ʻO ka manawa hope loa , pehea ka ho'āʻo ʻana e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kaʻina aʻo i alakaʻi ʻia i ka puka ʻana mai i ka makahiki 60 o ka ʻōnaehana PLATO, kahi i holomua loa i kēlā manawa. Nui nā papa aʻo i kūkulu ʻia nona ma nā kumuhana like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa iā PLATO kahi drawback - ʻo nā haumāna kulanui wale nō me nā pahu kūikawā i loaʻa i nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa.
Ua loli ke kūlana me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā kamepiula pilikino. No laila, ua hiki mai nā polokalamu hoʻonaʻauao i nā kula āpau, nā kula a me nā home. Hoʻomau mākou i ka moʻolelo ma lalo o ka ʻoki.
Kiʻi kiʻi: / CC BY
Kipi kamepiula
ʻO ka mea hana i alakaʻi i ka hoʻololi kamepiula pilikino ma muli o ka microprocessor Intel 8080. Ua lilo ke kaʻa kaʻa i hoʻolālā ʻia no kēia kamepiula i ka maʻamau de facto no nā kamepiula ma hope. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka Altair e ka ʻenekini Henry Edward Roberts ma 1975 no MITS. ʻOiai ka nui o nā hemahema - ʻaʻohe kīpē a i ʻole kahi hōʻike i ka mīkini - kūʻai aku ka hui i mau tausani mau mea hana i ka mahina mua. ʻO ka holomua o ka Altair 8800 i paʻa i ke ala no nā PC ʻē aʻe.
Ma 1977, komo ʻo Commodore i ka mākeke me kāna Commodore PET 2001. ʻO kēia kamepiula i loko o kahi pahu metala me ke kaupaona ʻana he 11 kilokani ua loaʻa iā ia kahi mākaʻikaʻi me ka hoʻonā o 40x25 mau huaʻōlelo a me kahi mea hoʻokomo. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻolauna ʻo Apple Computer i kāna Apple II. He hōʻike kala, he unuhi ʻōlelo BASIC i kūkulu ʻia, a hiki ke hana hou i ke kani. Ua lilo ʻo Apple II i PC no nā mea hoʻohana maʻamau, no laila ʻaʻole wale nā mea loea loea i nā kulanui, akā ua hana pū nā kumu kula i nā kula. Ua hoʻoikaika kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā polokalamu hoʻonaʻauao kūpono.
I kekahi manawa, ua hopohopo kekahi kumu mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo Ann McCormick, no ka heluhelu ʻana o kekahi mau ʻōpio me ka maopopo ʻole a me ka mālie. No laila, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hoʻomohala i kahi ala hou no ke aʻo ʻana i nā keiki. Ma 1979, ua lanakila ʻo McCormick i kahi haʻawina a loaʻa iā Apple II mai ka Apple Education Foundation. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana me Stanford psychology kauka Teri Perl a me Atari programmer Joseph Warren, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ka hui . Ua hoʻomaka lāua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā polokalamu hoʻonaʻauao no nā keiki kula.
Ma ka makahiki 1984, ua paʻi ʻo The Learning Company i ʻumikumamālima pāʻani hoʻonaʻauao no nā keiki. No ka laʻana, ʻo Rocky's Boots, kahi i hoʻoponopono ai nā keiki kula i nā pilikia loiloi like ʻole. Ua lanakila ʻo ia i ka wahi mua ma ka papa inoa o nā hui kalepa ʻo Software Publishers. Aia pū kekahi ʻo Reader Rabbit, nāna i aʻo i ka heluhelu a me ke kākau ʻana. I loko o ʻumi makahiki, kūʻai aku ʻo ia i 14 miliona mau kope.
Ma ka makahiki 1995, ua hōʻea ka loaʻa kālā o ka hui i $53,2 miliona. ʻO Warren Buckleitner ka mea hoʻoponopono loiloi ʻenehana no nā keiki. Ka Hui Naauao "The Holy Grail of Learning." Wahi a ia, ʻo ia ka hana a ka hui o Anne McCormick i kōkua i nā kumu e hoʻomaopopo i ka ikaika o ka lako kamepiula hoʻonaʻauao.
ʻO wai kekahi i hana i kēia?
I ka hapa mua o nā makahiki 80, ʻaʻole ʻo The Learning Company ka mea nāna i hoʻomohala i nā polokalamu hoʻonaʻauao. Nā pāʻani hoʻonaʻauao Pono Pono, Daystar Learning Corporation, Sierra On-Line a me nā hui liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe. Akā ʻo ka kūleʻa o The Learning Company i hana hou ʻia e Brøderbund - ua hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kaikunāne Doug lāua ʻo Gary Carlston.
