Ngomhlaka-25 Agasti 1991, ngemva kwezinyanga ezinhlanu zokuthuthukiswa, umfundi oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala uLinus Torvalds wamemezela eqenjini lezindaba le-comp.os.minix ukuthi udale uhlobo olusebenzayo lwesistimu entsha yokusebenza. Linux, okwaphawula ukuqedwa kwamachweba e-bash 1.08 kanye ne-gcc 1.40. Ukukhishwa kokuqala komphakathi kwe-kernel Linux yakhululwa ngoSepthemba 17. I-Kernel 0.0.1 yayingu-62 KB ngobukhulu obucindezelwe futhi yayiqukethe imigqa engaba yi-10 000 yekhodi yomthombo. I-kernel yesimanje Linux iqukethe imigqa yekhodi engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwango-2010 oluqashwe yi-European Union, izindleko ezilinganiselwe zokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi efana ne-kernel yesimanje kusukela ekuqaleni Linux, ngabe ifinyelele ngaphezu kwezigidigidi zamaRandi aseMelika (ukubalwa kwenziwa lapho i-kernel inemigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-13), ngokusho kwezinye izilinganiso - ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezintathu.
Isibindi Linux yaphefumulelwa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-MINIX, olwalungafanele i-Linus ngenxa yelayisensi yayo elinganiselwe. Kamuva, lapho Linux yaba iphrojekthi eyaziwayo, futhi abagxeki bazama ukusola uLinus ngokukopisha ngokuqondile ikhodi yezinye izinhlelo ze-MINIX. Lokhu kuhlasela kwaxoshwa ngu-Andrew Tanenbaum, umbhali we-MINIX, owathuma umfundi ukuba enze ukuqhathanisa okuningiliziwe kwekhodi ye-Minix kanye nezinguqulo zokuqala zomphakathi. LinuxImiphumela yocwaningo iveze ukufana kwe-code block ezine kuphela, okunqunywe yizidingo ze-POSIX kanye ne-ANSI C.
Ekuqaleni uLinus wayehlose ukubiza i-kernel ngokuthi i-Freax, igama elisho ukuthi "free," "freak," kanye no-X (Unix). Kodwa igama elithi "Linux"I-kernel itholakale ngenxa ka-Ari Lemmke, owathi, ngesicelo sikaLinus, wabeka i-kernel kuseva ye-FTP yeyunivesithi, waqamba uhla lwemibhalo oluqukethe ingobo yomlando hhayi ngokuthi "freax," njengoba uTorvalds ayecelile, kodwa ngokuthi "linux." Okuphawulekayo ukuthi usomabhizinisi ozimele uWilliam Della Croce wakwazi ukubhalisa uphawu lokuhweba. Linux futhi wayefuna ukuqoqa imali yobukhosi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa kamuva washintsha umqondo wakhe wadlulisela wonke amalungelo okuhweba kuLinus. I-mascot esemthethweni Linux-kernel, i-penguin Tux, yakhethwa ngenxa yomncintiswano owabanjelwa ngo-1996. Igama elithi Tux limelela i-Torvalds UniX.
Amandla okukhula e-codebase (inombolo yemigqa yekhodi yomthombo) ye-kernel:
- 0.0.1 - September 1991, imigqa eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 yekhodi;
- 1.0.0 - March 1994, imigqa yekhodi engu-176 XNUMX;
- 1.2.0 - March 1995, imigqa yekhodi engu-311 XNUMX;
- 2.0.0 - June 1996, 778 ayizinkulungwane imigqa ikhodi;
- 2.2.0 - Januwari 1999, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-1.8;
- 2.4.0 - Januwari 2001, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-3.4;
- 2.6.0 - Disemba 2003, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-5.9;
- 2.6.28 - Disemba 2008, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-10.2;
- 2.6.35 - Agasti 2010, izigidi ezingu-13.4 zemigqa yekhodi;
- 3.0 - Agasti 2011, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-14.6.
- 3.5 - Julayi 2012, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-15.5.
- 3.10 - Julayi 2013, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-15.8;
- 3.16 - Agasti 2014, izigidi ezingu-17.5 zemigqa yekhodi;
- 4.1 - Juni 2015, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-19.5;
- 4.7 - Julayi 2016, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-21.7;
- 4.12 - Julayi 2017, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-24.1;
- 4.18 - Agasti 2018, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-25.3.
- 5.2 - Julayi 2019, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-26.55.
- 5.8 - Agasti 2020, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-28.4.
- 5.13 - Juni 2021, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingama-29.2.
- 5.19 - Agasti 2022, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-30.5.
Inqubekelaphambili Yokuthuthukiswa:
- Linux 0.0.1 - Septhemba 1991, ukukhishwa kokuqala komphakathi okusekela ama-CPU e-i386 kuphela kanye nokuqalisa kusuka kudiski ye-floppy;
- Linux 0.12 - Januwari 1992, ikhodi yaqala ukusatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-GPLv2;
- Linux 0.95 - Mashi 1992, ikhono lokusebenzisa i-X Window System lanikezwa, kwasekelwa inkumbulo ebonakalayo kanye ne-swap partition.
