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Ngokuqhubeka nochungechunge lwethu lokushicilelwe, sinqume ukuthi ukuze siqonde izisekelo "zekhemikhali yedijithali," kwakudingeka sichaze kancane mayelana nebhizinisi lenkampani. Yebo, sizokwenza izinto zibe lula ukuze sigweme ukushintsha indaba ibe inkulumo eyisicefe efaka uhlu lwawo wonke amathebula ezikhathi ezithile (okusho ukuthi, unyaka ka-2019 ngokusemthethweni unyaka womthetho wezikhathi, ukuhlonipha iminyaka engu-150 yatholakala).
Lapho ebuzwa, "Iyini i-petrochemistry futhi idala miphi imikhiqizo?" abantu abaningi baphendula ngokuzethemba—uphethiloli, uphethiloli, nezinye izinto ezivuthayo eziwuketshezi. Eqinisweni, ukukubeka kancane, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Njengenkampani ye-petrochemical, sicubungula ngokuyinhloko imikhiqizo kawoyela negesi futhi sikhiqize izinto zokwenziwa, ezakha ingxenye enkulu yendawo yethu. Kukholakala ukuthi izinto ezine kweziyisihlanu esinazo ezisizungezile nganoma isiphi isikhathi zidalwe ngenxa ye-petrochemistry. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amakesi aphathekayo, amapeni, amabhodlela, izindwangu, obhampa bezimoto namathayi, amafasitela epulasitiki, ukupakishwa kwama-chips owathandayo, amapayipi amanzi, izitsha zokudla, okokwelapha kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo... Ngokuyisisekelo, nakhu:
Igama lami ngingu-Alexey Vynnychenko, futhi nginesibopho se-Advanced Analytics kwa-SIBUR. Sisebenzisa amamodeli okuhlaziya, sithuthukisa izinqubo zobuchwepheshe, sinciphisa ubungozi bokwehluleka kwemishini, sibikezela izintengo zemakethe zezinto zokusetshenziswa nemikhiqizo, nokunye okuningi.
Namuhla ngizokutshela ukuthi iyini le mikhiqizo nokuthi siyikhiqiza kanjani ngokuyinhloko ngegesi ye-petroleum ehlobene.
Indlela yegesi
Lapho abakhiqizi bakawoyela bempompa uwoyela, bakhiqiza igesi ye-petroleum (APG) ehambisana nayo. Isivalo segesi, esivame ukutholakala esiqeshini somhlaba kanye namafutha, siphinde sikhuphukele phezulu. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka aseSoviet, iningi lala gesi lamane lavutha, njengoba ukukhathazeka kwemvelo kwakungokwesibili, futhi ukuyisebenzisa kwakudinga ingqalasizinda ebizayo, ikakhulukazi njengoba amasimu kawoyela asekhaya ayetholakala ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esibi saseWestern Siberia. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-flare ayebonakala kalula ngisho nasemkhathini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimo sikahulumeni sokugqashuka kwaqina kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwenziwa, ngakho-ke isidingo sezinto ezingavuthiwe kubo, sakhula, okwenza ukuba kubhekwe kabusha udaba lokuvutha kwe-APG. Ngisho nangesikhathi seSoviet, izwe laqala ukuthuthukisa ukucutshungulwa kwe-APG ibe yimikhiqizo ewusizo, kodwa inqubo yaphinde yaqalwa kabusha ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Ngenxa yalokho, i-SIBUR iyodwa njengamanje icubungula cishe ama-cubic metres angu-23 billion wegesi kaphethiloli ehambisanayo ngonyaka, ivimbela ukukhishwa kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-7 ezinto eziyingozi namathani ayizigidi ezingu-70 zamagesi abamba ukushisa, okulingana nokukhishwa kwezimoto minyaka yonke ezweni elivamile laseYurophu.
Ngakho, izinkampani zikawoyela zisithengisela igesi ehlobene ne-petroleum. Senze inethiwekhi ebanzi yamapayipi eNtshonalanga Siberia eletha igesi ezindaweni zethu zokucubungula igesi. Kulezi zitshalo, igesi icutshungulwa ngokuyinhloko, iyihlukanise ibe igesi yemvelo, engena ohlelweni lokudlulisa igesi ye-Gazprom bese ihanjiswa, isibonelo, ekhaya lakho uma usebenzisa isitofu segesi, kanye nalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "uketshezi lwegesi yemvelo" (NGL) -ingxube lapho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokushisa nengcindezi, sithola imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yamakhemikhali.
