Lesi sihloko sisuka ochungechungeni kuqhubeke .
- Uhlelo lwe-SpaceX lokusabalalisa i-inthanethi ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zamasathelayithi yisihloko esikhulu emaphephandabeni asemkhathini. Izihloko ezimayelana nezimpumelelo zakamuva zishicilelwa maviki onke. Uma, ngokuvamile, uhlelo lucacile, kodwa ngemva kokufunda , umuntu onezisusa ezinhle (sho, eyakho ngempela) angakwazi ukumba imininingwane eminingi. Nokho, kusenemibono eminingi eyiphutha ehlobene nalobu buchwepheshe obusha, ngisho naphakathi kwezibukeli ezikhanyiselwe. Akuvamile ukubona izindatshana ziqhathanisa i-Starlink ne-OneWeb kanye ne-Kuiper (phakathi kokunye) njengokungathi baqhudelana ngokulingana. Abanye ababhali, abakhathazeke ngokusobala ngokuhle kweplanethi, bakhala ngemfucumfucu yasemkhathini, umthetho wasemkhathini, izindinganiso kanye nokuphepha kwesayensi yezinkanyezi. Ngithemba ukuthi ngemva kokufunda lesi - isihloko eside kunalokho, umfundi uzoqonda kangcono futhi azwe umqondo we-Starlink.
ngithinte ngokungalindelekile umuzwa obucayi emiphefumulweni yabafundi bami abambalwa. Kuyo, ngichaze ukuthi i-Starship izobeka kanjani i-SpaceX phambili isikhathi eside futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo inikeze indlela yokuhlola indawo entsha. Okushiwo ukuthi imboni yesathelayithi evamile ayikwazi ukuhambisana ne-SpaceX, ekhula kancane kancane futhi yehlisa izindleko emndenini wamarokhethi e-Falcon, okubeka i-SpaceX esimweni esinzima. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yakha inani lemakethe, okungenani, izigidigidi ezimbalwa ngonyaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yazivuthela isifiso esingenakuvinjelwa semali - ukwakhiwa kwe-rocket enkulu, lapho, noma kunjalo, kungekho muntu ongathumela ku-Mars, futhi akukho nzuzo esheshayo engalindelwa.
Isixazululo sale nkinga engamawele yi-Starlink. Ngokuhlanganisa kanye nokwethula awayo amasathelayithi, i-SpaceX ingakha futhi ichaze imakethe entsha yokufinyelela okuphumelelayo nentando yeningi kwezokuxhumana ezisekelwe emkhathini, uxhaso oluvikelekile lokwakha i-rocket ngaphambi kokuminza inkampani, futhi ikhuphule inani layo lezomnotho libe izigidigidi. Ungabukeli phansi ubukhulu bezifiso zika-Elon. Sekukonke, azikho izimboni eziningi lapho izigidigidi zamaRandi zijikeleza: amandla, ezokuthutha ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, ezokuxhumana, i-IT, ezempilo, ezolimo, uhulumeni, ezokuvikela. Naphezu kwemibono eyiphutha evamile, , и Ibhizinisi alikwazi ukusebenza. U-Elon uhlasele imboni yamandla nge-Tesla yakhe, kodwa ukuxhumana ngocingo kuphela okuzohlinzeka ngemakethe ethembekile nenamandla yamasathelayithi nokwethulwa kwamarokhethi.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, u-Elon Musk waphendulela amehlo akhe emkhathini lapho efuna ukunikela ngezigidi ezingu-80 zamaRandi emkhankasweni wokutshala izitshalo kuphenyi lweMartian. Cishe kungabiza izikhathi ezingu-100 ngaphezulu ukwakha idolobha ku-Mars, ngakho-ke i-Starlink iwukubheja okuyinhloko kukaMusk ukuvikela ulwandle lwemali yoxhaso edingeka kakhulu. .
Yini?
Sekuyisikhathi eside ngihlela lesi sihloko, kodwa ngesonto eledlule ngibe nesithombe esiphelele. Ngemuva kwalokho uMongameli we-SpaceX uGwynne Shotwell wanika uRob Baron inhlolokhono emangalisayo, kamuva ayihlanganisa ne-CNBC Michael Schitz, futhi abazinikele kuye . Le nhlolokhono ikhombise umehluko omkhulu ezindleleni zokuxhumana ngesathelayithi phakathi kwe-SpaceX nawo wonke umuntu.
Umqondo wazalwa ngo-2012, lapho i-SpaceX ibona ukuthi amakhasimende abo - ikakhulukazi abahlinzeki besathelayithi - babenemali eshisiwe. Amaphedi okwethulwa akhuphula izintengo zokusathela amasathelayithi futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, ngandlela thile, aphuthelwe isinyathelo esisodwa somsebenzi - kwenzeka kanjani? U-Elon wayephupha ngokwenza umlaza wesathelayithi we-inthanethi futhi, engakwazi ukumelana nomsebenzi ocishe ungenzeki, wayilungisa le nqubo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Starlink , kodwa ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko, wena, mfundi wami, cishe uzomangala ukuthi lobu bunzima buncane kangakanani, uma kubhekwa ububanzi bombono.
Ingabe iqembu elikhulu kangaka liyadingeka ngempela ku-inthanethi? Futhi kungani manje?
Kusenkumbulweni yami kuphela lapho i-inthanethi ishintshile kusukela ekutotofini kwezemfundo kuya engqalasizinda yokuqala newukuphela kwayo eguquguqukayo. Lesi akusona isihloko okufanele sigxile kuso esihlokweni eside, kodwa ngizothatha ngokuthi emhlabeni jikelele, isidingo se-inthanethi kanye nemali engenayo ekhiqizwayo sizoqhubeka sikhula cishe ngama-25% ngonyaka.
Namuhla, cishe sonke sithola i-inthanethi enanini elincane lezindawo ezizimele zodwa. E-US, i-AT&T, i-Time Warner, i-Comcast kanye nedlanzana labadlali abancane baye bahlukanisa indawo ukuze bagweme ukuncintisana, balwe izikhumba ezintathu ukuze bathole izinkonzo futhi bageze emisebeni yenzondo ecishe ibe yindawo yonke.
Ama-ISP anesizathu esihle sokuziphatha okungekona ukuncintisana, ngaphandle kokuhaha okudla konke. Ukwakha ingqalasizinda ye-inthanethi—imibhoshongo ye-microwave cell kanye ne-fiber optics—kubiza kakhulu, kakhulu. Kulula ukukhohlwa mayelana nemvelo emangalisayo ye-inthanethi. Ugogo waqala waya emsebenzini eMpini Yezwe II njengombonisi, ngemva kwalokho i-telegraph yabe isiqhudelana ngendima ehamba phambili yamasu namajuba athwala amajuba! Kwabaningi bethu, umgwaqo onguthelawayeka wolwazi uyinto engapheli, engaphatheki, kodwa izingcezu ezihamba emhlabeni jikelele, onemingcele, imifula, izintaba, izilwandle, iziphepho, izinhlekelele zemvelo, nezinye izithiyo. Emuva ngo-1996, lapho umugqa wokuqala we-fiber-optic ubekwa phansi olwandle, . Ngesitayela sakhe esibukhali sophawu lokuthengisa, uchaza ngokucacile izindleko ezingenalutho kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bokubeka le migqa, lapho "ama-kotegs" alahliwe abe esegijima noma kunjalo. Esikhathini esiningi sama-2000s, ikhebula lalidonswa kakhulu kangangokuthi izindleko zokusatshalaliswa zazimangaza.
Ngesinye isikhathi ngasebenza elabhorethri ye-optical futhi (uma inkumbulo isebenza) saphula irekhodi langaleso sikhathi ngokukhipha izinga lokudlulisela i-multiplex lika-500 Gb / s. Imikhawulo ye-elekthronikhi ivumele i-fiber ngayinye ukuthi ilayishwe ngo-0,1% womkhawulokudonsa wethiyori. Eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu kamuva, sesilungele ukudlula umkhawulo: uma ukudluliswa kwedatha kudlula, i-fiber izoncibilika, futhi sesivele sisondelene kakhulu nalokhu.
