Qaphela. transl.: Lesi sihloko, esibe yi-hit ku-Medium, isifinyezo sezinguquko ezibalulekile (2010-2019) emhlabeni wezilimi zokuhlela kanye ne-ecosystem yobuchwepheshe ehlobene (ngokugxila okukhethekile ku-Docker ne-Kubernetes). Umbhali wayo wangempela nguCindy Sridharan, ogxile kumathuluzi onjiniyela kanye nezinhlelo ezisatshalaliswa - ikakhulukazi, wabhala incwadi ethi "Distributed Systems Observability" - futhi idume kakhulu esikhaleni se-inthanethi phakathi kochwepheshe be-IT, ikakhulukazi abanentshisekelo esihlokweni somdabu wamafu.
Njengoba unyaka ka-2019 uphela, bengifuna ukwabelana ngemicabango yami ngezinye zentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngizozama ukubheka kancane esikhathini esizayo futhi ngichaze izinkinga eziyinhloko namathuba eshumi leminyaka elizayo.
Ngifuna ukukucacisa ukuthi kulesi sihloko angifaki izinguquko ezindaweni ezifana nesayensi yedatha (isayensi yedatha), ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, ubunjiniyela obuphambili, njll., njengoba mina ngokwami ngingenalo ulwazi olwanele kuzo.
Ukufanekisa Kuphinda Kuhlasele
Enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zowezi-2010 kwaba ukuvuselelwa kwezilimi ezibhalwe ngezibalo. Kodwa-ke, izilimi ezinjalo azikaze zinyamalale (i-C++ ne-Java ziyadingeka namuhla; zazibusa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule), kodwa izilimi ezithayiphiwe (dynamics) zaba nokwanda okukhulu kokuthandwa ngemva kokuvela kokunyakaza kweRuby on Rails ngo-2005. . Lokhu kukhula kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-2009 ngomthombo ovulekile we-Node.js, okwenza i-Javascript-on-the-server yaba ngokoqobo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izilimi eziguqukayo ziye zalahlekelwa okunye kokukhanga kwazo emkhakheni wokwenza isoftware yeseva. Ulimi lwe-Go, olwaduma ngesikhathi soguquko lweziqukathi, lubonakala lufaneleka kangcono ekudaleni amaseva asebenza kahle kakhulu, awonga izinsiza, ahambisanayo (okuzo umdali we-Node.js ngokwakhe).
I-Rust, eyethulwe ngo-2010, ifaka phakathi intuthuko ngomzamo wokuba ulimi oluphephile nolubhalwe ngomshini. Engxenyeni yokuqala yeshumi leminyaka, ukwamukelwa kwemboni ye-Rust kwakusivivi, kodwa ukuthandwa kwayo kwanda kakhulu engxenyeni yesibili. Izimo eziphawulekayo zokusebenzisa i-Rust zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo , (sakhuluma ngakho ku - cishe. transl.), i-WebAssembly compiler yokuqala kusuka ku-Fastly (manje ingxenye ye-bytecodealliance), njll. Njengoba i-Microsoft icabangela ithuba lokubhala kabusha izingxenye ezithile ze-Windows OS ku-Rust, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi lolu limi lunekusasa eliqhakazile ngeminyaka yawo-2020.
Ngisho nezilimi eziguqukayo zithole izici ezintsha ezifana nalezi (izinhlobo ozikhethela). Aqale asetshenziswa ku-TypeScript, ulimi olukuvumela ukuthi udale ikhodi ethayiphiwe bese uyihlanganisela ku-JavaScript. I-PHP, i-Ruby ne-Python banezinhlelo zabo zokuthayipha abazikhethela (, ), ezisetshenziswe ngempumelelo ku .
Ibuyisela i-SQL ku-NoSQL
I-NoSQL ingobunye ubuchwepheshe obabudume kakhulu ekuqaleni kweshumi leminyaka kunasekupheleni. Ngicabanga ukuthi kunezizathu ezimbili zalokhu.
