Alikho iqhwa elanele engxenyeni emaphakathi yeRussia kulobu busika. Kwawa kwezinye izindawo, kunjalo, kodwa ngoJanuwari umuntu angalindela isimo sezulu esibandayo nesikhithika. Ubumpunga obufiphele kanye ne-slush engathandeki kuvimbela ukuthi uzwe injabulo yobumnandi obujwayelekile basebusika. Yingakho i-Cloud4Y ihlongoza ukwengeza iqhwa elincane ezimpilweni zethu ngokukhuluma... amakhekheba eqhwa.
Kukholakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zamakhekheba eqhwa. Futhi omunye wososayensi, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi "ubaba" we-snowflake physics, unombono omusha wokuchaza isizathu salokhu. ungumuntu omangalisayo olungele ukushiya i-Southern California efudumele ilanga phakathi nobusika ukuze afike e-Fairbanks (Alaska), agqoke ijakhethi efudumele futhi ahlale ensimini efriziwe enekhamera kanye nesiqephu segwebu ezandleni zakhe. .
Kwani? Ubheka amakhekheba eqhwa acwebezelayo, akhiwe kakhulu, amahle kakhulu angadalwa yimvelo. Ngokusho kwakhe, amasampula athakazelisa kakhulu avame ukwakheka ezindaweni ezibandayo - iFairbanks edume kabi kanye neqhwa elisenyakatho yeNew York. Iqhwa elihle kunawo wonke uKenneth ake alibona lalise-Cochrane, indawo esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ontario, lapho imimoya elula yayizungeza amakhekheba eqhwa njengoba ewa esibhakabhakeni.
Ehlatshwe umxhwele izakhi, u-Libbrecht ufunda ibhodi lakhe legwebu ngokuqina komvubukuli. Uma kukhona okuthakazelisayo lapho, iso lizoyibamba nakanjani. Uma kungenjalo, iqhwa lishanelwa ebhodini, futhi konke kuqala futhi. Futhi lokhu kuthatha amahora.
U-Libbrecht uyisazi se-physics. Ngokuzenzakalela okuhlekisayo, ilabhorethri yakhe e-California Institute of Technology yenza ucwaningo ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi seLanga futhi isize yathuthukisa amathuluzi esimanje okuthola amagagasi adonsela phansi. Kodwa eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, uthando lwangempela lwe-Libbrecht bekuyiqhwa-hhayi nje ukubonakala kwayo, kodwa yini eyenza ibukeke ngaleyo ndlela. βUmbuzo wokuthi hlobo luni lwezinto eziwa esibhakabhakeni, kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi kungani zibukeka ngendlela ezibukeka ngayo, ungihlupha ngaso sonke isikhathi,β kuvuma uKenneth.
Isikhathi eside, kwakwanele ukuba izazi zefiziksi zazi ukuthi phakathi kwamakristalu amancane eqhwa, izinhlobo ezimbili ezivelele zingahlukaniswa. Enye yazo iyinkanyezi eyisicaba enezingalo eziyisithupha noma eziyishumi nambili, ngayinye ehlotshiswe ngeleyisi enhle ngokumangalisayo. Enye iwuhlobo lwekholomu encane, ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganiswe phakathi "kwesembozo" esiyisicaba, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ifana nebhawudi evamile. Lezi zimo zingabonakala emazingeni okushisa ahlukene kanye nomswakama, kodwa isizathu sokwakheka kwesimo esithile bekuyimfihlakalo. Iminyaka yokubuka kukaLibbrecht yasiza ekuqondeni kangcono inqubo yokucwebezela kwamakhekheba eqhwa.
Umsebenzi we-Libbrecht kule ndawo usize ekwakheni imodeli entsha echaza ukuthi kungani amakhekheba eqhwa namanye amakristalu eqhwa akha lokho esijwayele ukukubona. Ngokombono wakhe, ku-inthanethi ngo-Okthoba 2019, ichaza ukunyakaza kwama-molecule amanzi eduze nendawo yokuqandisa (crystallization) nokuthi ukunyakaza okuqondile kwala ma-molecule kungadala kanjani iqoqo lamakristalu akha ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene. Kweyakhe Emakhasini angu-540, i-Libbrecht ichaza lonke ulwazi mayelana namakristalu eqhwa.
