Eminyakeni engu-50 edlule i-Inthanethi yazalwa ekamelweni No. 3420

Lena indaba yokudalwa kwe-ARPANET, umanduleli we-inthanethi oguquguqukayo, njengoba ilandiswa abahlanganyeli emicimbini.

Ngifike e-Bolter Hall Institute eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, e-Los Angeles (UCLA), ngenyuka izitebhisi ngiya esitezi sesithathu ngifuna igumbi #3420. Ngabe sengingena kuyo. Ephaseji wayengabonakali lutho olukhethekile.

Kodwa eminyakeni engu-50 edlule, ngo-October 29, 1969, kwenzeka okuthile okuphawulekayo. Umfundi othweswe iziqu uCharlie Cline, ehlezi esikhumulweni se-ITT Teletype, wenzela uBill Duvall, usosayensi ohlezi kwenye ikhompuyutha e-Stanford Research Institute (namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi i-SRI International), engxenyeni ehluke ngokuphelele yaseCalifornia. Yaqala kanje indaba I-ARPANET, inethiwekhi encane yamakhompiyutha ezemfundo eyaba ngumanduleli we-inthanethi.

Akunakushiwo ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi lesi senzo esifushane sokudluliswa kwedatha saduma emhlabeni wonke. Ngisho noCline noDuvall abazange bakwazise ngokugcwele lokho abakufezile: “Angikhumbuli lutho olukhethekile ngalobo busuku, futhi angizange ngiqaphele ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi kukhona esikwenzile okukhethekile,” kusho uCline. Nokho, ukuxhumana kwabo kwaba ubufakazi bokuba nokwenzeka komqondo, okwagcina kunikeze ukufinyelela cishe kulo lonke ulwazi lomhlaba kunoma ubani ongumnikazi wekhompyutha.

Namuhla, yonke into kusukela kuma-smartphone kuya eminyango yegalaji ezenzakalelayo ingama-node kunethiwekhi eyehla kuleyo eyayihlolwa u-Cline no-Duvall ngalolo suku. Futhi indaba yokuthi banqume kanjani imithetho yokuqala yokuhambisa amabhayithi emhlabeni wonke kufanelekile ukuyilalela - ikakhulukazi uma bezitshela bona.

"Ukuze lokhu kungenzeki futhi"

Futhi ngo-1969, abantu abaningi basiza uCline noDuvall ukuthi benze lokho kusihlwa ngo-Okthoba 29 - kuhlanganise noprofesa we-UCLA. ULeonard Kleinrock, engakhuluma naye, ngaphezu kukaKline noDuvall, lapho ngigubha iminyaka engu-50. UKleinrock, osasebenza enyuvesi, ukusho lokho I-ARPANET ngomqondo othile, kwakungumntwana weMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Lapho ngo-October 1957 iSoviet I-Sputnik-1 yacwayiza esibhakabhakeni phezu kwe-United States, amagagasi athusayo avela kuyo adlula kokubili emphakathini wesayensi nasezikhungweni zezombangazwe.

Igumbi elingunombolo 3420, libuyiselwe kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi balo kusukela ngo-1969

Ukwethulwa kwe-Sputnik "kuthole i-United States ibhulukwe liphansi, futhi u-Eisenhower wathi, 'Ungakuvumeli lokhu kwenzeke futhi,'" u-Kleinrock ukhumbula engxoxweni yethu egumbini elingu-3420, manje elaziwa ngokuthi Isikhungo Somlando We-Inthanethi. Kleinrock. "Ngakho ngoJanuwari 1958, wakha i-Advanced Research Projects Agency, i-ARPA, ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezokuvikela ukuze isekele i-STEM-isayensi enzima efundwe emanyuvesi ase-US nasezindaweni zokucwaninga."

Maphakathi nawo-1960, i-ARPA yanikezela ngezimali zokwakha amakhompyutha amakhulu asetshenziswa abacwaningi emanyuvesi kanye nama- think tanks ezweni lonke. Isikhulu sezezimali se-ARPA kwakungu-Bob Taylor, umuntu obalulekile emlandweni wekhompyutha owaphatha ilabhorethri ye-PARC e-Xerox. E-ARPA, ngeshwa, kwacaca kuye ukuthi wonke la makhompyutha akhuluma izilimi ezahlukene futhi engazi ukuthi angaxhumana kanjani.