Okokuqala, imodeli ye-NoSQL, ngokuntuleka kwayo kwe-schema, ukuthengiselana, kanye neziqinisekiso ezibuthakathaka zokungaguquguquki, kube nzima kakhulu ukukusebenzisa kunemodeli ye-SQL. IN enesihloko esithi "Kungani kufanele ukhethe ukungaguquguquki okuqinile noma nini lapho kungenzeka" (Kungani kufanele ukhethe ukungaguquguquki okuqinile, noma nini lapho kungenzeka) U-Google uyabhala:
Enye yezinto esizifundile kwa-Google ukuthi ikhodi yohlelo lokusebenza ilula futhi isikhathi sokuthuthukisa sifushane lapho onjiniyela bengathembela esitokisini esikhona ukuze baphathe okwenziwayo okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi bagcine idatha ihlelekile. Ukucaphuna imibhalo yokuqala ye-Spanner, "Sikholelwa ukuthi kungcono ukuthi abahleli bezinhlelo babhekane nezinkinga zokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa kokwenziwe njengoba kuphakama izingqinamba, kunokuba bahlale bekhumbula ukungabikho kokuthenga."
Isizathu sesibili kungenxa yokwanda "kwe-scale-out" yolwazi olusabalalisiwe lwe-SQL (njenge и ) endaweni yamafu yomphakathi, kanye nezinye izindlela zomthombo ovulekile njenge-CockroachDB (sikhuluma ngaye futhi - cishe. transl.), ezixazulula izinkinga eziningi zobuchwepheshe ezibangele ukuthi izingosi zolwazi ze-SQL "zingalinganisi." Ngisho ne-MongoDB, eyake yaba isiqephu sokunyakaza kwe-NoSQL, manje ukuthengiselana okusabalalisiwe.
Ezimweni ezidinga ukufundwa kwe-athomu futhi kubhalwe kuwo wonke amadokhumenti amaningi (kulo lonke iqoqo elilodwa noma amaningi), i-MongoDB isekela ukuthengiswa kwemibhalo eminingi. Endabeni yemisebenzi esabalalisiwe, ukuthengiselana kungasetshenziswa kuyo yonke imisebenzi eminingi, amaqoqo, isizindalwazi, imibhalo, namashadi.
Ukusakaza okuphelele
I-Apache Kafka ngokungangabazeki ingenye yezinto eziqanjiwe ezibaluleke kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Ikhodi yayo yomthombo yavulwa ngoJanuwari 2011, futhi ngokuhamba kweminyaka, i-Kafka iguqule indlela amabhizinisi asebenza ngayo ngedatha. I-Kafka isetshenziswe kuzo zonke izinkampani engizisebenzele, kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ezinkampanini ezinkulu. Iziqinisekiso nezimo zokusebenzisa ezihlinzekayo (i-pub-sub, imifudlana, izakhiwo eziqhutshwa umcimbi) zisetshenziswa emisebenzini eyahlukene, kusukela ekugcinweni kwedatha kuya ekuhlolweni nasekuhlaziyeni kokusakaza, okufunwa kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi njengezezimali, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, umkhakha kahulumeni, okudayisa nokunye.
Ukuhlanganiswa Okuqhubekayo (futhi kancane kancane Nokuthunyelwa Okuqhubekayo)
I-Continuous Integration ayizange ivele eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, kodwa kule minyaka eyishumi edlule selisakazeke ngezinga elingaka, osekuyingxenye yokugeleza komsebenzi okujwayelekile (sebenzisa izivivinyo kuzo zonke izicelo zokudonsa). Ukusungula i-GitHub njengenkundla yokuthuthukisa nokugcina ikhodi futhi, okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba komsebenzi okusekelwe kusho ukuthi ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo ngaphambi kokwamukela isicelo sokudonsa ku-master is kuphela ukuhamba komsebenzi ekuthuthukisweni, okujwayelekile konjiniyela abaqale imisebenzi yabo eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.
Ukuthunyelwa Okuqhubekayo (ukuthumela umsebenzi ngamunye uma kufika okuyinhloko) akusakazekile njengokuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, ngobuningi bama-API wamafu ahlukene okusetshenziswa, ukukhula okukhulayo kokuthandwa kwezinkundla ezifana ne-Kubernetes (ehlinzeka nge-API emisiwe yokuthunyelwa), kanye nokuvela kwamapulatifomu amaningi, amathuluzi amafu amaningi njenge-Spinnaker (eyakhelwe phezu kwalawo amisiwe). APIs), izinqubo zokusatshalaliswa sezizenzekele kakhulu, zenziwa lula, futhi, ngokuvamile, zivikeleke kakhulu.
