Enye yezinto ezingaqondakali futhi ezingaqondwa ngokugcwele "izenzakalo" ubuchopho bomuntu. Imibuzo eminingi izungeza lesi sitho esiyinkimbinkimbi: kungani siphupha, imizwa ithonya kanjani ukwenza izinqumo, yiziphi amangqamuzana ezinzwa anesibopho sokubona ukukhanya nomsindo, kungani abanye abantu bethanda ama-sprats kuyilapho abanye bethanda iminqumo? Yonke le mibuzo ithinta ubuchopho, ngoba buyiphrosesa emaphakathi yomzimba womuntu. Iminyaka eminingi, ososayensi baye banaka ngokukhethekile ubuchopho babantu abahluke ngandlela-thile esixukwini (kusukela ohlakaniphile abazifundisayo ukubala i-psychopaths). Kodwa kukhona isigaba sabantu ukuziphatha kwabo okungajwayelekile kuhlotshaniswa neminyaka yabo - intsha. Intsha eningi inomuzwa okhulayo wokungqubuzana, umoya wokuzihambela kanye nesifiso esingenakuvinjelwa sokuthola uhambo oluzoyizuzisa. Ososayensi baseNyuvesi yasePennsylvania banqume ukubukisisa ubuchopho obuyimfihlakalo bentsha kanye nezinqubo ezenzeka kubo. Sifunda ngalokho abakwazile ukukuthola embikweni wabo. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Noma iyiphi idivayisi kwezobuchwepheshe nanoma yisiphi isitho emzimbeni inokwakheka kwayo okuzivumela ukuthi zisebenze ngempumelelo. I-cortex ye-cerebral yomuntu ihlelwe ngokuvumelana nesigaba sokusebenza, kusukela ku-unimodal i-sensory cortex* futhi iphethe nge-transmodal inhlangano ye-cortex*.
I-sensory cortex* iyingxenye ye-cerebral cortex enesibopho sokuqoqa nokucubungula ulwazi olutholwe ezinzwa (amehlo, ulimi, ikhala, izindlebe, isikhumba kanye nesistimu ye-vestibular).
I-association cortex* iyingxenye ye-parietal cortex yobuchopho ehilelekile ekusebenziseni ukunyakaza okuhleliwe. Lapho sesizokwenza noma yikuphi ukunyakaza, ubuchopho bethu kufanele bazi ukuthi umzimba nezitho zawo ezizohamba zikuphi kulowo mzuzwana, kanye nokuthi izinto zemvelo yangaphandle esihlela ukuxhumana nazo zitholakala kuphi. Isibonelo, ufuna ukucosha inkomishi, futhi ubuchopho bakho sebazi ukuthi isandla kanye nendebe ngokwayo kutholakala kuphi.
Lesi sigaba sokusebenza sinqunywa i-anatomy yezindlela into emhlophe*, exhumanisa umsebenzi we-neural ovumelanisiwe kanye ukuqonda*.
Indaba emhlophe* - uma indaba empunga iqukethe ama-neurons, khona-ke indaba emhlophe iqukethe ama-axon ahlanganiswe ne-myelin, lapho ama-impulses adluliselwa kusuka emzimbeni weseli kuya kwamanye amaseli nezitho.
Ukwazi* (cognition) - isethi yezinqubo ezihambisana nokutholwa kolwazi olusha ngezwe elisizungezile.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-cerebral cortex kuma-primates kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho bomuntu kubonakala ngokunwetshwa okuqondiswe umgomo kanye nokulungiswa kabusha kwezindawo ze-transmodal associative, okuyisisekelo sezinqubo zokumelwa kwezinzwa zolwazi kanye nemithetho engabonakali yokufeza imigomo.
Inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho ithatha isikhathi esiningi, lapho izinqubo eziningi zokwenza ngcono ubuchopho njengohlelo zenzeka: i-myelination*, ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic* nokunye.
I-Myelination* - ama-oligodendrocyte (uhlobo lwamaseli asizayo wesistimu yezinzwa) amboze ingxenye eyodwa noma enye ye-axon, ngenxa yalokho i-oligodendrocyte eyodwa ixhumana nama-neurons amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lapho i-axon isebenza kakhulu, i-myelinated ngokwengeziwe, njengoba lokhu kwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwayo.
Ukuthenwa kwe-Synaptic* - ukunciphisa inani lama-synapses/neurons ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-neuro-system, i.e. ukususa ukuxhumana okungadingekile. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu ukuqaliswa komgomo othi “hhayi ngobuningi, kodwa ngekhwalithi.”
Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho, ukucaciswa kokusebenza kwakhiwa ku-transmodal association cortex, okuthinta ngokuqondile ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi ephakeme yezinga eliphezulu, njenge inkumbulo yokusebenza*, ukuguquguquka kwengqondo* и inhibitory control*.
Inkumbulo yokusebenza* - isistimu yengqondo yokugcina ulwazi lwesikhashana. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo lwenziwa lusebenze phakathi nezinqubo zokucabanga eziqhubekayo futhi luhileleke ekwenzeni izinqumo kanye nokwakhiwa kwezimpendulo zokuziphatha.
Ukuvumelana nezimo* - Ikhono lokusuka komunye umcabango uye komunye kanye/noma ukucabanga ngezinto ezimbalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukulawula okuvimbayo* (impendulo yokuvimbela) umsebenzi wokuphatha owengamele ikhono lomuntu lokucindezela ukusabela kwakhe kokuziphatha okungazelelwe (kwemvelo, okujwayelekile noma okubusayo) ku-stimu ukuze asebenzise impendulo efaneleke kakhudlwana esimweni esithile (isisusa sangaphandle).
Ukufundwa kokuxhumana kobuchopho kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kwaqala kudala kakhulu. Ngokufika kwethiyori yenethiwekhi, kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo kuzinhlelo ze-neurobiological futhi zihlukanise ngezigaba. Emgogodleni wayo, ukuxhumeka komsebenzi wesakhiwo yizinga lapho ukusatshalaliswa kokuxhumana kwe-anatomical ngaphakathi kwesifunda sobuchopho kusekela umsebenzi we-neural ovumelanisiwe.
Kutholakale ubudlelwano obuqinile phakathi kwezilinganiso zokuxhuma kwesakhiwo nokusebenza ezikalini ezahlukene ze-spatiotemporal. Ngamanye amazwi, izindlela zokucwaninga zesimanje zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa izindawo ezithile zobuchopho ngokwezici zazo zokusebenza ezihambisana neminyaka yendawo kanye nobukhulu bayo.
Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bathi okwamanje kunobufakazi obuncane bokuthi izinguquko ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezimhlophe ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho bomuntu zisekela ukuguquguquka okuhlelekile komsebenzi we-neural.
Ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kuyisisekelo sokuxhumana okusebenzayo futhi kwenzeka lapho iphrofayela yokuxhumana ye-interregional white matter ye-cortical region ibikezela amandla okuxhumana okusebenzayo kwezifunda. Okungukuthi, umsebenzi wendaba emhlophe uzobonakala ekusebenzeni kwemisebenzi yokuphatha yobuchopho, ngaleyo ndlela kuzokwazi ukuhlola izinga lamandla okuxhumana kwesakhiwo nokusebenza.
Ukuchaza ubudlelwano besakhiwo nokusebenza, ososayensi babeke phambili imibono emithathu eyahlolwa ngesikhathi socwaningo.
I-hypothesis yokuqala ithi ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo-umsebenzi kuzobonisa ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo besifunda se-cortical. Okusho ukuthi, ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo-umsebenzi kuzoba namandla ku-somatosensory cortex, ngenxa yezinqubo ezinquma ukuthuthukiswa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwezigaba ezikhethekile zezinzwa. Ngokuphambene, ukuxhuma kwesakhiwo-umsebenzi kuzoba kuphansi ku-cortex ye-transmodal association, lapho ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kungase kube buthakathaka yizingqinamba zofuzo kanye ne-anatomical ngenxa yokwanda okusheshayo kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
I-hypothesis yesibili isekelwe ku-myelination yesikhathi eside encike emsebenzini ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa futhi ithi ukuthuthukiswa kokuxhumeka kwesakhiwo-umsebenzi kuzogxilwa ku-cortex ye-transmodal association.
I-hypothesis yesithathu: uxhumano lwesakhiwo-ukusebenza lubonisa ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo besifunda se-cortical. Ngakho-ke, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukuxhumana okuqinile kwesakhiwo nokusebenza ku-frontoparietal association cortex kuzobandakanyeka ekubalweni okukhethekile okudingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe imisebenzi yokuphatha.
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Ukuze kubonakale ukuthuthukiswa kokuxhumana komsebenzi wesakhiwo entsheni, ososayensi balinganise izinga lapho ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo kuzo zonke izifunda zobuchopho kusekela ukushintshashintsha okuhleliwe komsebenzi we-neural.
Kusetshenziswa idatha ye-neuroimaging ye-multimodal evela kubahlanganyeli be-727 abaneminyaka engu-8 kuya kwengu-23, i-probabilistic diffusion tractography yenziwa futhi yahlolwa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwepheya ngalinye lezifunda ze-cortical ngesikhathi sokusebenza. imisebenzi ye-n-back*kuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi wenkumbulo osebenzayo.