Izinkanyezi ezinamaphoyinti ayisithupha
Yebo, uyazi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukubona amakhekheba eqhwa amabili afanayo (ngaphandle kwesiteji sokuqala). Leli qiniso lihlobene nendlela amakristalu akheka ngayo esibhakabhakeni. Iqhwa iqoqo lamakristalu eqhwa akha emkhathini futhi agcine umumo wawo lapho ewela ndawonye eMhlabeni. Zakha lapho umkhathi ubanda ngokwanele ukuzivimbela ekuhlanganeni noma ekuncibilikeni zibe yiqhwa noma imvula.
Nakuba amazinga okushisa amaningi kanye nokuswakama kungarekhodwa ngaphakathi kwefu elilodwa, kukhekheba leqhwa elilodwa lezi ziguquguqukayo zizoba njalo. Yingakho ikhekheba leqhwa livame ukukhula ngokulinganayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhekheba leqhwa ngalinye livezwa umoya, ukukhanya kwelanga nezinye izici. Empeleni, i-crystal ngayinye ingaphansi kwesiphithiphithi sefu, ngakho-ke ithatha amafomu ahlukene.
Ngokocwaningo lukaLibbrecht, ukucabanga kwasekuqaleni ngalawa mafomu athambile kubhalwe ngo-135 BC. eChina. βIzimbali zezitshalo nezihlahla ngokuvamile zinezici ezinhlanu, kodwa izimbali zeqhwa zihlala zinamaphuzu ayisithupha,β kubhala isazi uHan Yin. Futhi usosayensi wokuqala owazama ukuthola ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka cishe uJohannes Kepler, usosayensi waseJalimane kanye ne-polymath.
Ngo-1611, uKepler wethula isipho sikaNcibijane kumphathi wakhe, uMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma uRudolf II: isilwane esincane. enesihloko esithi "About Hexagonal Snowflakes".
βNgiwela ibhuloho, ngihlushwa amahloni - ngikushiye ungenaso isipho sikaNcibijane! Kwase kuvela ithuba kimi! Umhwamuko wamanzi, ogqitshwe emakhazeni waba yiqhwa, uwela njengamakhekheba eqhwa ezingutsheni zami, wonke, njengenye, eyi-hexagonal, enemisebe ekhanyayo. Ngifunga uHercules, nansi into encane kunanoma yiliphi ithonsi, inomumo, ingasebenza njengesipho sikaNcibijane esilindelwe isikhathi eside kumthandi we-Nothing futhi ifanele isazi sezibalo esingenalutho futhi esingatholi lutho, kusukela lapho. awe esibhakabhakeni futhi afihle ngaphakathi kwawo ukufana kwenkanyezi enezinhlangothi ezine!
βKumele kube nesizathu sokuthi kungani iqhwa limise okwenkanyezi enezinhlangothi ezine. Lokhu akukwazi ukuba yingozi,β uJohannes Kepler wayeqinisekile. Mhlawumbe wakhumbula incwadi eyayivela kulowo owayephila ngesikhathi sakhe uThomas Harriot, usosayensi oyiNgisi nesazi sezinkanyezi naye owakwazi ukusebenza njengetilosi lomhloli wamazwe uSir Walter Raleigh. Cishe ngo-1584, u-Harriot wayefuna indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokubeka ama-cannonballs emikhunjini yemikhumbi ye-Raleigh. U-Harriot uthole ukuthi amaphethini angama-hexagonal abonakala eyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlela ama-sphere, futhi waxoxa ngalolu daba ngokubhalelana no-Kepler. U-Kepler wazibuza ukuthi ingabe kwenzeka okuthile okufanayo kumakhekheba eqhwa nokuthi iyiphi into ebangela le misebe eyisithupha idalwe futhi inakekelwe.
Amakhekheba eqhwa
Singasho ukuthi lokhu kwakuwukuqonda kokuqala kwezimiso ze-atomic physics, okuzoxoxwa ngakho eminyakeni engu-300 kuphela kamuva. Ngempela, ama-molecule amanzi, nama-athomu awo amabili e-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo owodwa, athambekele ekuhlanganeni akhe ama-array anezinhlangothi ezine. UKepler nabantu besikhathi sakhe babengazi ukuthi lokhu kwakubaluleke kangakanani.
