Sawubona Habr!
Ukuqhubeka nochungechunge lwethu lokushicilelwa, sinqume ukuthi ukuze siqonde izinto eziyisisekelo "zekhemikhali yedijithali" kudingeka sikhulume kancane mayelana nengqikithi yebhizinisi lenkampani. Kuyacaca, sizokwenza lula endleleni ukuze singayishintshi indaba ibe inkulumo eyisicefe efaka uhlu lonke lwetafula le-periodic (indlela, u-2019 ngokusemthethweni unyaka womthetho we-periodic, ukuhlonipha iminyaka engu-150 yatholakala. ).
Abantu abaningi, lapho bephendula umbuzo othi "Iyini i-petrochemicals futhi idala imiphi imikhiqizo?" Baphendula ngokuzethemba - uphethiloli, uphethiloli nolunye uketshezi oluvuthayo. Eqinisweni, ukukubeka kancane, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Njengenkampani ye-petrochemical, sisebenza ngokuyinhloko ekucutshungulweni kwemikhiqizo kawoyela negesi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinto zokwenziwa ezakha ingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yawo wonke umuntu. Kunombono wokuthi ezintweni ezi-5 ezisizungezile nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ezi-4 zidalwe ngenxa yamakhemikhali e-petrochemicals. Lawa amakesi e-laptop, amapeni, amabhodlela, izindwangu, obhampa namathayi ezimoto, amafasitela epulasitiki, ukupakishwa kwama-chips owathandayo, amapayipi amanzi, iziqukathi zokudla, izinto zezokwelapha nezinto ezisetshenziswayo... Ngokuvamile, nakhu:
Igama lami ngingu-Alexey Vinnichenko, ngibophezelekile ekuqondisweni kwe-"Advanced Analytics" kwa-SIBUR. Sisebenzisa amamodeli okuhlaziya, simisa izindlela ezilungile zezinqubo zobuchwepheshe, sinciphise ubungozi bokuphuka kwemishini, sibikezele izintengo zemakethe zezinto zokusetshenziswa nemikhiqizo, nokunye okuningi.
Namuhla ngizokutshela ukuthi iyini le mikhiqizo nokuthi siyikhiqiza kanjani ngegesi ye-petroleum ehlobene kakhulu.
Indlela yegesi
Lapho izisebenzi zikawoyela zimpompa uwoyela, igesi ehlobene ne-petroleum (APG) iza nawo; kanye namafutha, isivalo segesi, esivame ukuba sezingxenyeni zomhlaba kanye namafutha, sikhuphukela phezulu. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka aseSoviet, iningi lalo lalimane lishiswe, njengoba izindaba zemvelo zaziyingxenye yesibili, futhi ukusebenzisa i-APG kuyadingeka ukwakha ingqalasizinda ebizayo, ikakhulukazi njengoba amasimu kawoyela asekhaya atholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinokhahlo zaseWestern Siberia. Ngenxa yalokho, izibani zamathoshi zazibonakala ngokucacile ngisho nasemkhathini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimo sombuso mayelana nokuvutha saba lukhuni, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwenziwa, ngakho-ke isidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa kubo sakhula, futhi umbono wenkinga yokuvutha kwe-APG wabuyekezwa. Ngisho nangaphansi kwe-USSR, izwe laqala ukuthuthukisa ukucutshungulwa kwe-APG ibe yimikhiqizo ewusizo, kodwa inqubo yaqalwa kabusha ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Ngenxa yalokho, i-SIBUR iyodwa manje isebenzisa cishe ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-23 ze-APG ngonyaka, ivimbela ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7 namathani ayizigidi ezingu-70 zamagesi abamba ukushisa, okulingana nokukhishwa kwezimoto minyaka yonke ezweni elivamile laseYurophu. .
Ngakho, izinkampani zikawoyela zisithengisela igesi ehlobene ne-petroleum. Senze inethiwekhi ebanzi yamapayipi eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, eqinisekisa ukulethwa kwegesi ezindaweni zethu zokucubungula igesi. Kulezi zitshalo, igesi icutshungulwa ngokuyinhloko, ihlukaniseke ibe yigesi yemvelo, engena ohlelweni lokuthutha igesi ye-Gazprom bese ithunyelwa, isibonelo, ekhaya lakho uma usebenzisa isitofu segesi, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ububanzi. ingxenye yama-hydrocarbons alulaβ (NGL) ingxube lapho sithola kuyo yonke inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela ehlukahlukene yokushisa nokucindezela.