Kodwa kuyadingeka ukuphakamisa ukugeleza kwedatha ngaphezu komhlaba onesono - emkhathini, lapho i-satellite indizela "ibhola" izikhathi ezingu-30 eminyakeni emihlanu. Isixazululo esisobala, singabonakala, - pho kungani kungekho muntu asithatha ngaphambili?
Umlaza we-Iridium wamasathelayithi, owathuthukiswa futhi wasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ngabakwaMotorola (usawakhumbula?), waba inethiwekhi yokuqala yomhlaba wonke yezokuxhumana ejikelezayo ephansi (njengoba kuchazwa ngokulinga ). Ngesikhathi isetshenziswa, ikhono le-niche lokuthungatha amaphakethe wedatha amancane kusuka kubalandeleli bempahla kwaba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuphela: omakhalekhukhwini babeshibhile kangangokuthi amafoni wesathelayithi awazange angene. I-Iridium yayinamasathelayithi angu-66 (kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezimbalwa) emigudwini engu-6 - ubuncane obubekiwe bokumboza iplanethi yonke.
Uma amasathelayithi angama-66 ayenele i-Iridium, kungani-ke i-SpaceX yayidinga amashumi ezinkulungwane? Kungani ehluke kangaka?
I-SpaceX ingene kuleli bhizinisi isuka ngakolunye uhlangothi - iqale ngokuqalisa. Ube yingqalabutho emkhakheni wokulondolozwa kwezimoto futhi ngaleyo ndlela wathumba imakethe yamaphedi okuqalisa ashibhile. Ukuzama ukubedlula ngentengo ephansi ngeke kwenze imali eningi, ngakho ukuphela kwendlela yokuzuza ngomthamo wabo oweqile ukuba ikhasimende. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-SpaceX ukwethula amasathelayithi ayo - (nge-1 kg) Iridium, ngakho-ke bayakwazi ukungena emakethe ebanzi kakhulu.
Ukusabalala kwe-Starlink emhlabeni wonke kuzokunikeza ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi yekhwalithi ephezulu noma kuphi emhlabeni. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ukutholakala kwe-inthanethi ngeke kuncike ekuba seduze kwezwe noma kwedolobha kumugqa wefiber optical, kodwa ekuhlanzekeni kwesibhakabhaka phezulu. Abasebenzisi emhlabeni wonke bazokwazi ukufinyelela i-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke engenawo amaketango, ngaphandle kokunaka amazinga abo ahlukene okubusa kukahulumeni okubi kanye/noma okungathembekile. Ikhono le-Starlink lokunqamula lezi zinkampani ezizimele lidala ushintsho oluhle lobukhulu obumangalisayo obuzogcina luhlanganise izigidigidi zabantu emphakathini we-cybernetic wesikhathi esizayo.
Ukwehla kwezwi elincane: kusho ukuthini lokhu?
Kubantu abakhula namuhla enkathini yokuxhumana okutholakala yonke indawo, i-inthanethi ifana nomoya esiwuphefumulayo. Unjalo nje. Kodwa lokhu - uma ukhohlwa ngamandla akhe amangalisayo okuletha izinguquko ezinhle - futhi sesivele siphakathi kwabo. Ngosizo lwe-inthanethi, abantu bangabiza abaholi babo ukuba baziphendulele, baxhumane nabanye abantu ngakolunye uhlangothi lomhlaba, babelane ngemicabango, basungule okuthile okusha. I-inthanethi ihlanganisa isintu. Umlando wokuthuthukisa umlando wokuthuthuka kwamakhono okwabelana ngedatha. Okokuqala, ngezinkulumo kanye nezinkondlo ezidumile. Khona - encwadini enikeza izwi kwabafileyo, futhi baphendukela kwabaphilayo; ukubhala kuvumela idatha ukuthi igcinwe futhi kwenza ukuxhumana okuvumelanayo kwenzeke. Umshini wokuphrinta ubeke ukukhiqizwa kwezindaba okusakazweni. Ukuxhumana ngogesi - kusheshise ukudluliswa kwedatha emhlabeni jikelele. Imishini yokuthatha inothi yomuntu siqu kancane kancane iye yaba inkimbinkimbi, ishintsha kusukela ezincwadini zamanothi kuya komakhalekhukhwini, ngayinye eyikhompyutha exhunywe ku-inthanethi, egcwele izinzwa futhi nsuku zonke iba ngcono ekubikezeleni izidingo zethu.
Umuntu osebenzisa ukubhala kanye nekhompiyutha ohlelweni lokuqonda unethuba elingcono lokunqoba ukulinganiselwa kobuchopho obungathuthukisiwe. Okukhuthaza nakakhulu ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini bangamathuluzi okugcina anamandla kanye nendlela yokushintshisana ngemibono. Uma abantu bangaphambili, ukwabelana ngemicabango, bethembele enkulumweni abayidweba ezincwadini zokubhalela, namuhla kuyinto evamile uma izincwadi zokubhalela ngokwazo zabelana ngemibono abantu abaye bayenza. Isikimu sendabuko senziwe inversion. Ukuqhubeka okunengqondo kwenqubo kuwuhlobo oluthile lokuhlangana kwe-metacognition, ngokusebenzisa izinto zomuntu siqu, futhi zihlobene. Futhi nakuba singase sibe nostalgic ngokuxhumeka kwethu okulahlekile nemvelo kanye nokuba sodwa, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ubuchwepheshe, kanye nobuchwepheshe kuphela, bubhekene nesabelo sengonyama sokukhululwa kwethu emijikelezweni yokungazi "yemvelo", ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi (okuyinto kungagwenywa), ubudlova, indlala, nokubola kwamazinyo.
Kanjani?
Ake sikhulume ngemodeli yebhizinisi kanye nezakhiwo zephrojekthi ye-Starlink.
Ukuze i-Starlink ibe yibhizinisi elinenzuzo, ukungena kwezimali kufanele kudlule izindleko zokwakha nokusebenza. Ngokwesiko, ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu kuhilela ukwenyuka kwezindleko zokuqalisa, ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezikhethekile eziyisipesheli nezindlela zomshwalense, nakho konke ukwethula isathelayithi. Isathelayithi yezokuxhumana ye-geostationary ingabiza u-$500 wezigidi futhi ithathe iminyaka emihlanu ukwakha nokuqalisa. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani kule ndawo zakha kanyekanye imikhumbi yejet noma imikhumbi yamabhokisi. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali enkulu, ukungena kwezimali ezingahlanganisi izindleko zezimali, kanye nesabelomali sokusebenza esincane uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngokuphambene, ukwehluleka kwe-Iridium yasekuqaleni kwaba ukuthi i-Motorola iphoqe opharetha ukuthi akhokhe imali yelayisense lokubulala, ebhuqa ibhizinisi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje.
Ukuze kuqhutshwe ibhizinisi elinjalo, izinkampani zesathelayithi zendabuko kwakudingeka zinikeze amakhasimende azimele futhi zikhokhise amanani aphezulu wedatha. Izinkampani zezindiza, izindawo ezikude, imikhumbi, izindawo zempi, nezindawo zengqalasizinda ezibalulekile zikhokha cishe u-$5 nge-MB ngayinye, okuyizikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1 kunezindleko ze-ADSL yendabuko, naphezu kokubambezeleka kwedatha kanye nomkhawulokudonsa wesathelayithi ophansi.
I-Starlink ihlela ukuncintisana nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zasemhlabeni, okusho ukuthi kuzodingeka ilethe idatha eshibhile futhi, ngokufanelekile, ikhokhise ngaphansi kakhulu kuka-$1 ngo-1 MB. Kungenzeka yini? Noma, njengoba lokhu kungenzeka, umuntu kufanele abuze: kungenzeka kanjani lokhu?