Izitsha
Iziqukathi mhlawumbe ziwubuchwepheshe obushiswa kakhulu, okuxoxwe ngakho, obukhangisiwe nobungaqondwa kahle ngeminyaka yawo-2010. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingenye yezinto ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu zeshumi leminyaka eledlule. Ingxenye yesizathu sayo yonke le cacophony ilele kuzimpawu ezixubile ebesizithola cishe yonke indawo. Manje njengoba i-hype yehlile kancane, ezinye izinto sezigxile kakhulu.
Iziqukathi sezidumile hhayi ngoba ziyindlela engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza olwanelisa izidingo zomphakathi wonjiniyela womhlaba. Iziqukathi zaduma ngoba zingena ngempumelelo esicelweni sokumaketha sethuluzi elithile elixazulula inkinga ehluke ngokuphelele. Kwavela ukuthi i-Docker kumnandi ithuluzi lokuthuthukisa elixazulula inkinga ecindezelayo yokuhambisana ("isebenza emshinini wami").
Ngokunembayo, uguquko lwenziwa Isithombe se-Docker, ngoba ixazulule inkinga yokulingana phakathi kwezindawo futhi yanikeza ukuphatheka kweqiniso hhayi kuphela kwefayela lesicelo, kodwa futhi nayo yonke isofthiwe yayo kanye nokuncika kokusebenza. Iqiniso lokuthi leli thuluzi ngandlela thize ligqugquzele ukuduma “kweziqukathi,” okuyimininingwane esezingeni eliphansi kakhulu yokuqaliswa, kusala kimina mhlawumbe kuyimfihlakalo eyinhloko yeshumi leminyaka elidlule.
Iseva
Ngingabheja ukuthi ukufika kwekhompyutha "engenasiphakeli" kubaluleke kakhulu kuneziqukathi ngoba kwenza ngempela iphupho lekhompuyutha efunwa kakhulu libe ngokoqobo. (efunwa kakhulu). Kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, ngibone indlela engenaseva ikhula kancane kancane ngokwengeza ukusekelwa kwezilimi ezintsha nezikhathi zokusebenza. Ukuvela kwemikhiqizo efana ne-Azure Durable Functions kubonakala kuyisinyathelo esifanele ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu (ngasikhathi sinye isinqumo esiwujuqu). ezihlobene nemikhawulo ye-FaaS). Ngizobuka ngentshisekelo ukuthi le paradigm entsha ithuthuka kanjani eminyakeni ezayo.
Ukuzenzakalela
Mhlawumbe umzuzi omkhulu walo mkhuba umphakathi wobunjiniyela bokusebenza, njengoba unike amandla imiqondo efana nengqalasizinda njengekhodi (IaC) ukuthi ibe ngokoqobo. Ukwengeza, uthando lokuzenzakalela luhambisane nokukhuphuka “kwesiko le-SRE,” okuhloswe ngalo ukuthatha indlela yokusebenza egxile kakhulu kwisoftware.
I-Universal API-fication
Esinye isici esijabulisayo seshumi leminyaka elidlule kube yi-API-fication yemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokuthuthukisa. Ama-API amahle, aguquguqukayo avumela umthuthukisi ukuthi akhe ukugeleza komsebenzi namathuluzi amasha, nawo asize ngokulungiswa kanye nokwenza ngcono ulwazi lomsebenzisi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-API-fication iyisinyathelo sokuqala esibheke ku-SaaS-fication yokusebenza okuthile noma ithuluzi. Lo mkhuba uphinde waqondana nokwenyuka kokuthandwa kwama-microservices: I-SaaS isiphenduke enye isevisi engafinyelelwa nge-API. Manje kunamathuluzi amaningi e-SaaS kanye ne-FOSS atholakala ezindaweni ezifana nokuqapha, izinkokhelo, ukulinganisa umthwalo, ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo, izexwayiso, ukushintsha izici. (isici sokuhlaba umkhosi), i-CDN, ubunjiniyela bethrafikhi (isb. DNS), njll., ezithuthuke kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.