UTaylor wayekuzonda ukusebenzisa amatheminali ahlukene ukuze axhume kumakhompyutha ocwaningo akude ahlukene, ngalinye lisebenza ngomugqa walo ozinikele. Ihhovisi lakhe laligcwele imishini yocingo.

Ngo-1969, amatheminali anjalo eTeletype ayeyingxenye ebalulekile yamadivayisi ekhompyutha

“Ngithe, ndoda, kusobala okumele kwenziwe. Esikhundleni sokuba namatheminali amathathu, kufanele kube netheminali eyodwa eya lapho uyidinga khona,” kusho uTaylor etshela iNew York Times ngo-1999. "Lo mbono yi-ARPANET."

U-Taylor ubenezizathu ezengeziwe ezisebenzayo zokufuna ukwakha inethiwekhi. Ubehlale ethola izicelo ezivela kubacwaningi ezweni lonke zokuxhasa ukuthengwa kwezinto ezinkulu nezisheshayo ozimele abakhulu. Wayazi ukuthi amandla amaningi ekhompyutha axhaswe nguhulumeni ayehlezi engenzi lutho, kuchaza uKleinrock. Isibonelo, umcwaningi angase akhulise amandla esistimu yekhompuyutha e-SRIin e-California, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo i-mainframe e-MIT ingase ihlezi ingenzi lutho, ake sithi, ngemva kwamahora oGwini Olusempumalanga.

Noma kungenzeka ukuthi i-mainframe iqukethe isofthiwe endaweni eyodwa engaba usizo kwezinye izindawo—njengesofthiwe yokuqala yezithombe ezixhaswe yi-ARPA eNyuvesi yase-Utah. Ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi enjalo, "uma ngise-UCLA futhi ngifuna ukwenza izithombe, ngizocela i-ARPA ukuthi ingithengele umshini ofanayo," kusho u-Kleinrock. “Wonke umuntu wayedinga konke.” Ngo-1966, i-ARPA yayisikhathele yizidingo ezinjalo.

ULeonard Kleinrock

Inkinga yayiwukuthi wonke la makhompyutha ayekhuluma izilimi ezahlukene. E-Pentagon, ososayensi bamakhompyutha kaTaylor bachaza ukuthi lawa makhompyutha ocwaningo wonke anamasethi ahlukene amakhodi. Kwakungekho ulimi oluvamile lwenethiwekhi, noma iphrothokholi, lapho amakhompyutha aqhelelene ayekwazi ukuxhuma futhi abelane ngokuqukethwe noma izinsiza.

Ngokushesha isimo sashintsha. U-Taylor wancenga umqondisi we-ARPA uCharles Hertzfield ukuthi atshale izigidi zamaRandi ekwakheni inethiwekhi entsha yokuxhuma amakhompyutha avela ku-MIT, UCLA, SRI nakwezinye izindawo. UHertzfield uthole imali ngokuyithatha ohlelweni locwaningo lwe-ballistic missile. UMnyango Wezokuvikela wathethelela lezi zindleko ngokuthi i-ARPA yayinomsebenzi wokudala inethiwekhi “esindile” eyayizoqhubeka nokusebenza ngisho nangemva kokuba enye yezingxenye zayo isicekeleke phansi—ngokwesibonelo, ekuhlaselweni kwezikhali zenuzi.

I-ARPA ilethe u-Larry Roberts, umngane omdala ka-Kleinrock wase-MIT, ukuphatha amaphrojekthi we-ARPANET. U-Roberts waphendukela emisebenzini kasosayensi wamakhompiyutha waseBrithani uDonald Davis kanye no-American Paul Baran kanye nobuchwepheshe bokudluliswa kwedatha ababusungula.

Futhi ngokushesha uRobert wamema uKleinrock ukuthi asebenze engxenyeni yethiyori yephrojekthi. Ubecabanga ngokudluliswa kwedatha ngamanethiwekhi kusukela ngo-1962, ngenkathi ese-MIT.

“Njengomfundi oneziqu e-MIT, nganquma ukubhekana nale nkinga elandelayo: Ngizungezwe amakhompyutha, kodwa akwazi ukuxhumana, futhi ngiyazi ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuyodingeka,” Kleinrock. uthi. - Futhi akekho owayehlanganyele kulo msebenzi. Wonke umuntu ufunde ulwazi nethiyori yokubhala amakhodi.”