Inkinga nge-back* - isu lokuvuselela umsebenzi wezindawo ezithile zobuchopho nokuhlola inkumbulo yokusebenza. Isihloko sihlinzekwa ngezisusa eziningi (ezibonakalayo, ezilalelwayo, njll.). Kufanele anqume futhi akhombise ukuthi lesi noma leso sikhuthazo sasikhona yini ezikhundleni ezedlule. Isibonelo: I-TLHCHSCCQLCKLHCQTRHKC HR (inkinga engu-3-back, lapho uhlamvu oluthile luvele endaweni yesi-3 ngaphambili).
Ukuxhumana kokusebenza kwesifunda sokuphumula kubonisa ukuguquguquka okuzenzakalelayo kumsebenzi we-neural. Kepha ngesikhathi somsebenzi wenkumbulo esebenzayo, ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kungathuthukisa ukuxhumana okuthile kwe-neural noma abantu abahilelekile emisebenzini yokuphatha.
Isithombe #1: Ukulinganisa ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kobuchopho bomuntu.
Ama-Node kumanethiwekhi obuchopho esakhiwo nokusebenzayo atholwe kusetshenziswa i-400-area cortical parcellation esekelwe ku-homogeneity esebenzayo kudatha ye-MRI yabahlanganyeli bocwaningo. Kumhlanganyeli ngamunye wocwaningo, amaphrofayli okuxhumana kwesifunda akhishwe kumugqa ngamunye we-matrix yokuxhumana yesakhiwo noma esebenzayo futhi amelelwa njengama-vectors wamandla okuxhumana asuka endaweni eyodwa yenethiwekhi ye-neural kuya kuwo wonke amanye ama-node.
Okokuqala, ososayensi bahlole ukuthi ingabe ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kokuxhumana kwesakhiwo kuhambisana nezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zenhlangano ye-cortical.
Isithombe #2
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaphrofayili wokuxhumana wesakhiwo nokusebenza kwesifunda ahluka kakhulu kuyo yonke i-cortex (2A). Ukuxhumana okuqinile kubonwe ku-primary sensory and medial prefrontal cortices. Kodwa ezifundeni ezisemaceleni, zesikhashana kanye nezangaphambili ukuxhumana bekubuthakathaka impela.
Ukuze uthole ukuhlola okuqondakalayo kakhudlwana kobudlelwano phakathi kokuxhumana kwesakhiwo nokusebenza okukhethekile, i-coefficient "yokuhlanganyela" ibalwe, okuwumfanekiso obonisa ukunqunywa komthamo wokuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo ezisebenzayo zobuchopho. Isifunda ngasinye sobuchopho sabelwe amanethiwekhi ayisikhombisa e-neural asebenzayo. Ama-Neuronal node obuchopho ane-coefficient ephezulu yokubamba iqhaza abonisa ukuxhumana okuhlukile kwe-intermodular (ukuxhumana phakathi kwezifunda zobuchopho) futhi, ngakho-ke, kungathonya izinqubo zokudlulisa ulwazi phakathi kwezifunda, kanye namandla azo. Kodwa ama-node anezilinganiso eziphansi zokubamba iqhaza abonisa ukuxhumana okuningi kwendawo ngaphakathi kwendawo yobuchopho ngokwayo, kunokuba phakathi kwezifunda ezimbalwa. Kalula nje, uma i-coefficient iphezulu, izindawo ezihlukene zobuchopho zixhumana ngokuhlanganyela; uma iphansi, umsebenzi wenziwa ngaphakathi kwendawo ngaphandle kokuxhumana nomakhelwane (2C).
Okulandelayo, ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhlukahluka kokuxhumana kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kwesigaba esikhulu kuye kwahlolwa. Uxhumano lwesakhiwo nokusebenza luqondana kakhulu ne-gradient engaphansi yokuxhumana okusebenzayo: izindawo zezinzwa ezilinganayo zibonisa ukuxhumana okuqinile kwesakhiwo, kuyilapho izindawo ze-transmodal phezulu kwesigaba sokusebenza zibonisa ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka (2D).
Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi kukhona ukuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kobudlelwano besakhiwo nokusebenza kanye nokwandiswa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwendawo engaphezulu ye-cortex (2E). Izindawo zezinzwa ezilondolozwe kakhulu bezinokuxhumana okuqinile kwesakhiwo, kanti izindawo ezinwetshwe kakhulu ze-transmodal bezinokuxhumana okubuthakathaka. Ukubuka okunjalo kusekela ngokugcwele inkolelo-mbono yokuthi ukuxhumeka komsebenzi wesakhiwo kuwukubonakaliswa kwesigaba se-cortical sokukhethekile kokusebenza kanye nokwanda kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Isithombe #3
Ososayensi baphinde bakhumbuza ukuthi ucwaningo lwangaphambilini belugxile kakhulu ekutadisheni ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo nokusebenza ebuchosheni babantu abadala. Emsebenzini ofanayo, kwagcizelelwa ekutadisheni ubuchopho, obusaqhubeka nentuthuko, i.e. ekutadisheni ubuchopho bentsha.
Kutholwe ukuthi ebuchosheni bentsha, umehluko ohlobene neminyaka ekuxhumaneni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kwasakazwa kabanzi kuwo wonke ama-lateral temporal, i-parietal ephansi, kanye ne-prefrontal cortices (I-3A). Izithuthukisi zokuxhuma zasatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izifunda ze-cortical, isb. zazikhona ku-subset eyingqayizivele yezindawo ze-cortical ezihlukene ngokusebenza (I-3B), okungabonwanga ebuchosheni obudala.
Ubukhulu bomehluko wobudala ekuxhumekeni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza buhlotshaniswe kakhulu nezinga lokubamba iqhaza kokusebenza (I-3С) kanye ne-gradient esebenzayo (3D).
Ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kokuhluka okuhlobene nobudala ekuxhumekeni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kwakuhambisana nokunwetshwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-cortex. Ukwanda okuhlobene neminyaka ekuxhumekeni kubonwe ku-cortex yenhlangano eyandisiwe, kuyilapho ukwehla okuhlobene neminyaka ekuxhumekeni kubonwe ku-cortex ye-sensor egcinwe kakhulu (3E).
Esigabeni esilandelayo socwaningo, abahlanganyeli be-294 bahlolwe ubuchopho besibili eminyakeni engu-1.7 ngemva kokuqala. Ngale ndlela, bekungenzeka ukunquma ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinguquko ezihlobene nobudala ekuxhumekeni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kanye nezinguquko zokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye. Ngale njongo, izinguquko ze-longitudinal ekuxhumekeni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza ziye zahlolwa.
Isithombe #4
Kube khona ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwezinguquko ezihambisana neminyaka ehlukene kanye nezinde ekuxhumaneni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza (I-4A).
Ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinguquko ze-longitudinal ekuxhumekeni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza (4B) kanye nezinguquko zesikhathi eside kuzinga lokubamba iqhaza kokusebenza (I-4С) kusetshenziswe ukuhlehla komugqa. Izinguquko ze-longitudinal ekuxhumekeni zitholwe zihambisana nezinguquko ze-longitudinal kwisilinganiso sokubamba iqhaza kokusebenza ezindaweni ezisabalalisiwe zokuhleleka okuphezulu, okuhlanganisa i-dorsal ne-medial prefrontal cortices, i-parietal cortex ephansi, kanye ne-lateral temporal cortex (4D).
Isithombe #5
Ososayensi babe sebefuna ukuqonda imiphumela yokuhluka komuntu ngamunye ekuxhumekeni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kokuziphatha. Ngokucacile, noma ngabe ukuxhumeka kwesakhiwo ngesikhathi somsebenzi wenkumbulo yokusebenza kungachaza ukusebenza kwesikhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza okuphezulu kutholakale kuhlotshaniswa nokuxhumana okuqinile kwesakhiwo ku-rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, i-posterior cingulate cortex, kanye ne-medial occipital cortex (5A).
Ingqikithi yalokho okuphawulwe ngenhla iholela eziphethweni ezimbalwa eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, izinguquko zesifunda ekuxhumekeni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza ziphambene ngokuphambene nobunkimbinkimbi bomsebenzi lapho isifunda esithile sobuchopho sinesibopho sawo. Ukuxhumana okuqinile kwesakhiwo-umsebenzi kutholwe ezingxenyeni zobuchopho ezisebenza ngokukhethekile ekucubunguleni ulwazi lwezinzwa olulula (njengezimpawu ezibonakalayo). Futhi izifunda zobuchopho ezihilelekile ezinqubweni eziyinkimbinkimbi (umsebenzi wokuphatha kanye nokulawula okuvimbayo) zibe nokuxhumana okuphansi kwesakhiwo nokusebenza.
Ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi kuhambisana nokukhula kokuvela kobuchopho okubonwa kuma-primates. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lokuqhathanisa lobuchopho bomuntu, i-primate, kanye nenkawu lubonise ukuthi izindawo zezinzwa (ezifana nesistimu yokubuka) zigcinwe kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane zezilwane futhi azikhulanga kakhulu phakathi nokuvela kwemvelo kwakamuva. Kodwa izindawo ezihlangene zobuchopho (isibonelo, i-prefrontal cortex) ziye zanda kakhulu. Mhlawumbe lokhu kwanda kwaba nomthelela ngokuqondile ekuveleni kwamakhono okuqonda ayinkimbinkimbi kubantu. Kwatholakala ukuthi izindawo zobuchopho ezanda ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo zazinokuxhumana okubuthakathaka kwesakhiwo nokusebenza, kuyilapho izindawo ezilula zezinzwa zazinokuxhumana okunamandla.
Ezinganeni nasentsheni, ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kuyanda kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphambili zobuchopho, ezibhekene nomsebenzi wokuvimbela (okungukuthi, ukuzithiba). Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi eside kokuxhumana kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kulezi zindawo kungase kuthuthukise umsebenzi wokuphatha nokuzithiba, inqubo eqhubekayo kuze kube umuntu omdala.
Ukuze uthole ukubheka okuningiliziwe kwama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukuthi ubheke и kuyena.
Epilogue
Ubuchopho bomuntu bebulokhu bukhona futhi buyohlala bungenye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu zesintu. Lena indlela eyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo okumele yenze imisebenzi eminingi, ilawule izinqubo eziningi futhi igcine inqwaba yolwazi. Kubazali abaningi, ayikho into engaqondakali njengobuchopho bezingane zabo ezeve eshumini nambili. Ukuziphatha kwabo ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukukubiza ngokuthi kunengqondo noma kuyakha, kodwa lokhu kuchazwa inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwabo kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokwakheka komphakathi.
Yiqiniso, izinguquko ekuxhumaneni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kwezindawo ezithile zobuchopho kanye nomthelela wezinguquko ze-hormonal kungaba isizathu sesayensi sokuziphatha okungavamile kwabantu abasha, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi akudingeki ukuba baqondiswe. Umuntu ngokwemvelo akayena umuntu ongahlali nabantu. Uma othile egwema abanye abantu, ngokuqinisekile akubangelwa ukuthambekela kwethu kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, ukubamba iqhaza okukhuthele kwabazali ekuphileni kwezingane zabo kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sokukhula kwazo.
Kuyafaneleka futhi ukuqonda ukuthi ngisho nalapho eneminyaka emithathu, ingane isivele ingumuntu onobuntu bakhe, izifiso zakhe kanye nombono wakhe ngezwe elizungezile. Umzali akufanele angabonakali enganeni yakhe, amyeke ahambe ngokukhululeka, kodwa akufanele aphenduke udonga oluqinile lukakhonkolo, olumvikela olwazini lwezwe. Endaweni ethile udinga ukuphoqa, endaweni ethile udinga ukugodla, endaweni ethile udinga ukunikeza inkululeko ephelele, futhi endaweni ethile, ubonisa igunya labazali, udinga ukusho ngokuqinile "cha", ngisho noma ingane ingajabuli ngalokhu.
Ukuba umzali kunzima, ukuba umzali oqotho kunzima nakakhulu. Kodwa ukuba yibhungu akulula kangako. Umzimba uyashintsha ngaphandle, ubuchopho bushintsha, imvelo iyashintsha (kwakukhona isikole, futhi manje inyuvesi), isigqi sokuphila siyashintsha. Namuhla, impilo ivame ukufana neFomula 1, lapho ingekho khona indawo yokunensa. Kodwa isivinini esikhulu siza nobungozi obukhulu, ngakho umgibeli ongenalwazi angalimala. Umsebenzi womzali uwukuba umqeqeshi wengane yakhe ukuze amkhulule ngokuthula emhlabeni esikhathini esizayo, ngaphandle kokwesaba ikusasa lakhe.
Abanye abazali bazibheka njengabahlakaniphile kunabanye, abanye bakulungele ukusebenzisa noma isiphi iseluleko abasizwa ku-inthanethi noma kumakhelwane, kanti abanye bamane nje “bangama-violet” kuzo zonke izinselele zokukhulisa izingane. Abantu abafani, kodwa njengoba nje ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye zawo kubalulekile ebuchosheni bomuntu, ukuxhumana phakathi kwabazali nezingane zabo kunendima ebaluleke kakhulu emfundweni.
Siyabonga ngokufunda, hlalani nelukuluku futhi nibe nempelasonto enhle bafana! 🙂
Ezinye izikhangiso 🙂
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