Ukuqaphela
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi namuhla siyakwazi ukufinyelela ethuthuke kakhulu amathuluzi okuqapha kanye nokuxilonga ukuziphatha kwesicelo kunangaphambili. Uhlelo lokuqapha lwe-Prometheus, oluthole isimo se-Open Source ngo-2015, lungabizwa mhlawumbe okuncono uhlelo lokuqapha kulabo engisebenze nabo. Ayiphelele, kodwa inani elibalulekile lezinto lenziwa ngendlela efanele (isibonelo, ukusekela izilinganiso [ubukhulu] endabeni yamamethrikhi).
Ukulandela ngomkhondo okusatshalalisiwe kwakungobunye ubuchwepheshe obangena kwejwayelekile ngeminyaka yawo-2010, ngenxa yezinhlelo ezifana ne-OpenTracing (kanye nomlandeli wayo i-OpenTelemetry). Nakuba ukulandelela kusenzima kakhulu ukukusebenzisa, okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwakamuva kunikeza ithemba lokuthi sizovula amandla ako eqiniso ngawo-2020. (Qaphela: Funda futhi kubhulogi yethu ukuhunyushwa kwesihloko esithi “"ngombhali ofanayo.)
Ukubheka ikusasa
Ngeshwa, maningi amaphuzu obuhlungu alindele ukuxazululwa kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo. Nansi imicabango yami ngazo kanye neminye imibono engaba khona yokuthi ungaziqeda kanjani.
Ukuxazulula Inkinga Yomthetho kaMoore
Ukuphela komthetho kaDennard wokukala kanye nokusalela emuva komthetho kaMoore kudinga ukusungulwa okusha. UJohn Hennessy uchaza ukuthi kungani imilutha yezinkinga (okuqondile isizinda) izakhiwo ezifana ne-TPU zingase zibe esinye sezixazululo enkingeni yokusalela emuva komthetho kaMoore. Amathuluzi afana kusuka ku-Google kakade kubonakala kuyisinyathelo esihle sokuya phambili kulokhu:
Ama-compilers kumele asekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha, afakwe kalula ku-Hardware entsha, axhumanise izendlalelo eziningi zokukhishwa kusukela ezilimini eziguquguqukayo, ezilawulwayo kuye kuma-accelerator e-vector kanye namadivayisi okugcina alawulwa yisoftware, kuyilapho ehlinzeka ngokushintsha okusezingeni eliphezulu koku-auto-tuning, ehlinzeka nje- ekusebenzeni -isikhathi, ukuxilonga, kanye nokusabalalisa ulwazi lokususa iphutha mayelana nokusebenza nokusebenza kwamasistimu kuso sonke isitaki, kuyilapho ezimweni eziningi kuhlinzeka ngokusebenza okusondele kakhulu kusihlanganisi esibhalwe ngesandla. Sihlose ukwabelana ngombono wethu, inqubekelaphambili, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa kanye nokutholakala komphakathi kwaleyo ngqalasizinda ehlanganisiwe.
CI/CD
Ngenkathi ukukhuphuka kwe-CI sekungenye yezitayela ezinkulu kakhulu zango-2010, i-Jenkins iseyizinga legolide le-CI.
Lesi sikhala sidinga kakhulu ukusungulwa kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- interface yomsebenzisi (i-DSL yokucaciswa kokuhlolwa kombhalo wekhodi);
- imininingwane yokusetshenziswa ezokwenza ukuthi ikhule ngempela futhi isheshe;
- ukuhlanganiswa nezindawo ezahlukahlukene (isiteji, i-prod, njll.) ukusebenzisa izindlela ezithuthuke kakhulu zokuhlola;
- ukuhlola okuqhubekayo nokusatshalaliswa.
Amathuluzi Wonjiniyela
Njengemboni, sesiqalile ukwakha isofthiwe eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehlaba umxhwele. Nokho, uma kuziwa kumathuluzi ethu, isimo singaba ngcono kakhulu.
Ukusebenzisana nokukude (nge-ssh) ukuhlela kuzuze ukuduma okuthile, kodwa akukaze kube indlela entsha evamile yentuthuko. Uma nawe, njengami, wenqaba wona kanye umqondo wokuthi isidingo uxhumano unomphela ku-inthanethi ukuze nje ukwazi ukwenza izinhlelo, bese ukusebenza nge-ssh emshinini oqhelile cishe ngeke kukufanele.
