1892 ubonisa ukuphakama okuningana okusetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwe-crypt ye-Sagrada Familia. Lesi sakhiwo sokhuni siyisistimu ye-pulley enezintambo - lolu hlobo lwe-crane lwaqala ukusetshenziswa ngamaRoma futhi lwalukwazi ukuphakamisa amathani angu-2,5.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iziphathimandla zaseBarcelona zithe alikho irekhodi lemvume yokwakha eyacelwa ngo-1885 eyake yanikezwa. Futhi manje, eminyakeni eyi-137 ngemuva kokuqala kokwakhiwa, idolobha lanikeza abakhi ilayisensi esebenza kuze kube ngu-2026. Ngeminwe bayakwazi ukukwenza!
I-Angkor Wat (Cambodia) - iminyaka engu-37
I-Angkor Wat yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1113 no-1150 AD. Bathi leli thempeli alakhiwanga ngaphezu kwamashumi amane eminyaka, kodwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amane, okuyinto engalungile. Ukungezwani mayelana nokuqokwa kokwakhiwa kwavela ngoba i-Angkor Wat yayisenkabeni yoMbuso WaseKhmer - idolobha lase-Angkor, futhi abanye babheka iminyaka yokwakhiwa kwedolobha (okuyiminyaka eyi-4 impela) njengeminyaka yokwakhiwa kwedolobha. ithempeli.
Isakhiwo siyiphiramidi enamazinga amathathu ebheke entshonalanga. Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli kwakwenziwa kusukela phakathi kuze kufike emaphethelweni. Kusukela kunoma iyiphi indawo ephambili, imibhoshongo emithathu kuphela kwemihlanu ehlala ibonakala, ngakho-ke nangezindinganiso zanamuhla, i-Angkor Wat iyisimangaliso sokwakha.
Amathani ayizigidi ezi-5 zamatshe esanti asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwethempeli ahudulwa ngamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka enkwalini eseduze ngabasebenzi ngokwabo. Abantu abangaba ngu-300 000 nezindlovu ezingu-6 000, okukhonjiswe ncamashi emfanekisweni, baba nengxenye ekwakhiweni kwesimangaliso sezakhiwo.
Isakhiwo se-Khmer singesesigaba sezinguquko sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokwakha: izitini namatshe zikhiqiza amafomu namasu okwakhiwa kwamapulangwe. Ngokwesibonelo, okuqoshwe ezindongeni kulingisa izikrini zoqalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isakhiwo sethempeli e-Angkor Wat sidume kangangokuthi abantu baseCambodia baze bafaka isithombe saso efulegeni labo.
I-Cologne Cathedral - iminyaka engama-632
I-6 leminyaka iyisibonelo esifanelekayo sendlela yaseJalimane: uma ukwenza, khona-ke kuphela ngekhwalithi ephezulu, ngisho noma kuthatha isikhathi eside. Lapho isonto lombhishobhi, elaqala ngo-1248, liqedwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-157, laba yisakhiwo eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni (amamitha angu-161). Kamuva, irekhodi laphulwa yi-cathedral e-Ulm (632 m) namabhilidi e-USA. Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kweCathedral yaseCologne akuzange kuqhubeke iminyaka engu-1437: ngo-20, ukwakhiwa kwamiswa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemali nemishini. Ngaleso sikhathi, izindonga, iqembu labahlabeleli, umbhoshongo oseningizimu, nesisekelo se-nave kwase kulungile, kodwa uphahla lwakhiwe ngandlela-thile futhi aluzange lumboze ingaphakathi lethempeli ngenxa yesimo sezulu. Ukuze kuqedwe ukwakhiwa kwesonto lombhishobhi ekhulwini le-XNUMX, kwadingeka kuchithe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-XNUMX kuvuselela leyo ngxenye yaso eyase yakhiwe kakade.
Ufuna ukubuza ukuthi yimalini ukwakhiwa? Ngokwesimanjemanje, sisebenzise isamba sama-euro angaphezu kwebhiliyoni elingu-1. Ishabhu yesonto lombhishobhi iqashe abantu abangaphezu kuka-500 futhi yasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokwakha besimanje kakhulu, njengohlelo lokuphakamisa iziseshi noma izinjini zesitimu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunezinsimbi eziyi-11 esontweni lombhishobhi, eyodwa yazo () iyinsimbi enkulu kunazo zonke esebenzayo emhlabeni. Yaphonswa ngo-1923, futhi inesisindo esingamathani angama-24.
IMilan Cathedral - iminyaka engama-579
Ubani ongaqhudelana namaJalimane ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziphakeme? Yiqiniso, amaNtaliyane. Isonto lombhishobhi elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu nelesihlanu ngobukhulu emhlabeni, iMilan Duomo yasungulwa ngawo lowo nyaka lapho kwazalwa umqophi omkhulu weRenaissance kanye nomdwebi uDonatello (1386), futhi laqedwa lapho amaBeatles ekhipha iRubber Soul (1965). Ukwakhiwa kwathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ngisho nangezindinganiso zase-Italy - iminyaka engu-579. Futhi inkulumo eqinile ethi fabbrica del duomo (ukwakha isonto lombhishobhi) yavela ngolimi. Yilokho abakushoyo uma kuthatha isikhathi esiningi ukwenza okuthile.