Siqoqa ama-NGL asuka ezitshalweni zethu zaseSiberia ngohlelo lwamapayipi futhi siwathululela epayipini elilodwa, elingamakhilomitha angu-1100 ubude—kusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu yeWestern Siberia—elithwala umkhiqizo liwuyise endaweni yethu enkulu yokukhiqiza e-Tobolsk. Phela, idolobha elithakazelisa kakhulu, eligxile emlandweni-Yermak, Mendeleev, Decembrists, Dostoevsky, hhayi kude, Rasputin. Kuphinde kube yikhaya le-Kremlin yokuqala yamatshe eSiberia. Ingxenye yalo mlando ingabonakala kwifilimu ethi "Tobol," ekhishwa ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari. Phela, abasebenzi bethu baphinde badlala njengezengezo efilimini. Kodwa ake sibuyele ekukhiqizeni eTobolsk.
Lapho, sihlukanisa izinto zokusetshenziswa eziwumphumela zibe izingxenye ezihlukene kanye nezingxenyana, sicubungula imikhiqizo ibe yi-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). I-liquefied gas ngokwayo ingumkhiqizo oqediwe onganikezwa emakethe nakumakhasimende. I-propane ne-butane zisetshenziselwa amathangi kagesi ezindlini zasehlobo, ukugcwaliswa kabusha okulula, kanye nophethiloli ohambisana nemvelo wezimoto. Ngokuyisisekelo, konke lokhu kungathengiselwa amakhasimende, okuyilokho esikwenzayo ngezinga elithile. Kwenzekani ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezisele ezingasetshenziselwa ukudala igesi kaphethiloli ewuketshezi kuxoxwa ngazo e-Tobolsk nasezindaweni zokukhiqiza zenkampani e-Tomsk, Perm, Tolyatti, Voronezh, nakwamanye amadolobha lapho sisebenzela khona izitshalo ze-petrochemical.
Imboni yokuhlukanisa igesi. Imishini yekholomu
Manufacturing
Ama-polymers
I-LPG idlula esigabeni se-pyrolysis (noma obunye ubuchwepheshe bamakhemikhali), obukhiqiza ama-monomers abaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni i-polymer: i-ethylene ne-propylene. Umthengi ojwayelekile akahlangani nalezi zinto, ngoba azitholakali kakhulu emakethe evulekile. Sicubungula ama-monomers abe ama-polymer, okuyizinhlayiya zepulasitiki. Ngokuvamile, ama-polymers ngokwawo (i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, i-PVC, i-PET, i-polystyrene, namanye) abukeka ehluke kancane komunye nomunye uma esesimweni esiyimbudumbudu. Njengamanje sikhiqiza zonke izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-polymers: i-polyethylene (i-polymer ekhiqizwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke ngamathani), i-polypropylene, ne-PVC.
Izindawo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwe-polyethylene ne-polypropylene yizinsizakalo zezindlu nezokuhlalisana, ukupakishwa kokudla, izinto zokwakha, imboni yezimoto, imithi, ngisho namanabukeni.
I-Pyrolysis furnaces
I-PVC cishe ijwayeleke kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kumafasitela epulasitiki namapayipi. Ngokuqondene ne-polystyrene, uyibona cishe nsuku zonke. Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amathreyi emifino nezithelo ezitolo ezinkulu, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukupakisha ukudla okukhiphayo emakhefi nasezindaweni zokudlela. Kodwa sikhiqiza olunye uhlobo lwegwebu le-polystyrene—ibanga lokwakha—elinezici zokuvikela eziphakeme ezishisayo kuvolo wamaminerali nezinye izinto zokuvikela. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukwenza izidleke ezilungele imvelo. Khumbula uLuzhkov? Ungumlandeli wezidleke zegwebu le-polystyrene.
Amaqanda emaphaketheni e-polystyrene enwetshiwe
Njengamanje sakha imboni ye-petrochemical enkulu kunazo zonke eRussian Federation eTobolsk, , enamandla amathani ayizigidi ezi-2 zama-polymers ngonyaka. Uma wonke umkhiqizo wonyaka walesi sitshalo uguqulwa ube amapayipi epulasitiki, ungashintsha wonke amapayipi agqwalile eRussia (amapayipi amanzi angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2).