Izimo zokuthuthukiswa kwendawo, ikakhulukazi konjiniyela abasebenza ngezakhiwo ezinkulu ezigxile kusevisi, ziseyinselelo. Amanye amaphrojekthi azama ukuxazulula lokhu, futhi ngingathanda ukwazi ukuthi i-UX esebenza kahle kakhulu ingabukeka kanjani ecaleni lokusetshenziswa elinikeziwe.
Kungajabulisa futhi ukwelula umqondo "wezindawo eziphathekayo" kwezinye izindawo zokuthuthuka ezifana nokuzala kabusha kweziphazamisi (noma ) ezenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo noma izilungiselelo ezithile.
Ngingathanda futhi ukubona ukusungulwa okwengeziwe ezindaweni ezifana nosesho lwekhodi lwe-semantic kanye nomongo, amathuluzi okuhlobanisa izigameko zokukhiqiza nezingxenye ezithile ze-codebase, njll.
I-Computing (ikusasa le-PaaS)
Ukulandela i-hype ezungeze iziqukathi nokungabi nasiphakeli kuma-2010s, ububanzi bezixazululo endaweni yamafu yomphakathi buye banda kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingana ethokozisayo. Okokuqala, uhlu lwezinketho ezitholakalayo efwini lomphakathi lukhula njalo. Abahlinzeki besevisi yamafu banezisebenzi nezinsiza zokuhambisana kalula nentuthuko yakamuva emhlabeni Womthombo Ovulekile futhi bakhiphe imikhiqizo efana "nama-pods angenaseva" (ngisola ngokwenza ezabo izikhathi ze-FaaS OCI zithobelane) noma ezinye izinto zikanokusho ezifanayo.
Umuntu angaba nomona kuphela labo abasebenzisa lezi zixazululo zamafu. Ngokombono, iminikelo yamafu ye-Kubernetes (i-GKE, i-EKS, i-EKS ku-Fargate, njll.) inikeza ama-API azimele womhlinzeki wefu ukuze aqalise umsebenzi. Uma usebenzisa imikhiqizo efanayo (i-ECS, i-Fargate, i-Google Cloud Run, njll.), cishe usuvele usebenzisa izici ezithakazelisa kakhulu ezinikezwa umhlinzeki wesevisi. Ukwengeza, njengoba kuvela imikhiqizo emisha noma ama-paradigms ekhompuyutha, ukufuduka kungenzeka kube lula futhi kungabi nengcindezi.
Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi uhla lwezixazululo ezinjalo luvela ngokushesha kangakanani (ngizomangala kakhulu uma ezimbalwa zezinketho ezintsha zingaveli maduze), amaqembu amancane "enkundla" (amaqembu ahlotshaniswa nengqalasizinda futhi anesibopho sokudala amapulatifomu asendaweni yezindawo zokuhlala. ukusebenzisa izinkampani ezithwala imisebenzi) kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuncintisana ngokuya ngokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kalula kanye nokuthembeka kukonke. I-2010 ibone i-Kubernetes njengethuluzi lokwakha i-PaaS (i-platform-as-a-service), ngakho-ke kubonakala kungenangqondo ngokuphelele kimi ukwakha inkundla yangaphakathi phezu kwe-Kubernetes enikeza ukukhetha okufanayo, ukulula kanye nenkululeko etholakalayo emphakathini. indawo yefu. Ukwenza uzimele i-PaaS esekelwe esitsheni “njengesu le-Kubernetes” kufana nokugwema ngamabomu amandla amasha kakhulu efu.
Uma ubheka okukhona namuhla amakhono wekhompyutha, kuba sobala ukuthi ukudala eyakho i-PaaS esekelwe ku-Kubernetes kuphela kufana nokuzipenda ekhoneni (hhayi indlela yokucabanga phambili kakhulu, huh?). Noma umuntu enquma ukwakha i-PaaS ene-container ku-Kubernetes namuhla, eminyakeni embalwa izobukeka isiphelelwe yisikhathi uma iqhathaniswa namandla wamafu. Yize i-Kubernetes iqale njengephrojekthi yomthombo ovulekile, ukhokho wayo kanye nogqozi kuyithuluzi langaphakathi le-Google. Kodwa-ke, yasungulwa ekuqaleni/maphakathi nawo-2000 lapho isimo sekhompiyutha sasihluke ngokuphelele.
