U-Alan Kay, umdali we-OOP, mayelana nentuthuko, i-Lisp ne-OOP

Uma ungakaze uzwe ngo-Alan Kay, okungenani uzwile izingcaphuno zakhe ezidumile. Isibonelo, lesi sicaphuno esivela ku-1971:

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubikezela ikusasa ukulisungula.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubikezela ikusasa ukulisungula.

U-Alan unomsebenzi omibalabala kakhulu kwisayensi yamakhompiyutha. Wamukela Umklomelo we-Kyoto и Umklomelo weTuring ngomsebenzi wakhe ku-paradigm yokuhlela egxile ezintweni. Wayengomunye wamavulandlela emkhakheni wamakhompiyutha omuntu siqu kanye nezithombe zokusebenzelana, azithuthukisa Inkulumo encane ingolunye lwezilimi zokuhlela zokuqala ezinethonya elikhulu kunazo zonke.

Kwethu I-Hexlete, ikakhulukazi ku uxoxe, umbuzo othi “yini i-OOP” kanye nokuthi “wayesho ukuthini ngempela u-Alan Kay” uphakanyiswa njalo. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kuqukethe izingcaphuno ezithakazelisayo ezivela ku-Alan mayelana nesimo sokuthuthuka kwesimanje, i-OOP kanye nolimi lwe-Lisp.

Mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe

U-Alan Kay ukholelwa ukuthi uguquko lwekhompyutha luseza (I-Real Computer Revolution ayikenzeki okwamanje), futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kukhula ngokwesilinganiso esiphambene noMthetho kaMoore: izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ziba ngcono minyaka yonke, kodwa isofthiwe iba nokuqunjelwa ngokungadingekile:

inkinga ibuthakathaka, imibono namathuluzi angenakulinganiswa, ubuvila, ukuntula ulwazi, njll.

Usichaza kahle lesi simo ihlaya elifushane:

Lokho u-Andy akunikezayo, uBill uyakuthatha
U-Andy wanikeza, uBill wathatha

U-Andy Grove, oyi-CEO ye-Intel, noBill Gates, owayeyi-CEO ye-Microsoft.

Ukwenza ngcono isimo samanje sentuthuko kwaba umgomo wephrojekthi yocwaningo IZINYATHELO Ezibheke Ekuvusweni Kabusha Kwezinhlelo (pdf). Umgomo uwukuthola "uMthetho kaMoore" ngokuzwakalayo "ngokunciphisa inani lekhodi edingekayo izikhathi ezingu-100, 1000, 10000 noma ngaphezulu."

Embikweni wakhe ovule amehlo Ukuhlela nokukala (ividiyo) Lesi sihloko sixoxwa kabanzi. Ngokuka-Alan, ubunjiniyela besoftware bumile futhi sebuphenduke isayensi ekhohliwe engakwazi ukuhambisana nehadiwe nezinye isayensi nobunjiniyela. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu asephenduke izindawo zokulahla amakhodi futhi afinyelele endaweni lapho akekho ayikwazi ukuqonda imigqa eyizigidi eziyi-100 ye-MS Vista noma ikhodi ye-MS Word. Kodwa empeleni, kufanele kube nokuhleleka kwekhodi encane kumaphrojekthi anjalo.

U-Alan ubheka i-inthanethi, izivumelwano ze-TCP/IP, abatoliki be-LISP, I-Nile (Izibalo DSL zeVector Graphics) kanye ne-OMeta (OO PEG) (PDF) izibonelo zesofthiwe enhle enekhodi encane.

Ubiza i-inthanethi (i-TCP/IP) ngeminye yemiklamo embalwa yesofthiwe emikhulu eyaklanywa ngendlela efanele, futhi izinga layo lobunzima lihambisana nezinga lobunkimbinkimbi (i-complication vs. complexity). Ngemigqa yekhodi engaphansi kuka-20, iphrojekthi isebenza njengohlelo oluphilayo, olunamandla olukwazi ukusekela izigidigidi zama-node, futhi ayikaze ixhumeke ku-inthanethi kusukela yethulwa okokuqala ngoSepthemba 1969. Simane sayeka ukubheka i-inthanethi njengephrojekthi yesofthiwe evamile edalwe abantu:

I-inthanethi ithuthukiswe kahle kangangokuthi abantu abaningi bayiphatha njengensiza yemvelo, njengoLwandlekazi iPacific, esikhundleni sokuba umkhiqizo wezisebenzi. Sagcina nini ukubona ubuchwepheshe obuzinzile, obucacile, obungenawo amaphutha? Uma kuqhathaniswa, iWebhu iyimbudane. Iwebhu idalwe yizimfundamakhwela.

Mayelana nezinhlelo ezigxile entweni

Into yokuqala eyangithakazelisa kwakungeyakhe okwangempela OOP umbono. Ulwazi lwakhe ku-microbiology lwadlala indima ebalulekile:

Ngacabanga izinto njengezifana namaseli ezinto eziphilayo, kanye/noma amakhompyutha ngamanye kunethiwekhi ekwazi ukuxhumana ngemilayezo kuphela.

kanye nolwazi lwezibalo:

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwami ​​kwezibalo kwangenza ngabona ukuthi into ngayinye ingaba nama-algebra amaningana, ingahlanganiswa ibe imikhaya, futhi lokhu kungaba usizo olukhulu.