Siqoqa ama-NGL ezitshalweni zethu zaseSiberia ngohlelo lwamapayipi bese silithela epayipini elilodwa elikhulu elingamakhilomitha angu-1100 ubude - ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu yeWestern Siberia - elithwala umkhiqizo liwuyise endaweni yethu enkulu yokukhiqiza eTobolsk. By the way, idolobha elithakazelisa kakhulu, eligcwele umlando - Ermak, Mendeleev, Decembrists, Dostoevsky, futhi Rasputin alikude. Itshe lokuqala Kremlin eSiberia. Ingxenye yale ndaba ingabonakala kwifilimu ethi "Tobol", ezokhishwa ekupheleni kukaFebruwari. Ngendlela, abasebenzi bethu nabo basebenze njengezengezo kufilimu. Kodwa ake sibuyele ekukhiqizeni eTobolsk.
Lapho sihlukanisa izinto zokusetshenziswa eziwumphumela zibe izingxenye namafrakshini ngazinye, bese sicubungula imikhiqizo ibe yi-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). I-liquefied gas iwumkhiqizo owenziwe ngomumo wezohwebo onganikezwa emakethe nakumakhasimende. I-Propane, i-butane - iziqukathi zegesi zezindlu zasemaphandleni, amathini okugcwalisa izibani, uphethiloli ohambisana nemvelo wezimoto. Ngokuvamile, konke lokhu kungathengiswa kumthengi. Yilokho esikwenza ngokwengxenye. Kodwa kwenzekani ngazo zonke ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa, ezingasetshenziselwa ukudala igesi eliwuketshezi, eTobolsk nasezikhungweni zokukhiqiza zenkampani eTomsk, Perm, Tolyatti, Voronezh nakwamanye amadolobha anezitshalo zethu ze-petrochemical.
Imboni yokuhlukanisa igesi. Imishini yekholomu
Manufacturing
Ama-Polymers
I-LPG idlula esigabeni se-pyrolysis (noma obunye ubuchwepheshe bamakhemikhali), lapho sithola khona ama-monomers abaluleke kakhulu okukhiqizwa kwama-polymers - i-ethylene ne-propylene. Umuntu ojwayelekile akahlangani nalezi zinto, ngoba azingeni emakethe ebanzi. Sicubungula ama-monomers abe ama-polymer, okuyizinhlayiyana zepulasitiki. Ngokuvamile, ama-polymers ngokwawo (i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, i-PVC, i-PET, i-polystyrene nabanye) ngokubukeka ngendlela yama-granules ahluke kancane komunye nomunye. Manje sikhiqiza zonke izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-polymers - i-polyethylene (i-polymer ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni ngokwe-tonnage), i-polypropylene PVC.
Izindawo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwe-polyethylene kanye ne-polypropylene yizinsizakalo zezindlu nezomphakathi, ukupakishwa kokudla, izinto zokwakha, imboni yezimoto, imithi kanye namanabukeni.
Amahhavini e-pyrolysis
I-PVC cishe ijwayele wonke umuntu ngokuyinhloko kusukela kumafasitela epulasitiki namapayipi. Uma kukhulunywa nge-polystyrene, uyibona cishe nsuku zonke. Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amathreyi emifino nezithelo ezitolo ezinkulu; ingasetshenziswa ukupakisha ukudla okuthengiswayo emakhefi nasezindaweni zokudlela. Kodwa sikhiqiza enye inguqulo ye-polystyrene eyandisiwe - ukwakhiwa, okuphakeme ezindaweni zayo zokushisa ezishisayo kuboya bamaminerali nezinye izinto zokufakelwa. Iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwenza i-eco-friendly hives. Khumbula uLuzhkov? Ungumlandeli wezinyosi zegwebu.
Amaqanda emaphaketheni e-polystyrene foam
Manje sakha imboni ye-petrochemical enkulu kunazo zonke eRussian Federation eTobolsk, , enamandla amathani ayizigidi ezi-2 zama-polymers ngonyaka. Uma uthatha yonke imikhiqizo yalesi sitshalo ngonyaka bese wenza amapayipi epulasitiki kuwo, kuzokwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sawo wonke amapayipi agqwalile e-Russian Federation (amakhilomitha angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi).