Futhi, ngomqondo obanzi kakhulu, izinkampani akudingeki zibe ngochwepheshe ekuqhubeni iqoqo le-Kubernetes, futhi azakhe futhi zigcine izikhungo zazo zedatha. Ukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sekhompiyutha esithembekile kuyinselelo ewumgogodla abahlinzeki besevisi yamafu.
Okokugcina, ngibona sengathi sehlehlile kancane njengemboni mayelana isipiliyoni sokusebenzisana (). I-Heroku yethulwa ngo-2007 futhi isengomunye wabaningi kulula ukuyisebenzisa amapulatifomu. Akunakuphika ukuthi i-Kubernetes inamandla kakhulu, iyanwebeka, futhi iyahleleka, kodwa ngiyaphuthelwa ukuthi kulula kangakanani ukuqalisa nokusebenzisa ku-Heroku. Ukuze usebenzise le nkundla, udinga ukwazi i-Git kuphela.
Konke lokhu kungiholela esiphethweni esilandelayo: sidinga izinto ezincono, ezisezingeni eliphezulu ukuze sisebenze (lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi abstractions izinga eliphezulu).
I-API efanele ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu
I-Docker iyisibonelo esihle sesidingo sokuhlukaniswa okungcono kokukhathazeka ngasikhathi sinye ukuqaliswa okulungile kweleveli ephezulu ye-API.
Inkinga nge-Docker ukuthi (okungenani) ekuqaleni imigomo yephrojekthi yayibanzi kakhulu: konke ngenxa yokuxazulula inkinga yokuhambisana (“isebenza emshinini wami”) kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe beziqukathi. I-Docker bekuyifomethi yesithombe, isikhathi sokusebenza esinenethiwekhi yayo ebonakalayo, ithuluzi le-CLI, i-daemon esebenza njengempande, nokunye okuningi. Kunoma yikuphi, ukushintshana kwemiyalezo kwaba more okudidayo, ingasaphathwa "ama-VM angasindi", amaqoqo, izikhala zamagama, izinkinga eziningi zokuphepha nezici ezixutshwe nocingo lokumaketha "lokwakha, ukudiliva, ukusebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza noma yikuphi".
Njengazo zonke izifinyezo ezinhle, kuthatha isikhathi (kanye nesipiliyoni nobuhlungu) ukuhlukanisa izinkinga ezihlukahlukene zibe izingqimba ezinengqondo ezingahlanganiswa nomunye nomunye. Ngeshwa, ngaphambi kokuthi u-Docker afinyelele ekuvuthweni okufanayo, u-Kubernetes ungene kulo mbango. Kwalawula umjikelezo we-hype kangangokuthi manje wonke umuntu wayesezama ukuhambisana nezinguquko ku-ecosystem ye-Kubernetes, futhi i-ecosystem yesiqukathi yathatha isikhundla sesibili.
U-Kubernetes wabelana ngezinkinga eziningi ezifana ne-Docker. Kuyo yonke inkulumo mayelana nokukhipha okupholile nokuhlanganisayo, ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi eyahlukene ibe izingqimba ayihlanganisiwe kahle kakhulu. Emgogodleni wayo, iyi-orchestrator yesiqukathi eqhuba iziqukathi kuqoqo lemishini ehlukene. Lona umsebenzi osezingeni eliphansi, osebenza kuphela konjiniyela abasebenzisa iqoqo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uKubernetes naye ukukhishwa kwezinga eliphezulu kakhulu, ithuluzi le-CLI abasebenzisi abahlanganyela nalo nge-YAML.
I-Docker yayi (futhi namanje isekhona) kupholile ithuluzi lokuthuthukisa, naphezu kwakho konke ukushiyeka kwayo. Emzamweni wokuhambisana nawo wonke "onogwaja" ngesikhathi esisodwa, abathuthukisi bayo bakwazile ukusebenzisa kahle abstraction ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Ngokukhipha ezingeni eliphezulu ngisho isethi engaphansi ukusebenza izethameli eziqondiwe (kulokhu, onjiniyela abachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi ezindaweni zabo zokuthuthukiswa kwendawo) ababekuthakasele ngempela futhi okusebenze kahle ngaphandle kwebhokisi..