- Linux 0.96-0.99 — 1992-1993: Umsebenzi we-network stack waqala. Uhlelo lwefayela le-Ext2 lwethulwa, kwanezelwa ukwesekwa kwefomethi yefayela le-ELF, kwanezelwa abashayeli bamakhadi omsindo kanye nabalawuli be-SCSI, kwaphinde kwafakwa ukulayisha kwemojuli ye-kernel kanye nohlelo lwefayela le-/proc.
- Ngo-1992, kwavela ukusatshalaliswa kokuqala kwe-SLS kanye ne-Yggdrasil. Ehlobo lika-1993, i-Slackware kanye Debian.
- Linux 1.0 - Mashi 1994, ukukhishwa kokuqala okuzinzile ngokusemthethweni;
- Linux 1.2 - Mashi 1995, ukwanda okukhulu kwenani labashayeli, ukwesekwa kwamapulatifomu e-Alpha, MIPS kanye ne-SPARC, ukwanda kwamakhono e-network stack, ukubonakala kwesihlungi sephakethe, ukwesekwa kwe-NFS;
- Linux 2.0 - Juni 1996, ukwesekwa kwezinhlelo ze-multiprocessor;
- Mashi 1997: I-LKML, uhlu lweposi lokuthuthukiswa kwe-kernel, yasungulwa Linux;
- 1998: Iqembu lokuqala elifakwe ohlwini lwe-Top500 laqalwa ngokusekelwe ku- Linux, equkethe ama-node angu-68 anama-CPU e-Alpha;
- Linux 2.2 - Januwari 1999, kwandise ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lokuphatha imemori, kwanezelwa Usekelo lwe-IPv6, sekuqaliswe i-firewall entsha, kwethulwe uhlelo olusha lomsindo;
- Linux 2.4 - uFebhuwari 2001, inikeza ukwesekwa kwezinhlelo ze-8-processor kanye ne-RAM engu-64 GB, uhlelo lwefayela le-Ext3, ukwesekwa kwe-USB, i-ACPI;
- Linux 2.6 - Disemba 2003, ukusekelwa kwe-SELinux, amathuluzi okulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo amapharamitha e-kernel, ama-sysf, uhlelo lokuphatha imemori oluklanywe kabusha;
- Ngo-2005, kwethulwa i-Xen hypervisor, eyangenisa inkathi ye-virtualization;
- NgoSepthemba 2008, kwakhishwa ukukhishwa kokuqala kwepulatifomu. Android, ngokusekelwe ku-kernel Linux;
- NgoJulayi 2011, ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 yokuthuthukiswa kwegatsha le-2.6.x, ukushintshela kunombolo engu-3.x kwenziwa. Inani lezinto ezisenqolobaneni ye-Git selifinyelele ezigidini ezingu-2;
- I-core yakhululwa ngo-2015 Linux 4.0. Inani lezinto ze-git endaweni yokugcina izinto lifinyelele izigidi ezingu-4;
- Ngo-Ephreli 2018, ingqophamlando yezinto ze-git eziyizigidi eziyisi-6 endaweni yokugcina izinto yanqotshwa.
- Ngo-January 2019, kwamiswa igatsha le-kernel Linux 5.0. Indawo yokugcina izinto isifinyelele ezintweni ze-git eziyizigidi ezingu-6.5.
- Ishicilelwe ngo-Agasti 2020, i-5.8 kernel yayinkulu kakhulu ngokwenani lezinguquko zazo zonke izinhlamvu phakathi nayo yonke impilo yephrojekthi.
- Ku-5.13 kernel, irekhodi libekelwe inani labathuthukisi (2150), izinguquko zabo ezifakwe ku-kernel.
- Ngo-2021, egatsheni eliyinhloko Linux-ikhodi elandelayo eyengeziwe yokuthuthukiswa komshayeli ngolimi lwe-Rust. Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokufaka izingxenye zokusekela i-Rust ku-kernel eyinhloko.
- Igatsha eliyinhloko lasungulwa ngo-Agasti 2022 Linux 6.0, njengoba igatsha le-5.x liqoqe ukukhishwa okwanele ukushintsha inombolo yokuqala enombolweni yenguqulo.
Amaphesenti angama-68 azo zonke izinguquko ku-kernel afakwe izinkampani ezisebenza kakhulu ezingama-20. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-kernel 5.19, i-10.9% yazo zonke izinguquko ilungiswe yi-Intel, i-5.7% ngu-Linaro, i-5.5% ye-AMD, i-5.2% ye-Red Hat, i-4.1% ye-Google, i-3.5% ye-Meta, i-3.1% ye-SUSE, i-2.9% ye-Huawei, i-2.8% ne-Oracle. U-11.8% wezinguquko ulungiswe abanikeli abazimele noma onjiniyela abangazange bamemezele ngokucacile umsebenzi wabo ezinkampanini ezithile. I-AMD ihola ngenani lemigqa yekhodi engezwe ku-kernel 5.19, ngesabelo esingu-37.9% (umshayeli we-amdgpu uqukethe imigqa yekhodi engaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4, iningi layo okungamafayela enhlokweni akhiqizwa ngokuzenzakalela anedatha yamarejista e-GPU).
Source: opennet.ru