Isithako sokuqala sesitsha esisha ukwethulwa okushibhile. Namuhla, i-Falcon ithengisa ukwethulwa okungamathani angama-24 ngemali elinganiselwa ku-$60 million, okuyi-$2500 ngekg. Nokho, kuvela ukuthi ziningi izindleko zangaphakathi. Amasathelayithi e-Starlink azokwethulwa ezimotweni zokwethulwa kabusha ezisebenziseka kabusha, ngakho-ke izindleko ezinqenqemeni zokwethulwa okukodwa yizindleko zesigaba esisha sesibili (endaweni ethile ezizungeze amaRandi ayizigidi ezi-1), ama-fairings (isigidi esingu-4) nokusekelwa komhlaba (~1 million). Ingqikithi: cishe izinkulungwane eziyi-1 zamadola ngesathelayithi, i.e. izikhathi ezishibhile ezingaphezu kuka-100 kunokwethula isathelayithi yezokuxhumana evamile.
Iningi lamasathelayithi e-Starlink, nokho, azokwethulwa ku-Starship. Ngempela, ukuvela kwe-Starlink, njengemibiko ebuyekeziwe embukisweni we-FCC, kunikeza okunye izakhiwo zangaphakathi zephrojekthi. Ingqikithi yeziphuphutheki ezikulo mlaza ikhule isuka ku-1 584 yaya ku-2 825, yabe isifinyelela ku-7 518, futhi ekugcineni yaba ngu-30 000. Ngokwesamba esikhulu sokonga, lesi sibalo sikhulu nakakhulu. Isibalo esincane samasathelayithi esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi ezosebenza singama-60 kuma-orbit angu-6 (inani lama-360), kuyilapho ukutholakala okugcwele ngaphakathi kwama-degree angu-53 enkabazwe kudinga ama-orbit angu-24 wamasathelayithi angu-60 (inani eliyi-1440). Lokho kungu-24 kwethulwa i-Falcon ngemali eyizigidi ezingama- $ 150 ekusetshenzisweni kwemali kwangaphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Starship yakhelwe ukwethula amasathelayithi afinyelela kwangu-400 ngesikhathi, ngentengo efanayo. Amasathelayithi e-Starlink kufanele ashintshwe njalo eminyakeni emi-5, ngakho-ke amasathelayithi ayi-6000 azodinga ukwethulwa kwe-Starship eyi-15 ngonyaka. Kuzobiza izigidi eziyi-100 / ngonyaka, noma izinkulungwane eziyi-15 / satellite. Isethelayithi ngayinye ye-Falcon inesisindo esingama-227 kg; amasathelayithi aphakanyiswe ku-Starship angaba nesisindo esingu-320 kg futhi aphathe izinto zezinkampani zangaphandle, abe makhudlwana futhi angadluli umthwalo ovunyelwe.
Ziyini izindleko zamasathelayithi? Phakathi kwabazalwane, iziphuphutheki ze-Starlink azijwayelekile ngandlela-thile. Ziyaqoqwa, zigcinwe bese zethulwa ziyisicaba ngakho-ke kulula kakhulu ukuzikhiqiza ngobuningi. Njengoba ulwazi lubonisa, izindleko zokukhiqiza kufanele zilingane nezindleko zesiqalisi. Uma umehluko wentengo mkhulu, kusho ukuthi izinsiza azabiwa ngendlela efanele, njengoba ukuncishiswa okuphelele kwezindleko eziphansi kuyilapho ukwehlisa izindleko akukukhulu kangako. Ingabe ngempela izinkulungwane eziyi-100 zamadola ngesathelayithi ngayinye ngeqoqo lokuqala lamakhulu ambalwa? Ngamanye amazwi, ingabe isathelayithi ye-Starlink edivayisini ayiyinkimbinkimbi njengomshini?
Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo ngokugcwele, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izindleko zesathelayithi yezokuxhumana ezizungezayo ziphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-1000, ngisho noma kungezona izikhathi eziyi-1000 eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukukubeka kalula, kungani i-hardware yasemkhathini ibiza kangaka? Kunezizathu eziningi zalokhu, kodwa okuphoqa kakhulu kuleli cala yilesi: uma ukwethula i-satellite ku-orbit (ngaphambi kwe-Falcon) kubiza ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-100, kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza iminyaka eminingi - ukuze kulethe okungenani inzuzo. Ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka okunjalo ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo wokuqala nokuphela kuyinqubo ebuhlungu futhi ingadonsa iminyaka, edinga imizamo yamakhulu abantu. Engeza kulokho izindleko, futhi kulula ukuthethelela izinqubo ezengeziwe uma vele kubiza ukuqalisa.
I-Starlink iphula leyo pharamitha ngokwakha amakhulukhulu amasathelayithi, ilungise ngokushesha amaphutha edizayini yangaphambi kwesikhathi, nokuletha ochwepheshe bokukhiqiza ngobuningi ukuze balawule izindleko. Kulula kimina ukuzicabangela mathupha ipayipi le-Starlink lapho uchwepheshe ehlanganisa okuthile okusha ekwakhiweni futhi abophe yonke into ngethayi yepulasitiki (izinga le-NASA, vele) ngehora noma amabili, egcina izinga elidingekayo lokushintsha lamasathelayithi ayi-16 / ngosuku. I-satellite ye-Starlink yenziwe izingxenye eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa angisiboni isizathu sokuthi kungani izindleko zeyunithi eyinkulungwane ziphuma emgqeni womhlangano azikwazi ukwehliswa zibe yizinkulungwane ezingu-20. Ngempela, ngoMeyi, u-Elon wabhala ku-Twitter ukuthi izindleko ukukhiqiza isathelayithi sekuvele kuphansi kunezindleko zokuyiqalisa .
Ake sithathe icala elimaphakathi futhi sihlaziye isikhathi sokubuyisela ngokusondeza izinombolo. Isathelayithi eyodwa ye-Starlink, ebiza u-100 ukuhlanganisa nokwethulwa, isisebenze iminyaka emi-5. Ingabe izozikhokhela yona, futhi uma kunjalo, ngokushesha kangakanani?
Eminyakeni emi-5, isathelayithi ye-Starlink izozungeza uMhlaba izikhathi ezingu-30. Kuleyo naleyo mizila yehora nesigamu, uzochitha isikhathi esiningi phezu kolwandle futhi cishe imizuzwana eyi-000 edolobheni elinabantu abaningi. Kuleli windi elifushane, usakaza idatha, ejahe ukuthola imali. Kucatshangwa ukuthi i-antenna isekela imishayo eyi-100, futhi ugongolo ngalunye ludlulisa i-100 Mbps, kusetshenziswa umbhalo wesimanje ofana , bese isathelayithi ikhiqiza u-$1000 ngenzuzo nge-orbit ngayinye - ngentengo yokubhalisa engu-$1 nge-1 GB. Lokho kwanele ukukhokha imali engu-$100 yokuthumela ngeviki futhi kwenza uhlaka lwemali lube lula kakhulu. Ukuphenduka okungu-29 okusele kuyinzuzo kukhishwe izindleko ezingaguquki.
Izinombolo ezilinganiselwe zingahluka kakhulu, futhi kuzo zombili izinkomba. Kodwa kunoma yikuphi, uma ungakwazi ukubeka umlaza wekhwalithi wamasathelayithi ku-orbit ephansi ye-100 - noma ngisho nesigidi esingu-000 / iyunithi - lolu hlelo lokusebenza olubucayi. Ngisho nangesikhathi esifushane ngokuhlekisayo sokusetshenziswa, isathelayithi ye-Starlink iyakwazi ukuletha idatha engu-1 Pb phakathi nokuphila kwayo - ngenani elikhokhelwayo lika-$30 i-GB ngayinye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho udlulisela amabanga amade, izindleko ze-marginal azikhuli.
Ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwale modeli, ake siyiqhathanise kafushane namanye amamodeli amabili wokuletha idatha kubathengi: ikhebula elivamile le-fiber optic, nomlaza wesathelayithi onikezwa inkampani engagxili ekuqalisweni kwesathelayithi.
ukuxhumanisa iFrance neSingapore kwaqala ukusebenza ngo-2005. Ububanzi - 1,28 Tb / s., Izindleko zokuthumela - $ 500 wezigidi. Uma isebenza kumthamo we-10% iminyaka engu-100, futhi izindleko eziphezulu ziyi-100% yezindleko ezinkulu, khona-ke intengo yokudlulisa izoba ngu-$0,02 nge-1 GB. Amakhebuli e-Transatlantic mafushane futhi ashibhe kancane, kodwa ikhebula langaphansi kolwandle liyibhizinisi elilodwa nje emgqeni omude wabantu abafuna imali yokudluliswa kwedatha. Isilinganiso esimaphakathi se-Starlink sishibhe izikhathi eziyisi-8, futhi ngasikhathi sinye "banakho konke".
Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu? Isathelayithi ye-Starlink ihlanganisa zonke izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zokushintshwa kwe-elekthronikhi ezidingekayo ukuze kuxhunywe izintambo ze-fiber optic, kuphela isebenzisa i-vacuum esikhundleni socingo olubizayo noluntekenteke ukuze kudluliselwe idatha. Ukudluliswa kwe-Space kunciphisa inani lama-monopoli athambile futhi aphelelwe yisikhathi, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baxhumane ngezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezincane nakakhulu.
Iqhathaniswa nonjiniyela wesathelayithi oqhudelanayo i-OneWeb. I-OneWeb ihlela ukwakha umlaza wamasathelayithi angu-600, ezokwethula ngokusebenzisa abathengisi bezentengiselwano ngentengo elinganiselwa ku-$20 ngekhilogremu eyodwa. Isisindo se-satellite eyodwa singama-000 kg, okungukuthi, esimweni esihle, ukuqaliswa kweyunithi eyodwa kuzoba cishe izigidi ezingu-1. Izindleko ze-hardware ye-satellite zilinganiselwa ku-150 million nge-satellite ngayinye, i.e. ngo-3, izindleko zalo lonke iqembu zizoba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe yi-OneWeb kubonise ukuphuma kwe-2027 Mb / s. esiqongweni, ngokufanelekile, ngayinye yemishayo engu-2,6. Ngokulandela uhlelo olufanayo esibala ngalo izindleko ze-Starlink, sithola: isathelayithi ngayinye ye-OneWeb ikhiqiza ama- $ 50 nge-orbit ngayinye, futhi eminyakeni emi-16 nje izoletha ama- $ 80 wezigidi - ingambozi izindleko zokuqalisa, uma sibala nokudluliswa kwedatha kude. izifunda . Isamba sithola u-$5 nge-2,4 GB.
UGwynn Shotwell usanda kucashunwa esho lokho , okusho intengo yokuncintisana engu-$0,10 nge-GB ngayinye. Futhi lokhu kungokuhleleka kwe-Starlink: ngokukhiqiza okungathuthukisiwe kangako, kwethulwa ku-Falcon kanye nemikhawulo yokudluliswa kwedatha - futhi ngokufakwa kwenyakatho ye-United States kuphela. Kuvela ukuthi i-SpaceX inenzuzo engenakuphikwa: namuhla bangakwazi ukwethula isathelayithi efanelekile kakhulu ngentengo (iyunithi ngayinye) izikhathi eziyi-1 eziphansi kunezimbangi. I-Starship izokwandisa ukuhola nge-factor ye-15, uma kungenjalo, ngakho-ke akunzima ukucabanga ukuthi i-SpaceX yethula ama-satellites angu-100 ngo-2027 ngemali engaphansi kwe- $ 30 billion, iningi lazo elizohlinzeka ngesikhwama sayo.
Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi kukhona ukuhlaziya okunethemba okwengeziwe mayelana ne-OneWeb nabanye abathuthukisi beqoqo lezinkanyezi abasafufusa, kodwa angikazi ukuthi basebenza kanjani okwamanje.
Muva nje uMorgan Stanley ukuthi amasathelayithi e-Starlink azobiza isigidi esingu-1 ukuze ahlanganiswe kanye nezinkulungwane ezingama-830 ukwethulwa. . Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinombolo ziyafana nezibalo zethu zokusetshenziswa kwe-OneWeb, futhi cishe izikhathi ezi-10 ngaphezu kwesilinganiso sokuqala se-Starlink. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Starship kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesathelayithi yezimboni kunganciphisa izindleko zokuthumela amasathelayithi cishe ku-35/unit. Futhi lesi yisibalo esiphansi ngokumangalisayo.
Iphuzu lokugcina lisele - ukuqhathanisa inzuzo nge-1 W ngayinye yamandla elanga akhiqizelwa i-Starlink. Ngokwezithombe ezikuwebhusayithi yabo, i-solar yesathelayithi ngayinye ilinganiselwa ku-60 sq.m. ngokwesilinganiso ikhiqiza cishe 3 kW noma 4,5 kWh ijika ngalinye. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-orbit ngayinye izokhiqiza u-$1000 futhi isathelayithi ngayinye izokhiqiza cishe u-$220 i-kWh ngayinye. Lokhu kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 kunezindleko ze-wholesale zamandla elanga, eziphinde ziqinisekise: . Futhi ukushintshwa kwe-microwave kokudluliselwa kwedatha kuyizindleko ezimba eqolo.
bokwakha
Esigabeni esedlule, ngethule cishe ingxenye engabalulekile kangako yezakhiwo ze-Starlink - ukuthi isebenza kanjani ngokuminyana kwabantu okungalingani kakhulu emhlabeni. Isathelayithi ye-Starlink ikhipha imisebe egxilile eyenza amachashaza ebusweni beplanethi. Ababhalisile ngaphakathi kwendawo babelana ngomkhawulokudonsa owodwa. Ubukhulu bendawo bunqunywa i-physics eyisisekelo: ekuqaleni ububanzi bayo (ubude besathelayithi x ubude be-microwave / ububanzi be-antenna), okuthi ngesathelayithi ye-Starlink, okungenani, kube amakhilomitha ambalwa.
Emadolobheni amaningi, ukuminyana kwabantu cishe abantu abayi-1000/sq. km, nakuba kwezinye izindawo kuphakeme. Kwezinye izindawo zaseTokyo noma eManhattan, kungaba nabantu abangaphezu kwe-100 indawo ngayinye. Ngenhlanhla, noma yiliphi idolobha elinjalo elinabantu abaningi linemakethe yasekhaya encintisanayo ye-inthanethi ye-broadband, ingasaphathwa inethiwekhi yomakhalekhukhwini ethuthuke kakhulu. Kodwa noma kungaba njalo, uma nganoma isiphi isikhathi kukhona amasathelayithi amaningi omlaza ofanayo ngaphezu kwedolobha, ukuphuma kungandiswa ngokuhlukanisa izimpondo, kanye nokusabalalisa amaza. Ngamanye amazwi, inqwaba yamasathelayithi angagxilisa uhlaka olunamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi abasebenzisi kuleso sifunda bazosebenzisa amatheminali aphansi azosabalalisa isicelo phakathi kwamasathelayithi.
Uma ezigabeni zokuqala imakethe efaneleke kakhulu yokudayisa izinsiza ikude, izindawo zasemaphandleni noma ezisemadolobheni, khona-ke izimali zokuqalisa kabusha zizovela ezinsizeni ezingcono kakhulu eziya emadolobheni anabantu abaningi. Isimo siphambene ncamashi nephethini evamile yokwandisa izimakethe, lapho izinsiza ezincintisanayo ezimaphakathi nedolobha zilahlekelwa ngokungenakugwenywa ukwehla kwenzuzo njengoba zizama ukunwebela ezindaweni ezimpofu nezinabantu abambalwa.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule lapho ngenza izibalo, .
Ngithathe idatha kulesi sithombe futhi ngahlanganisa iziqephu ezi-3 ngezansi. Esokuqala sibonisa imvamisa yendawo yomhlaba ngokuminyana kwabantu. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yoMhlaba ayihlalwa nhlobo, kuyilapho cishe asikho isifunda esinabantu abangaphezu kwe-100 nge-sq. km.