I-Dockerfile kanye ne-CLI utility docker kufanele kube isibonelo sokuthi ungakha kanjani "izinga eliphezulu ulwazi lomsebenzisi". Umthuthukisi ojwayelekile angaqala ukusebenza ne-Docker ngaphandle kokwazi lutho ngobunkimbinkimbi ukuqaliswa okufaka isandla kulwazi lokusebenzanjengezikhala zamagama, amaqoqo, inkumbulo kanye nemikhawulo ye-CPU, njll. Ekugcineni, ukubhala i-Dockerfile akufani kakhulu nokubhala iskripthi segobolondo.
I-Kubernetes ihloselwe amaqembu ahlukene okuqondiwe:
- abalawuli beqoqo;
- onjiniyela bezinhlelo zokusebenza abasebenza ezindabeni zengqalasizinda, bandise amakhono e-Kubernetes nokudala amapulatifomu asekelwe kuwo;
- abasebenzisi bokugcina abaxhumana ne-Kubernetes nge
kubectl.
Indlela ka-Kubernetes ethi "i-API eyodwa ilingana konke" iveza "intaba eyinkimbinkimbi" engafakwanga ngokwanele engenaso isiqondiso sokuthi ingakalwa kanjani. Konke lokhu kuholela emgudwini wokufunda othatha isikhathi eside ngendlela engafanele. Kanjani U-Adam Jacob, “UDocker ulethe isipiliyoni somsebenzisi esishintshayo esingakaze sedlulwe. Buza noma ubani osebenzisa i-K8s ukuthi ufisa sengathi isebenze njengeyabo yokuqala docker run. Impendulo izoba yebo":
Ngingasho ukuthi iningi lobuchwepheshe bengqalasizinda namuhla lisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu (ngakho-ke libhekwa "njengeliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu"). I-Kubernetes isetshenziswa ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu. Ukulandelela okusabalalisiwe kuyo (izikhala eziningi ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ukuze kwenziwe i-traceview) nazo zisetshenziswa ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu. Amathuluzi onjiniyela asebenzisa "okufinyeziweyo kweleveli ephezulu" avamise ukuba yimpumelelo kakhulu. Lesi siphetho siyiqiniso ngenani elimangalisayo lezimo (uma ubuchwepheshe bunzima kakhulu noma kunzima ukubusebenzisa, lapho-ke "i-API/UI yezinga eliphezulu" yalobo buchwepheshe ayikatholwa).
Njengamanje, i-cloud native ecosystem iyadida ngenxa yokugxila kwayo ezingeni eliphansi. Njengemboni, kufanele sisungule izinto ezintsha, sihlole, futhi sifundise ukuthi izinga elilungile “lokungafinyeleli okuphezulu kakhulu” libukeka kanjani.
Ukuhweba okuthengiswayo
Ngawo-2010, isipiliyoni sokudayisa ngedijithali sahlala singashintshile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunethezeka kokuthenga ku-inthanethi bekufanele ngabe kufinyelele ezitolo zendabuko, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthenga ku-inthanethi ngokuyisisekelo kuhlale kungashintshile eminyakeni eyishumi.
Yize ngingenayo imicabango eqondile yokuthi lo mkhakha uzovela kanjani kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo, ngingaphoxeka kakhulu uma sithenga ngo-2030 ngendlela efanayo nesithenga ngayo ngo-2020.