Njengoba izazi zefiziksi zisho, ngenxa ye-hydrogen bonding kanye nokusebenzisana kwama-molecule namanye, singakwazi ukubona isakhiwo se-crystalline esivulekile. Ngaphezu kwekhono layo lokukhulisa amakhekheba eqhwa, isakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezine sivumela iqhwa ukuba lingabi minyene kunamanzi, elinemiphumela emikhulu ku-geochemistry, geophysics kanye nesimo sezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, ukube iqhwa belingakwazi ukuntanta, ukuphila eMhlabeni bekungeke kwenzeke.
Kodwa ngemva kwencwadi kaKepler, ukubuka amakhekheba eqhwa kwakuwumsebenzi wokuzilibazisa kunesayensi engathi sΓna. Ngawo-1880, umthwebuli wezithombe waseMelika uWilson Bentley, owayehlala endaweni ebandayo, idolobha elincane laseJeriko (eVermont, eU.SA), elalihlala likhithika, waqala ukuthatha izithombe zamakhekheba eqhwa esebenzisa amapuleti ezithombe. Ukwazile ukwenza izithombe ezingaphezu kuka-5000 ngaphambi kokuba abulawe yinyumoniya.
Ngisho nangemva kwalokho, ngawo-1930, umcwaningi waseJapane u-Ukichiro Nakaya waqala ukutadisha ngokuhlelekile izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakristalu eqhwa. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka, uNakaya watshala amakhekheba eqhwa elabhorethri esebenzisa izinwele zonogwaja ezibekwe ekamelweni eliqandisiwe. Wasebenzisa izilungiselelo zomswakama nezinga lokushisa, izinhlobo eziyisisekelo ezikhulayo zamakristalu, futhi wahlanganisa ikhathalogi yakhe yokuqala yokwakheka okungenzeka. U-Nakaya wathola ukuthi izinkanyezi zeqhwa zivame ukwakheka ku--2Β°C naku--15Β°C. Amakholomu akha ku -5 Β°C futhi cishe -30 Β°C.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela lapha ukuthi ekushiseni okungaba ngu-2 Β°C kuvela amakhekheba eqhwa amancane afana namapuleti amancane, ku-5 Β°C enza amakholomu amancane nezinaliti, lapho izinga lokushisa lehla liye ku-15 Β°C liba mncane ngempela. amapuleti, futhi emazingeni okushisa angaphansi - Ku-30 Β°C abuyela kumakholomu aminyene.
Ezimweni eziphansi zomswakama, amakhekheba eqhwa enkanyezi akha amagatsha amaningana futhi afana namapuleti angama-hexagonal, kodwa uma kunomswakama ophezulu abe eyinkimbinkimbi futhi e-lacy.
Ngokusho kukaLibbrecht, izizathu zokuvela kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhekheba eqhwa zacaca ngenxa yomsebenzi kaNakai. Kutholwe ukuthi amakristalu eqhwa akhula abe izinkanyezi eziyisicaba namapuleti (kunokuba kube nezakhiwo ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu) lapho imiphetho ikhula ngokushesha ngaphandle futhi ubuso bukhula kancane bubheke phezulu. Amakholomu azacile akhula ngendlela ehlukile, anemiphetho ekhula ngokushesha kanye nemiphetho ekhula kancane.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinqubo eziyisisekelo ezithonya ukuthi i-snowflake iba inkanyezi noma ikholomu zihlala zingacacile. Mhlawumbe imfihlo ilele ezimweni zokushisa. Futhi uLibbrecht wazama ukuthola impendulo yalo mbuzo.
Iresiphi ye-snowflake
Ehlangene neqembu lakhe elincane labacwaningi, uLibbrecht uzame ukuqhamuka neresiphi yekhekheba leqhwa. Okusho ukuthi, isethi ethile yezibalo nemingcele engalayishwa kukhompuyutha futhi ithole izinhlobonhlobo ezinhle zamakhekheba eqhwa avela ku-AI.
U-Kenneth Libbrecht waqala ucwaningo lwakhe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule ngemva kokufunda ngesimo sekhekheba leqhwa elingavamile elibizwa ngokuthi ikholomu evaliwe. Kubukeka njenge-spool yentambo noma amasondo amabili ne-asili. Wazalelwa enyakatho yezwe, washaqeka ukuthi wayengakaze alibone ikhekheba leqhwa elinjalo.