Igrafu yesibili ikhombisa imvamisa yabantu ngokuminyana kwabantu. Futhi nakuba iningi leplanethi lingenamuntu, inqwaba yabantu ihlala ezindaweni lapho kunabantu abangu-100-1000 nge-sq. km. Imvelo enwetshiwe yalesi siqongo (i-oda lobukhulu obukhulu) ibonisa i-bimodality kumaphethini okuthuthela emadolobheni. Abantu abangu-100/sq.km. - lena indawo yasemaphandleni enabantu abambalwa, kuyilapho inani labantu abangu-1000 / sq. km. isici samadolobha. Izikhungo zamadolobha zikhombisa kalula abantu abangu-10/sq.km, kodwa inani labantu baseManhattan lingabantu abangu-000/sq.km.
Igrafu yesithathu ibonisa ukuminyana kwabantu nge-latitude. Kuyabonakala ukuthi cishe bonke abantu bagxile ebangeni elisuka ku-20-40 degrees latitude enyakatho. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile, liye lathuthuka ngokwendawo nangokomlando, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yezwe eliseningizimu igcwele ulwandle. Nokho lokhu kuminyana kwabantu kuyinselelo enkulu kubakhi baleli qembu, njengalokhu amasathelayithi achitha isikhathi esilinganayo kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isathelayithi ezungeza Umhlaba, nge-engeli, ithi, amadigri angu-50, izochitha isikhathi esengeziwe eduze kwemingcele ekhonjisiwe ku-latitude. Kungakho i-Starlink idinga kuphela ama-orbit angu-6 ukuze isebenze enyakatho ye-US, kanti angu-24 ukuze ihlanganise nenkabazwe.
Ngempela, uma sihlanganisa igrafu yokuminyana kwabantu negrafu yokuminyana kwezinkanyezi zesathelayithi, ukukhetha kwemizila kuba sobala. Ibha yegrafu ngayinye imelela umbiko owodwa kwemine ye-SpaceX eya ku-FCC. Ngokwami, kubonakala kimi ukuthi umbiko omusha ngamunye ufana nokwengezwa kulowo owedlule, kodwa kunoma yikuphi, akunzima ukubona ukuthi ama-satellites engeziwe akhulisa kanjani umthamo phezu kwezifunda ezihambisanayo enyakatho yezwe. Ngokuphambene, kunenani elimangalisayo le-bandwidth engasetshenziswanga phezu kwe-hemisphere eseningizimu - jabula, i-Australia ethandekayo!
Kwenzekani kudatha yomsebenzisi uma ifika kusathelayithi? Enguqulweni yokuqala, isathelayithi ye-Starlink yazidlulisela ngokushesha esiteshini esiphansi esiseduze nezindawo zesevisi. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kubizwa ngokuthi "i-relay eqondile". Ngokuzayo, amasathelayithi e-Starlink azokwazi ukuxhumana kusetshenziswa i-laser. Ukuhwebelana kwedatha kuzofinyelela inani eliphakeme phezu kwamadolobha anabantu abaningi, kodwa idatha ingasatshalaliswa ngenethiwekhi yama-lasers ngezilinganiso ezimbili. Ngokwenza lokhu, lokhu kusho ukuthi kunethuba elikhulu le-backhaul efihliwe kunethiwekhi yamasathelayithi, okungukuthi, idatha yomsebenzisi "ingadluliselwa kabusha eMhlabeni" kunoma iyiphi indawo efanelekile. Empeleni, kubonakala kimi ukuthi iziteshi ezingaphansi ze-SpaceX zizohlanganiswa ngaphandle kwemizi.
Kuvele ukuthi ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi kuya kwisathelayithi akuyona into encane uma amasathelayithi engahambi ndawonye. Imibiko yakamuva kakhulu ye-FCC ibika amaqembu angu-11 ahlukene e-satellite orbital. Ngaphakathi kweqembu elinikeziwe, amasathelayithi ahamba ngokuphakama okufanayo, ngokuthambekela okufanayo, ngokugqama okufanayo, okusho ukuthi ama-laser angathola amasathelayithi aseduze kalula. Kodwa isivinini sokuvala phakathi kwamaqembu silinganiswa nge-km/sec, ngakho ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu, uma kungenzeka, kufanele kube ngamalinki ama-microwave amafushane, alawulwa ngokushesha.
I-Orbital group topology ifana nethiyori yezinhlayiya zegagasi yokukhanya futhi ayisebenzi ngempela esibonelweni sethu, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi yinhle, ngakho ngiyifake esihlokweni. Uma ungenantshisekelo kulesi sigaba, yeqela ngqo kokuthi "Imikhawulo Ye-Fundamental Physics".
I-torus - noma i-donut - into yezibalo echazwa ngama-radii amabili. Kulula kakhulu ukudweba imibuthano ebusweni be-torus: i-parallel noma i-perpendicular shape yayo. Ungase ukuthole kuthakazelisa ukuthola ukuthi kuneminye imindeni emibili eyindilinga engadwetshwa ebusweni be-torus, futhi yomibili idlule embotsheni ephakathi nendawo nazungeze umkhonto. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi. , futhi ngasebenzisa lo mklamo ngenkathi ngiklama i-toroid ye-Burning Man Tesla Coil ngo-2015.
Futhi nakuba ama-orbits ama-satellites, ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, ama-ellipses, hhayi imibuthano, ukwakhiwa okufanayo kuyasebenza endabeni ye-Starlink. Umlaza wamasathelayithi angu-4500 ezindizeni ezimbalwa ze-orbital, zonke zisendaweni efanayo, zakha ungqimba oluqhubekayo oluhambayo ngaphezu kobuso boMhlaba. Isendlalelo esibheke enyakatho ngaphezu kwephoyinti le-latitude esinikeziwe siyajika bese sibuyela eningizimu. Ukuze ugweme ukungqubuzana, imizila izokwelulwa kancane, ukuze ungqimba oluya enyakatho lube ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ukuphakama (noma ngaphansi) kunalolo oluya eningizimu. Ndawonye, zombili lezi zingqimba zakha i-torus emise okushaywa umoya, njengoba kuboniswe ngezansi kumdwebo oyihaba kakhulu.
Ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi kule torus, ukuxhumana kwenziwa phakathi kwamasathelayithi angomakhelwane. Ngokuvamile, akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile nokwesikhathi eside phakathi kwamasathelayithi ezendlalelo ezihlukene, njengoba amazinga okuhlangana okuqondiswa kwe-laser aphezulu kakhulu. I-trajectory yokudluliswa kwedatha phakathi kwezendlalelo, nayo, idlula ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwe-torus.
Isamba samasathelayithi angu-30 azotholakala ezindaweni eziyi-000 ezibekwe kude ngemuva kwe-ISS orbit! Lo mdwebo ubonisa ukuthi zonke lezi zingqimba zipakishwe kanjani, ngaphandle kokugqama okuyihaba.
Futhi ekugcineni, kufanele ucabange mayelana nokuphakama kwendiza okufanelekile. Kukhona inkinga: ukuphakama okuphansi, okunikeza amandla amaningi ngamasayizi amancane we-beam, noma ukuphakama okuphezulu, okukuvumela ukuthi umboze iplanethi yonke ngamasathelayithi ambalwa? Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imibiko eya ku-FCC evela ku-SpaceX ikhulume ngokuphakama okuhlala kuphansi njengoba i-Starship ithuthuka ukuze ivumele ukuthunyelwa okusheshayo kwamaqoqo ezinkanyezi amakhulu.