Umnikelo omkhulu ka-Kleinrock ku-ARPANET kwaba ithiyori yomugqa. Ngaleso sikhathi, imigqa yayiyi-analog futhi yayingaqashwa kwa-AT&T. Basebenze ngamaswishi, okusho ukuthi iswishi emaphakathi isungule ukuxhumana okuzinikele phakathi komthumeli nomamukeli, kungaba abantu ababili abaxoxa ocingweni noma itheminali exhuma kusilawuli kude. Kule migqa, isikhathi esiningi sachithwa ngesikhathi sokungenzi lutho - lapho kungekho okhuluma amagama noma odlulisa izingcezu.

I-Dissertation ka-Kleinrock e-MIT ibeke phansi imiqondo ezokwazisa iphrojekthi ye-ARPANET.

UKleinrock ucabangele lokhu njengendlela engasebenzi kahle yokuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha. Ithiyori yokubeka umugqa inikeze indlela yokuhlukanisa imigqa yokuxhumana phakathi kwamaphakethe edatha avela kumaseshini ahlukene okuxhumana. Uma ukusakaza okukodwa kwamaphakethe kuphazamiseka, okunye ukusakaza kungasebenzisa isiteshi esifanayo. Amaphakethe akha iseshini yedatha eyodwa (ake sithi, i-imeyili eyodwa) angathola indlela eya kumamukeli esebenzisa imizila emine ehlukene. Uma umzila owodwa uvaliwe, inethiwekhi izoqondisa kabusha amaphakethe komunye.

Phakathi nengxoxo yethu ekamelweni 3420, uKleinrock wangibonisa incwadi yakhe ebhaliwe, eboshwe ngokubomvu kwelinye lamatafula. Ushicilele ucwaningo lwakhe ngefomu lencwadi ngo-1964.

Kulolu hlobo olusha lwenethiwekhi, ukunyakaza kwedatha akuzange kuqondiswe ngokushintsha okuphakathi, kodwa ngamadivayisi atholakala ezindaweni zenethiwekhi. Ngo-1969 lezi zixhobo zabizwa I-IMP, "izibambi zomlayezo wesixhumi esibonakalayo". Umshini ngamunye onjalo wawuyinguqulo eguquliwe, enzima kakhulu yekhompiyutha ye-Honeywell DDP-516, eyayiqukethe izinto ezikhethekile zokuphatha inethiwekhi.

UKleinrock wethula i-IMP yokuqala ku-UCLA ngoMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba ngo-1969. Namuhla imi monolithically ekhoneni legumbi 3420 e-Bolter Hall, lapho ibuyiselwe khona ekubukekeni kwayo kwasekuqaleni, njengoba yayinjalo lapho icubungula ukuthunyelwa kwe-inthanethi kokuqala eminyakeni engama-50 edlule.

"Izinsuku zokusebenza zamahora angu-15, nsuku zonke"

Ekwindla ka-1969, uCharlie Cline wayengumfundi oneziqu ezama ukuthola iziqu zobunjiniyela. Iqembu lakhe ladluliselwa kuphrojekthi ye-ARPANET ngemuva kokuthi u-Kleinrock ethole uxhaso lukahulumeni lokuthuthukisa inethiwekhi. Ngo-August, u-Kline nabanye bebesebenza ngenkuthalo ekulungiseleleni isofthiwe ye-Sigma 7 mainframe ukuze ixhumane ne-IMP. Njengoba kwakungekho ukuxhumana okujwayelekile phakathi kwamakhompiyutha nama-IMP—uBob Metcalfe noDavid Boggs babengeke basungule i-Ethernet kwaze kwaba ngu-1973—iqembu lakha ikhebula elingamamitha angu-5 ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuze lixhumane phakathi kwamakhompyutha. Manje base bedinga enye ikhompyutha ukuze bashintshisane ngolwazi.

UCharlie Cline

Isikhungo sesibili socwaningo sokuthola i-IMP kwakuyi-SRI (lokhu kwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba). KuBill Duvall, umcimbi wabonisa ukuqala kwamalungiselelo okudluliswa kwedatha kokuqala kusuka ku-UCLA kuya ku-SRI, ku-SDS 940 yabo. Amaqembu kuzo zombili izikhungo, uthe, asebenza kanzima ukuze afeze ukudluliswa kwedatha kokuqala okuyimpumelelo ngo-Okthoba 21.