25 kg isikhwama polypropylene granules
Sithengisa amapulasitiki ngama-granules - leli kuyindlela elula kakhulu yokuhamba (ungathela ama-granules esikhwameni esingama-25 kg noma ezikhwameni ezinkulu zamasenti amaningana) kanye nokucutshungulwa okulandelayo esitshalweni somthengi. Lapho udinga nje ukuthulula le plastiki ezitsheni bese uyincibilikisa ngaphansi kwengcindezi edingekayo kanye nokushisa, udale ubujamo obufunayo futhi unikeze izimfanelo ezifunayo.
Isandla se-plastic granules
Kungani emazingeni okushisa ahlukene kanye nezingcindezi - ngenxa yokuthi kusukela ku-polymer efanayo ungenza izinhlobo eziningana zepulasitiki ezihluke ezindaweni zabo zomzimba namakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ama-granules afanayo angasetshenziswa ukwenza kokubili isikhwama sepulasitiki esincanyana kanye nepayipi eliqinile. Amakhasimende, ethola ama-granules kithi, angakwazi izithasiselo kuwo ukuze afinyelele izakhiwo ezifiselekayo. Ngakho-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo ehlukene yohlobo olufanayo lwepulasitiki.
Senza ne-PET, esetshenziswa yi-Coca-Cola kanye ne-PepsiCo ukwenza iziqukathi zemikhiqizo yazo.
Irabha
Konje. Senza nerabha. Kukhona amarabha amabili emhlabeni - ezemvelo nezokwenziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intengo kanye nesidingo sezinto zokwenziwa ziboshwe ngokuqinile enanini kanye nesidingo semvelo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokomlando, njengoba irabha yemvelo yaqala ukungena emakethe. Injoloba yemvelo iqoqwa abalimi emazweni angawodwana aseningizimu, ngemva kwalokho bayinikeze izinkampani ezilungisayo. I-Synthetic ingumkhiqizo we-petrochemical.
, umthombo oyinhloko wenjoloba yemvelo
Sithengisela izinkampani zenjoloba ngamabriquette.
I-Rubber Briquette
Izinkampani zamathaya zingabathengi abakhulu benjoloba; siyihlinzeka kwaBridgestone, Pirelli, Michelin, Continental nabanye abakhiqizi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuyinto eyivelakancane embonini yaseRussia namuhla, sinobuchwepheshe obuphambili obuyingqayizivele. Isibonelo, ngesisekelo sobuchwepheshe bethu, kanye nabalingani baseNdiya, sakha isitshalo esisha esifundazweni saseGujarat (hhayi kude neGoa).
Kodwa hhayi amathayi kuphela - emva kwakho konke, ezinye eziningi, ezingaziwa kakhulu, kodwa futhi izinto ezidingekayo zenziwe ngerabha. Lezi yizo zonke izinhlobo ze-casings, i-gaskets yezimoto, imikhiqizo eminingi yomkhakha wamapayipi, etholakala kuwo wonke amakhaya, kanye nezicathulo zezicathulo.
Voronezhsintezkauchuk
Lokhu, ngendlela, ubuhle obungavamile bamakhemikhali e-petrochemicals njengemboni. Ungakhipha okuthile futhi uhambe ukudayisa, noma ungathola indlela yokuyicubungula futhi uthole inombolo yeminye imikhiqizo enevelu ephezulu eyengeziwe.
Ukufingqa
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuzwakala kanjani, ama-polymers neminye imikhiqizo ye-petrochemical ibe yizici ezibalulekile empilweni yabantu banamuhla. Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi konke lokhu kusha ngempela ngokombono wembulunga yonke, kunezinganekwane eziningi nezindaba ezesabekayo ezithi kufanele uqaphele izinto zokwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngoba zingamakhemikhali. Ngendlela, kokunye kokuthunyelwe okulandelayo, ozakwethu bazokhipha izinganekwane ezimbalwa ezidume kakhulu mayelana neqiniso lokuthi ipulasitiki ku-microwave iqinisekisiwe ukuthi izolimaza impilo yakho nesimo sakho sengqondo, futhi i-soda oyikhonzile engilazini ihlale imnandi kune-microwave. i-soda efanayo ebhodleleni lepulasitiki.
*njalo, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okuyimpumputhe
Ibhonasi yalabo abafunda kuze kube sekupheleni ikhathuni yethu, echaza ngokuningiliziwe ezinye zezigaba zokudala ama-polymer.
Source: www.habr.com