25 kg isikhwama polypropylene granules
Sithengisa amapulasitiki ngama-granules—indlela ekahle kakhulu yokuhamba (ama-granules angathelwa ezikhwameni ezingu-25 kg noma ezikhwameni ezinkulu eziphethe amakhilogremu angamakhulu amaningana) futhi ukuze acutshungulwe kamuva embonini yenkampani ethengayo. Lapho, ipulasitiki ivele ithululwe ezitsheni futhi incibilike ngaphansi kwengcindezi edingekayo kanye nezinga lokushisa, idale izimo ezifunwayo futhi inikeze izimfanelo ezifunwayo.
Isandla samapulangwe epulasitiki
Kungani zicutshungulwa emazingeni okushisa ahlukene nezingcindezi? Ngoba i-polymer efanayo ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinhlobo eziningana zepulasitiki, ngayinye enezici zayo ezihlukile zomzimba namakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ama-granules afanayo angasetshenziswa ukwenza kokubili isikhwama sepulasitiki esincanyana kanye nepayipi eliqinile. Amakhasimende athola ama-granules ethu angangeza izithasiselo kuwo ukuze azuze izakhiwo ezifiselekayo. Yingakho kunamabanga amaningi ahlukene epulasitiki efanayo.
Senza ne-PET, esetshenziswa yi-Coca-Cola kanye ne-PepsiCo ukwenza iziqukathi zemikhiqizo yazo.
Irabha
Yebo, kunjalo. Siphinde sikhiqize irabha. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zenjoloba emhlabeni: ezemvelo nezokwenziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intengo nesidingo serabha yokwenziwa kuhlobene eduze nenani kanye nesidingo senjoloba yemvelo. Lokhu bekwenzeka ngokomlando, njengoba irabha yemvelo kwaba ngeyokuqala ukungena emakethe. Injoloba yemvelo ivunwa abalimi emazweni akhethiwe aseningizimu bese idayiselwa izinkampani ezilungisayo. Irabha yokwenziwa iwumkhiqizo we-petrochemical.
, umthombo oyinhloko wenjoloba yemvelo
Sithengisela izinkampani zenjoloba ngamabriquette.
Ibriquette yerabha
Izinkampani zamathaya zingabathengi abakhulu benjoloba; siyinikeza iBridgestone, Pirelli, Michelin, Continental, nabanye abakhiqizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, into eyivelakancane embonini yaseRussia namuhla, sinobuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele, obusezingeni eliphezulu. Isibonelo, sakha isitshalo esisha e-Gujarat (eduze kwase-Goa) nozakwethu bethu base-India sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bethu.
Kodwa amathayi akuzona kuphela izinto—irabha isetshenziselwa ukwenza ezinye izinto eziningi, ezingaziwayo, kodwa ezibalulekile ngokufanayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-casings ahlukahlukene, ama-gaskets emoto, izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo yamapayipi etholakala kuwo wonke amakhaya, kanye nezicathulo zezicathulo.
Voronezhsintezkauchuk
Lokhu, ngendlela, ubuhle obuyingqayizivele bamakhemikhali e-petrochemicals njengemboni. Ungakwazi ukukhipha okuthile futhi ukuthengise, noma uthole indlela yokuyicwenga futhi ukhiqize uhla olusha lwemikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu.
Ukufingqa
Njengoba kumangalisa njengoba kungase kuzwakale, ama-polymers namanye amakhemikhali e-petrochemicals abe izingxenye ezibalulekile zokuphila kwanamuhla. Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi masha ngokombono womhlaba wonke, kunenqwaba yezinganekwane nezindaba ezesabekayo, eziphakamisa ukuthi izinto zokwenziwa kufanele ziphathwe ngokuqapha ngoba zingamakhemikhali. Phela, kokunye kokuthunyelwe kwethu okulandelayo, ozakwethu bazokhipha izinganekwane ezimbalwa ezidume kakhulu, njengokuthi ipulasitiki ku-microwave iqinisekiswa kanjani ukuthi izolimaza impilo yakho nesimo sakho sengqondo, nokuthi ingilazi yakho eyintandokazi ye-soda ihlala kanjani* inambitha kangcono kunesoda efanayo ebhodleleni lepulasitiki.
*njalo, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okuyimpumputhe
Njengebhonasi kulabo abafunda kuze kube sekupheleni, sinekhathuni echaza ezinye zezigaba zokudala i-polymer ngokuningiliziwe.
Source: www.habr.com