Abadwebi bezakhiwo abangama-78 abavela eYurophu babambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni. Isakhiwo ekuqaleni sasizokwakhiwa ngezitini ze-terracotta, kodwa kwase kusetshenziswa imabula yeCondol yaseLake Maggiore. Ngakho-ke, i-facade yaphenduka yaba yi-heterogeneous: kunezindawo ezipinki, ezimhlophe nezimpunga ezikhanyayo. Ukuze kulethwe imabula endaweni yokwakha, imisele yayimbiwa ngokukhethekile edolobheni.
Akekho omunye ngaphandle kukaNapoleon Bonaparte owasiza ekuqedeni ukwakhiwa kwesonto lombhishobhi. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1800, ngemva kokunqoba idolobha, wayefuna ukuthweswa umqhele eDuomo, okusho ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwakufanele kuqedwe ngokushesha. Ngaphambi kokuthweswa iziqu, ngomyalo wakhe siqu, ukuhlobisa kwe-facade kwaqedwa ngokushesha.
Ngendlela, ngesikhathi amaNtaliyane eqeda i-Duomo di Milano, lezo zingxenye zesakhiwo ezakhiwa kuqala zazidinga ukuvuselelwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ukwakhiwa akuzange kuphele ngisho nangemva kokugcotshwa kukaNapoleon. Kuze kube yingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-1965, kwenziwa umsebenzi wokuhlobisa ithempeli: amafasitela amasha ezingilazi, izithombe eziqoshiwe nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa zengezwa. Futhi ngo-XNUMX kuphela ukwakhiwa kwaqedwa.
I-Notre Dame Cathedral - iminyaka engu-182 ubudala
Itshe lokuqala lesakhiwo labekwa ngo-1163. Imibhoshongo yaqedwa ngo-1245, futhi lonke isonto lombhishobhi laqedwa ngo-1345. Izitayela ezahlukene (i-Gothic ne-Romanesque) nobude obuhlukene bemibhoshongo kanye nohlangothi olusentshonalanga lwesonto lombhishobhi kubonisa ukuthi abadwebi bezakhiwo abahlukene baba nengxenye ekwakhiweni.
I-Notre-Dame de Paris yaba ngesinye sezakhiwo zokuqala emhlabeni, ngesikhathi kwakhiwa izisekelo zangaphandle ezisekela i-arched - ama-arched buttresses. Babengekho ohlwini lokuqala. Kodwa izindonga ezincanyana ezazakhiwe zafinyelela ukuphakama okuthile zaqala ukuqhekeka, ngakho kwakhiwa izisekelo zangaphandle kulo lonke isonto lombhishobhi.
I-Notre Dame Cathedral yayiyisonto lokuqala lamaGothic. Lesi sitayela sezakhiwo sibonisa ukuphishekela izulu okungapheli. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, akekho owayecabanga ukuthi isonto lingaba likhulu kangaka kanye nezinsimbi eziphakeme kakhulu (amamitha angu-69). Ukuze kwakhiwe lesi sakhiwo esihle kakhulu, kwagxilwa kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokuphakamisa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: amarekhodi entela avela e-Paris ka-1296 no-1313 abonisa ukuba khona kwabesifazane ababili abakha amatshe, i-tiler kanye ne-plasterer. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi abakhi besifazane babambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwe-cathedral.
Ngo-April 15, 2019, umhlaba wonke wabuka i-Notre-Dame de Paris isha. Ngenxa yomlilo omkhulu, i-spire, uphahla kanye newashi kulahlekile. Uphahla lwangekhulu le-5 nele-XNUMX lonakalisiwe. Umsebenzi wokubuyisela uyaqhubeka, okuthi, ngokusho kochwepheshe, kuzothatha okungenani iminyaka emi-XNUMX.
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Ngokungafani nezinkathi ezedlule, manje izinsiza zezomnotho zesifunda azithonya kakhulu isivinini sokwakha: ukwakhiwa kwesikhathi eside kungavela kokubili eVladivostok naseMoscow. Izizathu zindala njengesikhathi - ushintsho ekuphatheni, izinguquko emazingeni okushintshanisa imali, ukungathembeki kwenkampani yokuphatha, izithiyo zemvelo ezitholwe endaweni yokwakha, njll. Akunzima ukusungula ukuthi ubani onecala lokumisa ukwakhiwa esimweni ngasinye, kodwa ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze ngokulandelayo ngento ngokuvamile ayicacile ngokuphelele. Eqinisweni, azikho izinketho eziningi: izindawo zokwakha zesikhathi eside zingashiywa “njengoba zinjalo” futhi ziguqulwe zibe amaqoqo okudala, amadekhi okubuka, nezindawo zokugxuma eziyisisekelo. Ungazama ngakho konke okusemandleni ukukuqeda. Noma ungabhidliza yonke into bese uqala indawo entsha yokwakha kule ndawo. Abakhi besimanje kufanele bahlaziye kaningi amaphutha abanduleli babo ukuze bawavimbele ukuthi angenzeki emsebenzini wabo. Futhi uma ukwakhiwa kusabambezeleka, asethembe ukuthi bakha okuthile okuvelele.
Yiziphi izakhiwo zesimanje ozithatha njengomsebenzi wobuciko? Kwabathatha isikhathi esingakanani ukwakha?
Source: www.habr.com