“Ngangena kuphrojekthi, ngathuthukisa futhi ngasebenzisa isofthiwe edingekayo, futhi kwakuwuhlobo lwenqubo eyenzeka ngezinye izikhathi ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe - izinsuku zamahora angu-15, nsuku zonke, uze uqede,” uyakhumbula.

Njengoba i-Halloween isondela, ijubane lentuthuko kuzo zombili izikhungo liyakhula. Namaqembu abemi ngomumo ngisho ungakafiki umnqamulajuqu.

"Manje besinama-node amabili, siqashise umugqa ku-AT&T, futhi besilindele isivinini esimangalisayo samabhithi angama-50 ngomzuzwana," kusho uKleinrock. "Futhi besikulungele ukukwenza, ukungena ngemvume."

“Sihlele ukuhlolwa kokuqala ngo-Okthoba 29,” kunezela uDuval. – Ngaleso sikhathi kwaba pre-alpha. Futhi sacabanga ukuthi, kulungile, sinezinsuku ezintathu zokuhlola ukuze sikwenze konke kusebenze. ”

Ngobusuku bomhla zingama-29, uKline wasebenza sekwephuzile - njengoba kwenza uDuvall e-SRI. Bahlela ukuzama ukudlulisa umlayezo wokuqala phezu kwe-ARPANET kusihlwa, ukuze bangonakalisi umsebenzi wanoma ubani uma ikhompyutha "iphahlazeka" ngokuzumayo. Egunjini elingu-3420, uCline wayehleli yedwa phambi kwetheminali ye-ITT Teletype exhunywe kwikhompyutha.

Nakhu okwenzeka ngalobo busuku - okuhlanganisa ukuhluleka kwekhompuyutha okungokomlando emlandweni wekhompyutha - ngamazwi ka-Kline noDuvall ngokwabo:

I-Kline: Ngangena ku-Sigma 7 OS ngase ngiqhuba uhlelo engangilubhalile olwangivumela ukuba ngilawule iphakethe lokuhlola ukuthi lithunyelwe ku-SRI. Ngaleso sikhathi, uBill Duvall e-SRI waqala uhlelo olwamukela ukuxhumana okungenayo. Futhi sasikhuluma ocingweni kanyekanye.

Saba nezinkinga ezimbalwa ekuqaleni. Sibe nenkinga ngokuhumusha ikhodi ngoba isistimu yethu ibisetshenziswa I-EBCDIC (i-BCD eyandisiwe), indinganiso esetshenziswa i-IBM ne-Sigma 7. Kodwa ikhompuyutha eku-SRI yasetshenziswa ASCII (Standard American Code for Information Interchange), kamuva eyaba indinganiso ye-ARPANET, kwase kuba umhlaba wonke.

Ngemva kokubhekana nezimbalwa zalezi zinkinga, sazama ukungena. Futhi ukwenza lokhu bekufanele uthayiphe igama elithi "login". Uhlelo ku-SRI lwahlelwa ukuthi lubone imiyalo etholakalayo ngobuhlakani. Kumodi ethuthukisiwe, lapho uqala uthayipha u-L, bese u-O, bese u-G, waqonda ukuthi mhlawumbe ubuqonde UKUNGENA, futhi naye wengeza okuthi IN. Ngakho ngangena ku-L.

Ngangisemgqeni noDuvall wase-SRI, ngathi, “Ingabe uyitholile i-L?” Athi, "Yebo." Ngathi ngabona u-L ebuya ezophrinta kutheminali yami. Futhi ngacindezela u-O futhi yathi, "'O' ifikile." Futhi ngacindezela u-G, wayesethi, “Awume kancane, uhlelo lwami luphahlazekile lapha.”

UBill Duvall

Ngemva kwezinhlamvu ezimbalwa, ukuphuphuma kwebhafa kwenzeka. Kwakulula kakhulu ukuthola nokulungisa, futhi ngokuyisisekelo yonke into yayibuyekeziwe futhi isebenze ngemva kwalokho. Lokhu ngikusho ngoba akukhona konke lokhu okukhulunywa ngakho. Indaba yokuthi i-ARPANET isebenza kanjani.