Ukuphakama okuphansi nakho kunezinye izinzuzo, okuhlanganisa ingcuphe encishisiwe yomthelela wemfucumfucu yasemkhathini noma imiphumela engemihle yokungaphumeleli kwemishini. Ngenxa yokwanda kokudonsa komkhathi, amasathelayithi e-Starlink aphansi kakhulu (330 km) azosha phakathi namasonto ambalwa elahlekelwe ukulawula isimo sengqondo. Ngempela, i-300 km iyindawo yokuphakama lapho ama-satellite acishe angandizi, futhi ukugcina ukuphakama kuzodinga injini yerokhethi kagesi ye-Krypton eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, kanye nomklamo owenziwe kahle. Ngokwethiyori, isathelayithi enomumo oqondile, enikwa amandla yinjini yerokhethi kagesi, ingagcina ukuphakama okuzinzile okungu-160 km, kodwa mancane amathuba okuthi i-SpaceX yethule amasathelayithi aphansi kakhulu, ngoba asekhona amaqhinga ambalwa okwandisa ukusebenza kwawo.
Imikhawulo ye-fundamental physics
Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi izintengo zokuthunyelwa kwesathelayithi ziyoke zehle kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-$35, noma ngabe ukukhiqiza kuthuthukile futhi kuzenzakalela ngokugcwele, futhi imikhumbi ye-Starship ingasetshenziswa kabusha ngokugcwele, futhi akukaziwa ngokugcwele ukuthi imiphi imikhawulo i-physics ezoyibeka ku-satellite. Ukuhlaziywa okungenhla kuthatha ukuphakama okuphezulu okungu-80 Gb/s. (uma ihlanganiswe imishayo eyi-100, ngayinye ekwazi ukudlulisa i-100 Mb / s).
Umkhawulo womkhawulokudonsa wesiteshi usethelwe ku futhi inikezwe kuzibalo zomkhawulokudonsa (1+SNR). Umkhawulokudonsa ngokuvamile unomkhawulo , kuyilapho i-SNR ingamandla esethelayithi atholakalayo, umsindo ongemuva kanye nokuphazamiseka kwesiteshi ngenxa . Esinye isithiyo esiphawulekayo isivinini sokucubungula. I-Xilinx Ultrascale+ FPGA yakamuva inakho , okuhle uma kubhekwa ukulinganiselwa kwamanje komkhawulokudonsa ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ama-ASIC angokwezifiso. Kodwa noma kunjalo 58 Gb / s. izodinga ukusatshalaliswa kwefrikhwensi okumangazayo, okungenzeka kakhulu ku-Ka-band noma ku-V-band. I-V (40–75 GHz) inemijikelezo efinyeleleka kakhudlwana, kodwa ingaphansi kokumuncwa kakhulu umkhathi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomswakama ophezulu.
Ingabe imisebe eyi-100 iyasebenza? Le nkinga inezici ezimbili: i-beamwidth kanye nokuminyana kwezakhi zesigaba. I-beamwidth inqunywa ubude begagasi obuhlukaniswe ububanzi bothi. I-antenna yesigaba esidijithali isewubuchwepheshe obukhethekile, kodwa ubukhulu bobukhulu obusebenzisekayo bunqunywa ububanzi. (cishe i-1m), futhi ukusebenzisa ukuxhumana kwamafrikhwensi omsakazo kubiza kakhulu. Ububanzi begagasi ku-Ka-band bungaba ngu-1 cm, kanti ububanzi be-beam kufanele bube ama-radians angu-0,01 - nobubanzi be-spectrum buka-50% we-amplitude. Uma sithatha i-engeli eqinile ye-beam ye-steridian engu-1 (efana nokumbozwa ngelensi yekhamera engu-50mm), khona-ke imishayo ngayinye engu-2500 izokwanela kule ndawo. I-Linearity isho ukuthi imishayo engu-2500 izodinga ubuncane bezinto ze-antenna ezingu-2500 phakathi kwamalungu afanayo, okungenzeka ngokomgomo, nakuba kunzima. Futhi konke kuzoshisa kakhulu!
Isamba seziteshi ezingama-2500, ngasinye esisekela i-58 Gb / s, inani elikhulu lolwazi - uma cishe, bese kuba ngu-145 Tb / s. Ukuze uqhathanise, konke ukugcwala kwe-inthanethi ngo-2020 . Izindaba ezinhle kulabo abakhathazekile nge-bandwidth ephansi kakhulu ye-inthanethi yesathelayithi. Uma iqoqo lezinkanyezi lamasathelayithi angu-30 lisebenza ngo-000, ithrafikhi ye-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke ingase ifinyelele ku-2026 Tb/s. Uma ingxenye yalokhu ilethwa amasathelayithi angu-800 ezindaweni eziminyene nganoma isiphi isikhathi, khona-ke inani eliphakeme lokuphuma kwesethelayithi ngayinye licishe libe ngu-500 Gb/s, okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-800 kunesilinganiso sethu sokuqala sokuqala, okungukuthi. ukungena kwezimali kungenzeka kukhule izikhathi eziyi-10.
Ngesathelayithi emzileni ongu-330 km, ugongolo lwama-radians angu-0,01 luhlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu njengeManhattan, abantu abangafika ku-300 bahlala kule ndawo. Kuthiwani uma bonke behlala phansi ukuze babukele i-Netflix (000 Mbps ngekhwalithi ye-HD) ngesikhathi esisodwa? Isamba sesicelo sedatha sizoba ngu-7 GB/s, okucishe kube izikhathi ezingama-2000 kunomkhawulo wamanje onzima obekwe i-serial output FPGA. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuphuma kulesi simo, okuyiyodwa kuphela engenzeka ngokomzimba.
Okokuqala ukufaka amasathelayithi amaningi ku-orbit, ukuze nganoma isiphi isikhathi izingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-35 zilenga ezindaweni ezifunwa kakhulu. Uma siphinda sithatha i-steridian engu-1 endaweni ebhekekayo esibhakabhakeni kanye ne-avareji ye-orbital altitude engu-400 km, sithola ukuminyana kwezinkanyezi okungu-0,0002/sq km, noma u-100 sekukonke - uma kusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo endaweni yonke. wembulunga. Khumbula ukuthi izindlela ezikhethiwe ze-SpaceX zandisa kakhulu ukumboza ezindaweni eziminyene phakathi kwama-degree angu-000-20 enyakatho ye-latitude, futhi manje inani lamasathelayithi angu-40 libonakala liwumlingo.
Umbono wesibili upholile kakhulu, kodwa, ngokudabukisayo, awunakwenzeka. Khumbula ukuthi i-beamwidth inqunywa ububanzi be-antenna ehlukaniswe ngezigaba. Kuthiwani uma ama-array amaningi kumasathelayithi amaningana ehlanganisa amandla, enze ugongolo oluncane - njengamabonakude omsakazo afanayo (uhlelo lwe-antenna olukhulu kakhulu)? Le ndlela ihambisana nenkinga eyodwa: isisekelo phakathi kwamasathelayithi sizodinga ukubalwa ngokucophelela - ngokunemba kwe-sub-millimeter - ukuze kuzinze isigaba se-beam. Futhi noma ngabe lokhu bekungenzeka, uhlaka oluvelayo bekungeke lukwazi ukuqukatha ama-sidelobes, ngenxa yokuminyana okuphansi komlaza wesathelayithi esibhakabhakeni. Phansi, ububanzi be-beam buzoncipha bufike kumamilimitha ambalwa (okwanele ukulandelela uthi lweselula), kodwa kuzoba nezigidi zazo ngenxa yokungabi namandla okungabi namandla okumaphakathi. Ngiyabonga .
Kuvele ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwesiteshi ngokuhlukaniswa kwama-engeli—ngoba amasathelayithi ahlukene esibhakabhakeni—kunikeza ukuthuthuka okwanele kokusebenza ngaphandle kokwephula imithetho yefiziksi.
Isicelo
Ithini iphrofayela yekhasimende le-Starlink? Ngokuzenzakalelayo, lawa amakhulu ezigidi zabasebenzisi abanama-antenna alingana nebhokisi le-pizza ophahleni lwendlu yabo, kodwa kuneminye imithombo yemali engenayo ephezulu.