Ubuntatheli
Ngiya ngokuya ngidumala ngesimo sobuntatheli bomhlaba. Kuya ngokuya kuba nzima ukuthola imithombo yezindaba engachemile ebika ngokuqondile nangokucophelela. Kaningi umugqa phakathi kwezindaba ngokwazo nemibono ngazo uyafiphala. Njengomthetho, ulwazi lwethulwa ngendlela echemile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kwamanye amazwe lapho ngokomlando bekungakaze kube khona ukuhlukana phakathi kwezindaba nemibono. Odabeni lwakamuva olushicilelwe ngemuva kokhetho lukazwelonke lokugcina lwase-UK, u-Alan Rusbridger, owayengumhleli weThe Guardian, :
Iphuzu eliyinhloko liwukuthi iminyaka eminingi ngibheka amaphephandaba aseMelika futhi ngidabukela ozakwethu lapho, ababenomthwalo wemfanelo wezindaba kuphela, beshiya ukuhlaziya kubantu abahluke ngokuphelele. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isihawu saphenduka umona. Manje ngicabanga ukuthi wonke amaphephandaba ezwe laseBrithani kufanele ahlukanise umthwalo wabo wezindaba nesibopho sabo sokuphawula. Ngeshwa, kunzima kakhulu kumfundi ojwayelekile—ikakhulukazi abafundi abaku-inthanethi—ukubona umehluko.
Uma kubhekwa idumela elingabazekayo le-Silicon Valley uma kuziwa ezimisweni zokuziphatha, angisoze ngathembela ezobuchwepheshe "zokuguqula" ubuntatheli. Sekushiwo lokho, mina (nabaningi babangane bami) ngingajabula uma kungaba khona umthombo wezindaba ongakhethi, ongenantshisekelo nothembekile. Nakuba ngingazi ukuthi inkundla enjalo ingase ibukeke kanjani, ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi esikhathini lapho iqiniso liba nzima ngokwandayo ukuliqaphela, isidingo sobuntatheli obuthembekile sikhulu kunangaphambili.
Amanethiwekhi omphakathi
Izinkundla zokuxhumana kanye nezinkundla zezindaba zomphakathi ziwumthombo oyinhloko wolwazi kubantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele, futhi ukuntuleka kokunemba kanye nokungabaza kwezinye izinkundla ukwenza ngisho nokuhlola amaqiniso ayisisekelo kuye kwaholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele njengokuqothulwa kohlanga, ukugxambukela okhethweni, nokunye. .
Inkundla yezokuxhumana iyithuluzi lemidiya elinamandla kakhulu elake laba khona. Bawushintsha kakhulu umkhuba wezombangazwe. Bashintsha ukukhangisa. Bashintsha isiko le-pop (isibonelo, umnikelo oyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni lokho okubizwa ngokuthi isiko lokukhansela [amasiko e-ostracism - cishe. transl.] izinkundla zokuxhumana zifaka isandla). Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inkundla yezokuxhumana ibonakale iyisizinda esivundile sezinguquko ezisheshayo nezingenangqondo ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha, kodwa futhi inikeze amalungu amaqembu ancishwe amathuba ithuba lokuhlela ngezindlela angakaze abe nazo ngaphambili. Empeleni, inkundla yezokuxhumana isiyishintshile indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo futhi baziveza ngayo ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.
Kodwa-ke, ngiyakholelwa futhi ukuthi izinkundla zokuxhumana ziveza izifiso zomuntu ezimbi kakhulu. Ukucabangela nokucabangela ngokuvamile akunakwa ngenxa yokuthandwa, futhi kuba cishe akunakwenzeka ukuveza ukungavumelani okunengqondo nemibono nezikhundla ezithile. I-polarization ivamise ukuphuma ekulawuleni, okuholela ekutheni umphakathi uvele ungayizwa imibono yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho ama-absolutists elawula izindaba zokuziphatha okuhle nokwamukeleka ku-inthanethi.
Ngiyazibuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukudala inkundla "engcono" ekhuthaza izingxoxo zekhwalithi engcono? Phela, yilokho okushayela "ukuzibandakanya" okuvame ukuletha inzuzo enkulu kulezi zinkundla. Kanjani U-Kara Swisher ku-New York Times:
Kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana kwedijithali ngaphandle kokubangela inzondo nokungabekezelelani. Isizathu sokuthi iningi lezinkundla zokuxhumana zibukeka zinobuthi yingoba zakhelwe isivinini, ubungani, nokunaka, kunokuqukethwe nokunemba.
Kungaba yishwa ngempela uma, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, okuwukuphela kwefa lezinkundla zokuxhumana bekuwukuguguleka kwemibono nokufaneleka enkulumweni yomphakathi.
I-PS evela kumhumushi
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Source: www.habr.com