Emangazwe ukubunjwa okungapheli kwamakristalu eqhwa, waqala ukwenza imvelo yabo ngokudala ilabhorethri yokutshala amakhekheba eqhwa. Imiphumela yeminyaka eminingi yokubhekwa yasiza ekwakheni imodeli umlobi ngokwakhe ayibheka njengempumelelo. Uhlongoze umbono wokusatshalaliswa kwamangqamuzana ngokusekelwe kumandla angaphezulu. Lo mbono uchaza ukuthi ukukhula kwekristalu yeqhwa kuncike kanjani ezimweni zokuqala kanye nokuziphatha kwama-molecule awakhayo.
Ake ucabange ukuthi ama-molecule amanzi ahlelwe ngokukhululekile njengoba umhwamuko uqala ukuba yiqhwa. Uma ubungaba ngaphakathi kwendawo encane yokubuka izinto futhi ubheke le nqubo, ubungabona indlela amangqamuzana amanzi ayiqhwa aqala ngayo ukwakha i-lattice eqinile, lapho i-athomu ngalinye lomoya-mpilo lizungezwe ama-athomu amane e-hydrogen. Lawa makristalu akhula ngokuhlanganisa ama-molecule amanzi asuka emoyeni ozungezile abe esakhiweni sawo. Zingakhula ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: phezulu noma ngaphandle.
I-crystal encane, eyisicaba (i-lamellar noma emise okwenkanyezi) yakheka lapho imiphetho yakheka ngokushesha kunobuso obubili bekristalu. Ikristalu ekhulayo izosabalala ngaphandle. Nokho, lapho ubuso bayo bukhula ngokushesha kunemiphetho yayo, ikristalu iba yinde, yakhe inaliti, insika engenalutho, noma udondolo.
Izinhlobo ezingavamile zamakhekheba eqhwa
Omunye umzuzu futhi. Qaphela isithombe sesithathu, esithathwe yi-Libbrecht enyakatho ye-Ontario. Lena "ikholomu evaliwe" - amapuleti amabili anamathiselwe ekugcineni kwekristalu eliwugqinsi. Kulokhu, ipuleti ngalinye lihlukaniswe libe ngamapuleti amancane kakhulu. Bheka eduze emaphethelweni, uzobona ukuthi ipuleti lihlukaniswe kanjani kabili. Amaphethelo ala mapuleti amabili azacile acishe acije njengensingo. Ubude obuphelele bekholomu yeqhwa bungaba ngu-1,5 mm.
Ngokusho kwemodeli ye-Libbrecht, umhwamuko wamanzi uqala uhlale emakhoneni ekristalu bese usakazeka (uhlakazeka) eduze nendawo noma emaphethelweni ekristalu noma ebusweni bayo, okwenza ukuthi ikristalu ikhule ngaphandle noma phezulu. Iyiphi kulezi zinqubo "ephumelelayo" incike kakhulu ekushiseni.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi imodeli "i-semi-empirical". Okusho ukuthi, ihlelwe ngokwengxenye ukuze ihambisane nalokho okwenzekayo, futhi hhayi ukuchaza izimiso zokukhula kweqhwa. Ukungaqini nokusebenzelana phakathi kwama-molecule angenakubalwa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuthi kungaxazululwa ngokugcwele. Kodwa-ke, ithemba lihlala liwukuthi imibono ye-Libbrecht izosebenza njengesisekelo semodeli ebanzi ye-dynamics yokukhula kweqhwa, engachazwa ngezilinganiso eziningiliziwe kanye nokuhlola.
Umuntu akufanele acabange ukuthi lokhu okuphawuliwe kuyathakazelisa kumbuthano omncane wososayensi. Imibuzo efanayo iphakama ku-condensed matter physics nakweminye imikhakha. Ama-molecule ezidakamizwa, ama-semiconductor chips amakhompuyutha, amaseli elanga kanye nenqwaba yezinye izimboni zithembele kumakristalu ekhwalithi ephezulu, futhi wonke amaqembu azinikele ekuwakhuliseni. Ngakho amakhekheba eqhwa athandwa kakhulu yi-Libbrecht angase asebenze ukuze kuzuze isayensi.
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Source: www.habr.com