Ezindaweni ezikude nezasemaphandleni, iziteshi ezingaphansi azidingi izinti zezigaba ezihlukene ukuze kwandiswe ukuphakama kwesibhakabhaka, ngakho-ke okokusebenza okuncane kwabasebenzisi kungasetshenziswa, kusukela kubalandeleli bempahla ye-IoT kuya ephaketheni amafoni wesathelayithi, amabhikhoni ezimo eziphuthumayo noma amathuluzi esayensi okulandelela izilwane.
Ezindaweni eziminyene zasemadolobheni, i-Starlink izohlinzeka ngokubuyiselwa okuyisisekelo nesipele kwenethiwekhi yamaselula. Umbhoshongo weseli ngamunye ungaba nesiteshi esisebenza kahle phezulu phezulu, kodwa sebenzisa amandla angaphansi komhlaba ukuze ukhulise futhi udluliselwe phezu kwemayela lokugcina.
Futhi ekugcineni, ngisho nasezindaweni eziminyene ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kokuqala, kukhona ithuba lokusebenzisa amasathelayithi ahamba kancane ngokubambezeleka okuncane kakhulu. Izinkampani zezezimali ngokwazo zibeka imali eningi ezandleni zakho - ngokushesha nje ukuze uthole idatha ebalulekile evela emhlabeni wonke. Futhi nakuba idatha nge-Starlink izoba nendlela ende kunokuvamile - ngokusebenzisa isikhala - ijubane lokukhanya kokukhanya ku-vacuum liphakeme ngo-50% kunengilazi ye-quartz, futhi lokhu kungaphezu kokukhokhela umehluko lapho udlulisa amabanga amade.
Imiphumela engemihle
Isigaba sokugcina sinikezwe imiphumela engemihle. Inhloso ye-athikili ukukususa emibonweni eyiphutha mayelana nephrojekthi, futhi imiphumela emibi engaba khona yezingxabano ibangela kakhulu. Ngizonikeza ulwazi oluthile, ngigweme ukuhumusha okungadingekile. Angikabi i-clairvoyant, futhi anginabo abangaphakathi abavela ku-SpaceX.
Okuningi, ngokubona kwami, imiphumela emibi kakhulu ukwanda kokufinyelela ku-inthanethi. Ngisho ngisedolobheni lakithi i-Pasadena, idolobha eliphithizelayo nelicebile ngobuchwepheshe elinabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi, ikhaya lezindawo zokubuka izinto eziningana, inyuvesi esezingeni lomhlaba, kanye nesikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke seNASA, ukukhetha kunqunyelwe uma kuziwa ezinsizeni ze-inthanethi. Kulo lonke elase-US nasemhlabeni wonke, i-inthanethi isiphenduke insiza efuna ukuqasha, ama-ISP avele akhiphe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-50 ngenyanga endaweni ethokomele, engenakuncintisana. Mhlawumbe, noma iyiphi insizakalo ehlinzekwa ezindlini nezakhiwo zokuhlala iyindlu yomphakathi, kodwa ikhwalithi yezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi incane kunamanzi, ugesi noma igesi.
Inkinga ngesimo se-quo ukuthi, ngokungafani namanzi, ugesi noma igesi, i-intanethi isencane futhi ikhula ngokushesha. Sihlala sithola ukusetshenziswa okusha kwayo. Uguquko olukhulu kakhulu alukavulwa, kepha izinhlelo zephakeji zivimba ukuthi kube khona ukuncintisana nokuqamba izinto ezintsha. Kusele izigidigidi zabantu ngenxa yezimo zokuzalwa, noma ngenxa yokuthi izwe labo likude kakhulu nekhebula eliyinhloko le-submarine. Ezifundeni ezinkulu zeplanethi, i-inthanethi isalethwa ngamasathelayithi e-geostationary, ngamanani akhwabanisayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Starlink, ngokuqhubekayo, isakaza i-intanethi kusuka esibhakabhakeni, iphula le modeli. Angikazi ukuthi iyiphi enye indlela engcono yokuxhuma izigidigidi zabantu ku-inthanethi. I-SpaceX isisendleleni yokuba yi-ISP futhi okungenzeka ibe yinkampani ye-inthanethi eqhudelana ne-Google ne-Facebook. Ngiyakubheja awukucabanganga lokho.
Leyo inthanethi yesathelayithi iyindlela engcono kakhulu ayibonakali. I-SpaceX, kanye ne-SpaceX kuphela, esesimweni sokudala ngokushesha umlaza omkhulu wamasathelayithi okuwodwa okubulale ishumi leminyaka ukuze kunqamuke ukubusa kwezempi kukahulumeni nokwethula imikhumbi-mkhathi. Noma ngabe i-Iridium ibingadayisela omakhalekhukhwini ngenani elilinganiselwa eshumini, ibingeke ifinyelele ukutholwa okusabalele kusetshenziswa amaphedi okwethulwa kwendabuko. Ngaphandle kwe-SpaceX kanye nemodeli yayo yebhizinisi ehlukile, maningi amathuba okuthi i-inthanethi yesathelayithi yomhlaba wonke ngeke ivele yenzeke.
Igalelo lesibili elikhulu lizofika kusayensi yezinkanyezi. Ngemva kokwethulwa kwamasathelayithi okuqala angama-60 e-Starlink, kwaba negagasi lokugxekwa emphakathini wezinkanyezi wamazwe ngamazwe, bethi ukwanda kwenani lamasathelayithi kuzovimba ukufinyelela kwawo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Kunesisho esithi: phakathi kwezazi zezinkanyezi, upholile onesibonakude esikhulu. Ngaphandle kwehaba, ukwenza i-astronomy enkathini yesimanje kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, okusikhumbuza umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuhlaziya ngokumelene nesizinda sokukhula kokungcola kokukhanya neminye imithombo yomsindo.
Into yokugcina edingwa isazi sezinkanyezi izinkulungwane zamasathelayithi akhanyayo akhanya ekugxileni kwesibonakude. Ngempela, umlaza wokuqala we-Iridium wawudume kabi ngokuba "nezimbali" ngenxa yamaphaneli amakhulu abonisa ukukhanya kwelanga ezindaweni ezincane zomhlaba. Kwenzeka ukuthi bafinyelele ekukhanyeni kwekota yeNyanga futhi ngezinye izikhathi baze balimaza ngengozi izinzwa zezinkanyezi ezibucayi. Ukwesaba ukuthi i-Starlink izohlasela amabhendi omsakazo asetshenziswa kusayensi yezinkanyezi emsakazweni nakho akulona okungenasisekelo.
Uma ulanda uhlelo lokusebenza lokulandela ngesathelayithi, ungabona inqwaba yamasathelayithi endiza esibhakabhakeni ngobusuku obucwathile. Amasathelayithi abonakala ngemva kokushona kwelanga nangaphambi kokuntwela kokusa, kodwa kuphela lapho ekhanyiswa imisebe yelanga. Kamuva, ebusuku, iziphuphutheki azibonakali ethunzini loMhlaba. Mancane, aqhelelene kakhulu, ahamba ngokushesha okukhulu. Kukhona ithuba lokuthi bazositha inkanyezi ekude isikhathi esingaphansi kwe-millisecond, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi nokuthola lokhu kungama-hemorrhoids awodwa.
Ukukhathazeka okunamandla mayelana nokuvutha kwesibhakabhaka kwazalwa ngenxa yokuthi ungqimba lwamasathelayithi okwethulwa kokuqala lwalubekwe eduze kwesinqamuleli soMhlaba, i.e. ubusuku nemini i-Europe - futhi kwakusehlobo - ibuke isithombe esiyingqophamlando samasathelayithi endiza esibhakabhakeni kusihlwa kuhwalala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulingisa okususelwe emibikweni ye-FCC kubonise ukuthi amasathelayithi aku-1150 km orbit azobonakala ngisho nangemva kokudlula kokukhanya kwezinkanyezi. Ngokuvamile, ukuhwalala kudlula izigaba ezintathu: ezomphakathi, zasolwandle nezezinkanyezi, i.e. lapho ilanga lingu-6, 12 no-18 degrees ngaphansi komkhathizwe ngokulandelana. Ekupheleni kokuhwalala kwezinkanyezi, imisebe yelanga icishe ibe ngamakhilomitha angama-650 ukusuka phezulu endaweni eyi-zenith, ingaphandle kahle komkhathi kanye neningi le-orbit yomhlaba ephansi. Ngokusekelwe kudatha evela , ngikholelwa ukuthi wonke amasathelayithi azobekwa endaweni ephakeme engaphansi kuka-600 km. Kulokhu, zingabonakala kusihlwa, kodwa hhayi ngemva kokuhlwa, okuzonciphisa kakhulu imiphumela engaba khona yesayensi yezinkanyezi.