Imibono yokubopha sekwephuzile kanye nezici ze-meta ezinamandla ze-LISPa:

Isigaba sesibili siwukuqonda i-LISPa nokusebenzisa lokho kuqonda ukuze udale izakhiwo ezilula, ezincane, ezinamandla futhi ezibophezele kamuva.

Futhi ngokushesha u-Alan waqala ukusekela umbono wokuthi izilimi ezinamandla ziyi ikusasa lokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware (pdf). Ikakhulukazi, ukukhululeka koshintsho kubalulekile kuye:

Ukubopha sekwephuzile kuvumela imibono eza kamuva ohlelweni lokuthuthukiswa ukuthi ifakwe kuphrojekthi ngomzamo omncane (uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo eziboshwe ngaphambili ezifana ne-C, C++, Java, njll.)

Futhi amandla oshintsho endizeni kanye nokuphindaphinda okusheshayo:

Omunye wemibono ebalulekile ukuthi uhlelo kufanele luqhubeke nokusebenza ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi kwenziwa izinguquko. Ngisho nezinguquko ezinkulu kufanele zenzeke kancane kancane futhi zingathathi ngaphezu komzuzwana wokuhlukanisa.

okushodayo phakathi izilimi ezibhalwe ngokwezibalo:

Uma usebenzisa izilimi ezibophezela ngaphambi kwesikhathi, njengoba kwenza abantu abaningi, uzozivalela kulokho osuvele ukubhalile. Ngeke kusakwazi ukukulungisa kalula.

Ngokumangalisayo, imicabango yakhe nge-OOP yayikhawulelwe kulokhu:

I-OOP kimina iyimilayezo, ukubamba nokuvikela kwendawo, ukufihla isimo kanye nokubopha sekwephuzile kwayo yonke into. Lokhu kungenziwa ku-Smalltalk naku-LISP.

Futhi lutho ngefa. Lena akuyona i-OOP esikwaziyo namuhla:

Ngifisa sengathi ngabe kudala ngalisebenzisa igama elithi “into” kulesi sihloko ngoba lidala ukuthi abantu abaningi bagxile emibonweni emincane.

Umbono omkhulu wokuthi izilimi zesimanje ezibhalwe ngokwezibalo ze-OO ziyashoda:

Umbono omkhulu "imiyalezo"

Ukholelwa ekugxileni emilayezweni, ekuxhumaneni okuxekethile, nasekuhlanganyeleni kwamamojula esikhundleni sangaphakathi entweni:

Isihluthulelo sokwakha amasistimu amahle angakaleka ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuxhumana phakathi kwamamojula, futhi singasebenzisi izakhiwo zawo zangaphakathi nokuziphatha.

Izilimi ezithayiphiwe ngokulinganayo zibonakala kuye enesici:

Angimelene nezinhlobo, kodwa angazi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesistimu olungabangeli ubuhlungu. Ngakho-ke ngisathanda ukuthayipha okunamandla.

Ezinye izilimi ezidumile namuhla zisebenzisa imibono ye-Smalltalk yokudlulisa umyalezo, ukubopha sekwephuzile, kanye akaqondi: phambiliUkucela в Injongo-C, indlela_ayikho в Ruby и noSuchMethod ku-Google Dart.

Bhubhisa yonke into futhi udale okuthile okungcono

U-Alan unombono othakazelisayo mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yekhompyutha:

Kubonakala kimi ukuthi kukhona uhlobo olulodwa lwesayensi yekhompiyutha, nokuthi isayensi ifana nokwakha amabhuloho. Othile wakha amabhuloho, futhi othile uyawabhubhisa futhi adale imibono emisha. Futhi kudingeka siqhubeke nokwakha amabhuloho.

Mayelana ne-LISP

U-Alan Kay ukholelwa uLisp

ulimi oluhle kakhulu lwesikhathi sonke

Futhi nokuthi wonke umuntu oneziqu zesayensi yekhompyutha kufanele ayifunde:

Abantu abaningi abaphishekela amadigri ku-CS abaqondi ukubaluleka kwe-Lisp. I-Lisp ingumqondo obaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yekhompyutha.

Mayelana nomkhathi olungile nomongo

Uvame ukukhumbula umkhathi oyingqayizivele kuwo I-Xerox PARC и Ihabhu, lapho “umbono ubaluleke kakhulu kunemigomo” kanye “nokuxhasa abantu ngezimali, hhayi amaphrojekthi.”

Iphuzu lokubuka libiza amaphuzu angama-80 IQ.

Alan Kay uthi:

Indaba ye-ARPA/PARC ibonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela yombono, uxhaso olunesizotha, umongo olungile kanye nenqubo kungazalanisa kanjani ubuchwepheshe obusha obungagcini nje ngokuba nomthelela empucukweni kodwa futhi budale inani elikhulu emphakathini.

Futhi kuyiqiniso. Bheka uhlu lwe-PARC oluhlaba umxhwele lwezinto ezisunguliwe, eziningi zazo ezadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komhlaba wethu. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Amaphrinta we-Laser
• I-Object-Oriented Programming / Smalltalk
• Amakhompyutha omuntu siqu
• I-Ethernet / ikhompyutha esabalalisiwe
• I-GUI / igundane lekhompyutha / i-WYSIWYG

Futhi ku Ihabhu kudaliwe I-ARPANET, eyaba umsunguli we-inthanethi.

PS U-Alan Kay uphendula imibuzo evela emphakathini weHacker News.

Source: www.habr.com