U-Kline: Ube nephutha elincane, futhi wabhekana nalo emizuzwini engaba ngu-20, wazama ukuqala yonke into futhi. Wayedinga ukulungisa isoftware. Bengidinga ukuhlola isofthiwe yami futhi. Wangifonela futhi saphinde sazama. Saqala futhi, ngabhala u-L, O, G futhi kulokhu ngathola impendulo ethi "IN".

"Onjiniyela nje emsebenzini"

Ukuxhumana kokuqala kwenzeke ngehora leshumi ebusuku ngesikhathi sasePacific. U-Kline wabe esekwazi ukungena ku-akhawunti yekhompyutha ye-SRI uDuvall ayemdalele yona futhi waqhuba izinhlelo esebenzisa izinsiza zesistimu yekhompyutha etholakala ku-560 km ukhuphuka nogu ukusuka e-UCLA. Ingxenye encane yomsebenzi we-ARPANET yafezwa.

“Ngaleso sikhathi kwase kuhlwile, ngakho ngagoduka,” kusho uKline kimi.

Uphawu olusendlini 3420 luchaza okwenzeka lapha

Iqembu belazi ukuthi lizuze impumelelo, kodwa alizange licabange kakhulu ngezinga lempumelelo. "Kwakungonjiniyela nje emsebenzini," kusho uKleinrock. UDuvall ubone u-Okthoba 29 njengesinyathelo esisodwa somsebenzi omkhulu, oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu wokuxhumanisa amakhompyutha abe yinethiwekhi. Umsebenzi ka-Kleinrock ugxile endleleni yokuhambisa amaphakethe edatha kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi, kuyilapho abacwaningi be-SRI besebenza ngokuthi yini eyenza iphakethe nokuthi idatha engaphakathi kwalo ihlelwa kanjani.

“Eqinisweni, yilapho kwaqalwa khona i-paradigm esiyibona ku-inthanethi, enezixhumanisi zemibhalo nazo zonke lezo zinto,” kusho uDuvall. “Besihlale sicabanga izindawo zokusebenzela eziningi kanye nabantu abaxhumene. Ngaleso sikhathi sasizibiza ngezikhungo zolwazi ngenxa yokuthi ukufundisa kwethu kwakungokwemfundo.”

Phakathi namasonto okushintshana kokuqala okuyimpumelelo kwedatha phakathi kuka-Cline no-Duvall, inethiwekhi ye-ARPA yanwetshwa ukuze ifake amakhompyutha avela eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, e-Santa Barbara, naseNyuvesi yase-Utah. I-ARPANET yabe isiqhubeka yanda ngeminyaka yawo-70s kanye nasengxenyeni enkulu yawo-1980, ixhumanisa amakhompyutha amaningi kahulumeni nawezemfundo ndawonye. Bese imiqondo ethuthukiswe ku-ARPANET izosetshenziswa ku-inthanethi esiyaziyo namuhla.

Ngo-1969, ukukhishwa kwabezindaba kwe-UCLA kwaveza i-ARPANET entsha. "Amanethiwekhi amakhompyutha asakhula," kubhala uKleinrock ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa njengoba zikhula ngosayizi nobunkimbinkimbi, cishe sizobona ukwanda ‘kwemisebenzi yamakhompyutha’ okuthi, njengenkonzo yanamuhla kagesi neyocingo, isebenze emizini yabantu namahhovisi ezweni lonke.”

Namuhla lo mqondo ubonakala uyisidala - amanethiwekhi edatha awangenanga kuphela ezindlini nasemahhovisi, kodwa nasezisetshenziswa ezincane kakhulu ze-inthanethi Yezinto. Kodwa-ke, isitatimende sika-Kleinrock mayelana "nezinsizakalo zekhompiyutha" sasimangalisa ngokumangalisayo, ngoba i-intanethi yezohwebo yesimanje ayizange ivele kwaze kwaba ngamashumi eminyaka ambalwa kamuva. Lo mbono usalokhu ubalulekile ngo-2019, lapho izinsiza zekhompuyutha zisondela esimweni esifanayo esitholakala yonke indawo, esithathwe njengesejwayelekile njengogesi.

Mhlawumbe imigubho efana nalena iyithuba elihle hhayi nje kuphela lokukhumbula ukuthi sifike kanjani kule nkathi exhumene kakhulu, kodwa futhi nokubheka ikusasa - njengoba kwenza uKleinrock - ukucabanga ngokuthi inethiwekhi ingase ihambe kanjani ngokulandelayo.

Source: www.habr.com