I kekahi manawa ua hoʻomohala ka hui i nā pāʻani, ʻo kā lākou papahana kaulana loa paha ʻo Prince of Persia. Akā, ua huli koke nā kaikunāne i nā huahana hoʻonaʻauao. Aia i loko o kā lākou waihona ʻo James Discovers Math and Math Workshop no ke aʻo ʻana i ka makemakika kumu, Amazing Writing Machine no ke aʻo ʻana i ka heluhelu a me ka grammar, a me Mieko: He Moʻolelo no ka Moʻomeheu Kepanī, he papa no ka moʻolelo Kepani ma ke ʻano o nā moʻolelo leʻaleʻa no nā keiki.
Ua komo nā kumu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā noi, a ua hana pū lākou i nā papahana haʻawina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia polokalamu. Hoʻopaʻa mau ka hui i nā seminar ma nā kula e hāpai i ka hoʻonaʻauao kamepiula, paʻi ʻia i nā puke pepa no nā mea hoʻohana, a me nā papahana hoʻemi no nā kula hoʻonaʻauao. No ka laʻana, ma ke kumu kūʻai maʻamau o Mieko: He Moʻolelo o ka Moʻomeheu Kepanī ma $179,95, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai kula ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka $89,95.
Ma ka makahiki 1991, ua hopu ʻo Brøderbund i ka hapaha o ka mākeke polokalamu hoʻonaʻauao ʻAmelika. ʻO ka holomua o ka hui i hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo o The Learning Company, nāna i kūʻai i kāna mea hoʻokūkū no $ 420 miliona.
lako polokalamu no nā haumāna
ʻAʻole i haʻalele ʻia ka hoʻonaʻauao kulanui ma waho o ke kipi kamepiula. I ka makahiki 1982, ua kūʻai aku ʻo MIT i mau kakini PC no ka hoʻohana lumi papa e nā haumāna ʻenekinia. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope, ma ke kumu o ke kulanui me ke kākoʻo o IBM, ua hoʻomaka lākou . Ua hāʻawi ka hui i ke kulanui me nā kamepiula e pili ana i nā miliona miliona a me kāna mau polokalamu polokalamu e hoʻomohala i nā polokalamu hoʻonaʻauao. Ua loaʻa i nā haumāna o nā mea nui a pau ke ʻike i nā ʻenehana hou, a ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi pūnaewele kamepiula ma ka pā kula.
I ka hopena o nā makahiki 80, ua puka mai kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao e pili ana i UNIX ma MIT, a ua hoʻomohala nā loea o ke kulanui i nā papahana no nā kula ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa no ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻepekema kūlohelohe ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kūleʻa loa - ʻaʻole i kākau wale nā limahana o ke kulanui i kahi papa kamepiula o nā haʻiʻōlelo, akā ua hoʻomaka pū kekahi ʻōnaehana no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻike o nā haumāna.
ʻO Athena ka mua nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kamepiula a me nā lako polokalamu ma ke kulanui a he kumu hoʻohālike no nā papahana like ma nā kula hoʻonaʻauao ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka kaiaola hoʻonaʻauao
Ua hoʻomaka pū ka poʻe ʻoihana e hōʻike i ka hoihoi i nā polokalamu hoʻonaʻauao i nā makahiki 80 mua. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana iā Microsoft ma 1983 ma muli o nā kuʻikahi me Bill Gates, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Paul Allen i ka Asymetrix Learning Systems. Ma laila ʻo ia i hoʻomohala ai i ka ʻenehana hoʻonaʻauao ToolBook. Ua hiki i ka ʻōnaehana ke hana i nā huahana multimedia like ʻole: nā papa, nā noi no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā mākau, nā hōʻikeʻike a me nā mea kuhikuhi. I ka makahiki 2001, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ToolBook kekahi o nā mea hana e-learning interactive maikaʻi loa.
Ua hoʻomaka hoʻi ka ulu ʻana o ke kaiaola aʻo mamao. ʻO ka paionia ka papahana FirstClass, i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā poʻe mai Bell Northern Research - Steve Asbury, Jon Asbury a me Scott Welch. Aia ka pūʻolo i nā mea hana no ka hana me ka leka uila, kaʻana like ʻana i nā faila, nā kamaʻilio, nā ʻaha kūkā no nā kumu, nā haumāna a me nā mākua. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana a hoʻonui hou ʻia (he ʻāpana ia o ka OpenTex portfolio) - ʻekolu kaukani ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao a me ʻeiwa miliona mau mea hoʻohana a puni ka honua i pili iā ia.
Kiʻi kiʻi: / CC BY-SA
ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i nā makahiki 90 i hoʻomaka i ka hoʻololi hou ʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ua hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā polokalamu hoʻonaʻauao a loaʻa i nā mea hou: i ka makahiki 1997, ua hānau ʻia ka manaʻo o kahi "interactive learning environment" (Interactive Learning Network).
E kamaʻilio mākou no kēia manawa aʻe.
Loaʻa iā mākou ma Habré:
Source: www.habr.com