Inkinga yesithathu imfucumfucu ku-orbit. IN Ngaveza ukuthi amasathelayithi nemfucumfucu engaphansi kuka-600 km izosuka ku-orbit phakathi neminyaka embalwa ngenxa yokudonsa komkhathi, kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba ne-Kessler's syndrome. I-SpaceX ingcolisa sengathi ayinandaba nhlobo nodoti wasemkhathini. Lapha ngibheka imininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwe-Starlink, futhi kunzima kimi ukucabanga indlela engcono yokunciphisa inani lemfucumfucu ku-orbit.
Amasathelayithi ethulwa endaweni ephakeme engu-350 km, bese endizela ezinjinini ezakhelwe ngaphakathi aye emzileni wawo ohlosiwe. Noma iyiphi isathelayithi efa lapho yethulwa izobe ingekho emzileni emavikini ambalwa, futhi ngeke inyakaze kwenye indawo izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Lokhu kubekwa kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kokungena mahhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasathelayithi e-Starlink ayisicaba ngokwehlukana, okusho ukuthi ngokulahlekelwa ukulawula ukuphakama, angena ezingqimbeni eziminyene zomkhathi.
Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi i-SpaceX isiphenduke ingqalabutho kwezomkhathi, isiqala ukusebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo zokukhweza esikhundleni sama-squibs. Cishe wonke amaphedi okuqalisa asebenzisa ama-squibs lapho kuthunyelwa izigaba, amasathelayithi, ama-radome, njll., okwandisa amandla emfucumfucu. I-SpaceX iphinde ihlukanise ngamabomu izigaba ezingenhla, ivimbele ukuthi zingalengi emkhathini unomphela, ukuze zingaboli futhi zihlakazeke endaweni enzima yasemkhathini.
Okokugcina, udaba lokugcina engingathanda ukukusho yithuba lokuthi i-SpaceX izongena esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-inthanethi ekhona ngokwakha eyayo. Ku-niche yayo, i-SpaceX isivele isungulwe yedwa. Isifiso sohulumeni abayizimbangi kuphela sokuthola ukufinyelela okuqinisekisiwe emkhathini esivimbela amarokhethi abizayo nangasasebenzi, avame ukuqoqwa osonkontileka abakhulu bezokuvikela abazimele, ukuthi angalahli.
Akunzima ukucabanga ukuthi i-SpaceX yethula amasathelayithi ayo angu-2030 ngonyaka ngo-6000, kanye namasathelayithi ambalwa ezinhloli ngesilinganiso esihle. Amasathelayithi e-SpaceX ashibhile futhi anokwethenjelwa azothengisa "indawo yokubeka" kumadivayisi ezinkampani zangaphandle. Noma iyiphi inyuvesi eyakha ikhamera ekwazi isikhala ingayifaka ku-orbit ngaphandle kokumboza izindleko zokwakha yonke indawo yesikhala. Ngokufinyelela okuthuthukile nokungenamkhawulo emkhathini, i-Starlink isivele ihlotshaniswa namasathelayithi, kuyilapho abakhiqizi bomlando sebeba yinto yesikhathi esidlule.
Kunezibonelo emlandweni wezinkampani ezibona kude eziye zathatha indawo enkulu kangaka emakethe kangangokuthi amagama azo abe ngamagama asekhaya: Hoover, Westinghouse, Kleenex, Google, Frisbee, Xerox, Kodak, Motorola, IBM.
Inkinga ingase iphakame lapho inkampani ephayona ihileleka emikhubeni ephikisana nokuncintisana ukuze igcine isabelo sayo semakethe, nakuba lokhu kuvame ukuvunyelwa kusukela kuMongameli uReagan. I-SpaceX ingagcina ukubusa kwe-Starlink ngokuphoqa abanye abathuthukisi bezinkanyezi ukuthi bethule amasathelayithi kumarokhethi e-vintage Soviet. Izenzo ezifanayo zenziwe , okuhambisana nokumiswa kwentengo yokuthutha iposi, kwaholela ekuweni ngo-1934. Ngenhlanhla, i-SpaceX mancane amathuba okuthi igcine i-monopoly ngokuphelele kumarokhethi asebenziseka kabusha unomphela.
Okukhathaza kakhulu ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwe-SpaceX amashumi ezinkulungwane zamasathelayithi anemizila ephansi kungase kuklanywe njengendlela yokuhlanganisa ama-commons. Inkampani ezimele, ephishekela inzuzo yomuntu siqu, ihlwitha ubunikazi obuhlala njalo obusesidlangalaleni kanye nezikhundla ze-orbital ezazingahlali muntu. Futhi nakuba izinto ezintsha ze-SpaceX zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwenza imali endaweni engenalutho, ingxenye enkulu yemali yengqondo ye-SpaceX yakhiwe ngezigidigidi zamadola kwisabelomali socwaningo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sidinga imithetho ezovikela izindlela zokutshala izimali ezizimele, ucwaningo kanye nentuthuko. Ngaphandle kwalesi sivikelo, abasunguli abasha ngeke bakwazi ukuxhasa ngezimali amaphrojekthi afuna ukuvelela, noma bazohambisa izinkampani zabo lapho behlinzekwa khona lokho kuvikelwa. Kunoma yikuphi, umphakathi uyahlupheka ngoba inzuzo ayikhiqizwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho iyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe abantu, abanikazi besizinda somphakathi okuhlanganisa nesibhakabhaka, ezinkampanini ezizimele ezifuna ukuqasha ezihlanganisa izimpahla zomphakathi. Ngokwakhe, akukho okuyiqiniso noma okunokwenzeka. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-SpaceX kunikeza ithuba lokuthola indawo ejabulisayo kule makethe entsha. Sizoqaphela ukuthi kutholakele lapho sikhulisa imvamisa yokuqamba izinto ezintsha nokudala inhlalakahle yomphakathi.
Imicabango yokugcina
Ngibhale lesi sihloko ngokushesha nje lapho ngiqeda enye - . Kube yisonto elishisayo. Kokubili i-Starship ne-Starlink ubuchwepheshe obuguquguqukayo obudalwa phambi kwamehlo ethu, ezimpilweni zethu. Uma ngibona abazukulu bami bekhula, bayomangala kakhulu ukuthi ngimdala kuno-Starlink, hhayi ukuthi ebuntwaneni bami kwakungekho amaselula (izingcezu zemnyuziyamu) noma i-intanethi yomphakathi ngeseku.
Abacebile namasosha kudala besebenzisa i-inthanethi yesathelayithi, kodwa i-Starlink etholakala yonke indawo, ejwayelekile, futhi eshibhile ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-Starship.
Ukwethulwa sekukhulunywe ngakho isikhathi eside, kepha i-Starship, eshibhile futhi ngenxa yalokho inkundla ethokozisayo, ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-Starlink.
I-astronautics ephethwe abantu sekukhulunywe ngayo isikhathi eside, futhi uma— bese uba nokukhanya okuluhlaza. Nge-Starship kanye ne-Starlink, ukuhlola indawo yomuntu kuyinto efinyelelekayo, eseduze, nokuphonswa kwetshe ukusuka endaweni engaphandle kwe-orbital kuya emadolobheni anezimboni endaweni ejulile.
Source: www.habr.com